应用遥编程的大时延遥操作技术

如何克服通信线路中的大时延和有限带宽,是空间遥机器人面临的最重要的一个问题．本文 阐述了应用遥编程技术提高大时延遥操作的稳定性和操作精度的基本思想．提出了一种将操 作区分段,采取复合控制策略的遥操作方法．同时介绍了基于遥编程概念的遥操作实验系统 的设计及其试验结果．     

遥操作机器人客户端仿真系统的设计与实现

该文面向空间机器人遥操作,应用三维预测仿真和遥传感器反馈监控技术,建构了遥操作机器人的客户端仿真系统.实现了简单的柔顺力控制操作的仿真.操作员通过仿真系统面向的虚拟环境离线编程,实现对遥操作任务的预演.同时基于遥传感器反馈信息的识别,实现了对远端任务执行进程的监控和状态流图显示.在模拟的大时延情况下,操作员能够在客户端通过局域网控制实验室中的机器人完成精密插孔装配等任务.为进行大时延遥操作提供了算法实验平台.     

预估控制下的实时网络遥操作移动机器人

构建了能使操作者通过Internet远程实时控制的移动机器人系统．为了补偿网络时延和抵消其对遥操作系统的影响,基于我们以前提出的改进型Smith预估器原理,采用了预估控制策略．为了保证系统稳定性和透明性,基于主从端的传感器信息交换,设计了一个动态模型管理器,其中模型和力反馈误差调节通过模糊控制实现．除了力反馈外,为了增强遥操作的实时性,引入了预估的虚拟显示．为了精确地预测网络时延,提出了一个新颖的时钟同步算法．为了降低时延抖动,结合我们提出的两个算法,实现了数据缓冲策略．最后,通过长距离的网络遥操作实验验证了系统和控制策略的实用性和有效性．     

遥操作机器人系统时延控制方法综述

遥操作机器人系统的应用和研究是目前机器人学一个重要的研究领域.尤其是网络遥操作系统的产生,更进一步扩大了应用领域,并对控制系统的设计带来了新的挑战.该文主要从控制的角度,面向各种性质的时延(如确定的或未知的,时变的或固定的等)对遥操作系统所带来的稳定性和透明度等问题,针对近年来为解决这些问题所提出的新的控制方法和理论进行系统的综述和分析,指出现有各种方法的优缺点,并提出了今后控制方法的研究方向和应具有的特点.     

空间机器人遥操作克服时延影响的研究进展

针对空间机器人遥操作亟需解决的时延问题,回顾了其克服时延影响的研究发展历程,并对目前应该采取的应对策略提出了建议.指出就目前的技术发展水平而言,要能够有效地克服时延以确保空间机器人遥操作稳定性的同时系统具有良好的操作性能,应该采取的策略是:①在结构化的、确定性的和静态环境下,采用具有鲁棒性的多感知增强现实技术;②在非结构化的、不确定性的和动态环境下,采用视觉引导下的从端局部智能自主控制技术;③在多态环境下,采用多模式智能控制技术.     

基于共享控制的遥控焊接机器人系统

在核电站设备修复、空间站的维修、深水管路修复工作中要用到遥控焊接机器人.本文介绍了我们设计的基于共享控制的遥控焊接机器人系统.介绍了遥控焊接机器人系统的体系结构、遥操作系统的人机交互接口及遥操作仿真系统等.     

基于Web的机器人遥操作

目前,在基于Internet的遥操作中普遍存在着大时延和有限带宽的问题，严重降低了系统的稳定性与安全性。遥编程技术的提出为这些问题的解决开辟了一条很有希望的道路。应用这一技术，实现了一个基于Web的机器人遥操作实验系统。     

遥操作机器人系统的变时延控制

由于遥操作机器人传输通道中存在着变化的通讯时延,造成了系统不稳定和操作性能降低等问题。为了消除或减少时延的影响,在利用RBF神经网络进行延时预测的基础上,通过改进型Smith预估器进行遥操作机器人的时延控制,从而使系统稳定,并易于操作。理论分析表明,该方案对时延的变化有较强的适应性,控制系统的鲁棒稳定性和动态品质均优于单纯的Smith预估补偿控制,且易于实现。仿真结果表明,在时延情况下,该方法可实现对遥操作机器人较为准确的测控。     

空间站大臂机械手遥控与自主共享的控制系统及其仿真

本文研究了空间站大臂机械手共享控制系统及其仿真,首先提出了一种自主与遥控相结合的共享控制系统,其次重点研究了基于ＯｐｅｎＧＬ的空间站大臂虚拟仿真环境建模技术,并开发了基于虚拟模型的自主规划算法,最后进行了计算机图形仿真研究。     

时延遥操作系统的能量观测与控制研究进展

能量观测与控制方法基于无源理论,在有源网络端口观测力和速度(位置)信号,分析并动态补偿能量以保持网络稳定,无需控制对象模型信息和通信传输时延估计。综述了时延遥操作系统的一端口和二端口网络能量观测与控制方案的研究进展,讨论了存在的主要问题,并指出进一步研究的方向为定量分析操作性能、改进控制器工作条件、克服传感器影响和安全操作等。     

基于多连接的Internet遥操作中变时延控制问题研究*

针对Internet遥操作中的变时延问题,介绍现有的解决方法,并在分析目前普遍采用的单TCP连接控制方式局限性的基础上,提出基于多连接的时延控制方案。该方法避免了单连接控制方式产生的时延连锁累积问题,能在一定程度上减小平均时延和最大时延,并能保证其在一定范围内平稳波动。最后,通过控制单向变时延的实验,证明了该方法的有效性和可行性。     

Adaptive finite‐time control for bilateral teleoperation systems with jittering time delays

In this paper, we present a robust adaptive control algorithm for a class of bilateral teleoperation systems with system uncertainties and jittering time delays. The remarkable feature of jittering delays is that time delays change sharply and randomly. Conventional controllers would fail because jittering time delays introduce serious chattering. To address the jittering issue, a novel jittering‐free scheme is developed by relaxing and extending the frequently used constant upper bound. Moreover, an adaptive law was incorporated with the Chebyshev neural network to deal with the system uncertainties. To obtain finite‐time synchronization performance, a fast terminal sliding mode controller is proposed through the technique of “adding a power integrator.” With the proposed control scheme, the robust finite‐time convergence performance is guaranteed. The settling time can be further calculated with the controller parameters. The simulation and experiment results have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

遥操作机器人系统带记忆的鲁棒反馈控制

针对遥操作机器人系统的通信通道中存在通信时延，以及机器人模型存在不确定性，可能造成系统不稳定和操作性能降低的问题，提出在环境模型未知的条件下，利用鲁棒控制理论，采用力、位置和速度反馈的控制方法，使得系统稳定，并且具有良好的透明性，控制参数可通过Matlab的LMI工具箱方便地求取，仿真结果表明了该方法的有效性。     

Integrated adaptive robust control for multilateral teleoperation systems under arbitrary time delays

With the increasing industrial requirements such as bigger size object, stable operation, and complex task, multilateral teleoperation systems extended from traditional bilateral teleoperation are widely developed. In this paper, the integrated control design is developed for multilateral teleoperation systems, where n master manipulators are operated by human to remotely control n slave manipulators cooperatively handling a target object. For the first time, the control objectives of multilateral teleoperation including stability, synchronization, transparency, and internal force distribution are clarified systematically. A novel communication architecture is proposed to cope with communication delays, where the estimated environmental parameters are transmitted from the slave side to the master, to replace the traditional environmental force measurement in the communication channel. A kind of nonlinear adaptive robust control technique is used to deal with nonlinearities, unknown parameters, and modeling uncertainties existing in the master, slave, and environmental dynamics, so that the excellent tracking performance is achieved in both master and slave sides. The coordinated motion/force control is designed in the slave side by the optimal internal force distribution among n slave manipulators, and the impedance control is designed in the master side to realize the target transparency behavior. In summary, the proposed control algorithm can achieve the guaranteed robust stability, the excellent synchronization and transparency performance, and the optimal internal force distribution simultaneously for multilateral teleoperation systems under arbitrary time delays and various modeling uncertainties. The simulation is carried out on a 2‐master/2‐slave teleoperation system, and the results show the effectiveness of the proposed control design. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Nonlinear adaptive control for teleoperation systems with symmetrical and unsymmetrical time-varying delay

The stability and trajectory tracking control problem of passive teleoperation systems with the presence of the symmetrical and unsymmetrical time-varying communication delay is addressed in this paper. The proposed teleoperator is designed by coupling local and remote sites by delaying position signals of the master and slave manipulator. The design also comprises local proportional and derivative signals with nonlinear adaptive terms to cope with parametric uncertainty associated with the master and slave dynamics. The Lyapunov–Krasovskii function is employed to establish stability conditions for the closed-loop teleoperators under both symmetrical and unsymmetrical time-varying communication delay. These delay-dependent conditions allow the designer to estimate the control gains a priori in order to achieve asymptotic property of the position, velocity and synchronisation errors of the master and slave systems. Finally, simulation results along with comparative studies are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

空间机器人遥操作预测仿真系统研究

针对通讯信号在天地传输过程中产生的较大时延导致对空间机器人的遥操作产生巨大困难,提出了通过虚拟现实技术对遥操作结果进行预测仿真.以规避传输时延影响的方法,并通过虚拟夹具技术降低操作复杂度;通过基于时间戳的修正策略以确保预测结果的准确性;针对具体任务环境提出了九点碰撞检测算法以提高系统运行效率.进行了多次与实物相结合的实验,实验结果表明,该系统运行快速、预测准确,可以有效地规避大时延天地传输带来的弊端,帮助地面操作员完成空间机器人的遥操作.     

基于Internet的遥操作系统带观测器的反馈控制

通常遥操作系统主、从机械手间存在通信时延,影响了系统的稳定性和操作性能.在基于Internet的遥操作系统中,时延是时变的,对系统的影响尤为剧烈.为了解决这个问题,在环境模型未知的条件下,首先提出在本地控制端用主手状态、预测的从手状态及接触力设计反馈控制器;接着用时间前向观测器预测从机械手的状态,并将时延变化率建模为系统不确定参数,最终得到稳定性和透明性条件.仿真结果表明了该方法的有效性.     

Adaptive finite‐time control for nonlinear teleoperation systems with asymmetric time‐varying delays

This paper addresses the adaptive finite‐time control problem of nonlinear teleoperation system in the presence of asymmetric time‐varying delays. To achieve the finite‐time position tracking, a novel adaptive finite‐time coordination algorithm based on subsystem decomposition is developed. By introducing a switching‐technique‐based error filtering into our design framework, the complete closed‐loop master (slave) teleoperation system is modeled as a special class of switched system, which is composed of two subsystems. To analyze such system, a finite‐time state‐independent input‐to‐output stability criterion is first developed for some normal switched nonlinear delayed systems. Then based on the classical Lyapunov–Krasovskii method, the stability of complete closed‐loop systems is obtained. It is shown that the proposed scheme can make the position errors converge into a deterministic domain in finite time when the robots continuously contact with human operator and/or the environment in the presence of asymmetric time‐varying delays. Finally, the simulation results are given to demonstrate the effectiveness. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Generalized control method by state convergence for teleoperation systems with time delay

In this paper a generalized design and control method for teleoperation systems with communication time delay is presented. The design method is based on the state space formulation and it allows to obtain the control parameters for any teleoperation system where the master and the slave manipulators would be represented by nth-order linear differential equations. Through state convergence between the master and the slave, the control system allows the slave to follow the master inspite of the time delay. The method is also able to establish the desired dynamics of this convergence and the dynamics of the slave manipulator. Experimental results are presented showing the validity of the proposed design and control method.     

Robust saturation‐based control of bilateral teleoperation without velocity measurements

This paper addresses the control design problem under no velocity measurements for nonlinear teleoperation system in the presence of asymmetric time‐varying delays. Based on the proposed proportional‐derivative‐like controller and nonlinear‐proportional‐derivative‐like controller, which correspond, respectively, to the actuator non‐saturation and actuator saturation, the control objectives of boundedness of velocities and position tracking errors for the master robot and the slave robot are obtained. These designed controllers do not rely on the velocity signals. The effectiveness of the proposed controller are finally verified by two numerical examples. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.