Microstructure and high temperature oxidation behavior of hot-dip aluminized coating on high silicon ductile iron

High silicon ductile iron was coated by hot-dipping into an Al molten bath. The oxidation behavior of the aluminized alloy and the bare substrate was studied in air at 750 °C. The results showed that the coating layers consisted of three layers, in the sequence of Al, Fe-Al intermetallic and Si pile-up layers from the external topcoat to the substrate. The intermetallic layer was composed of outer FeAl₃ and inner Fe₂Al₅. The outer rod-shaped FeAl₃ dispersed in the aluminum topcoat, while the inner tongue-like Fe₂Al₅ formed in the metallic layer becoming the major phase in the aluminide coating layer. Those three layers of aluminum, Fe₂Al₅ and silicon pile-up layer exhibited hardness of HV 50, HV 1100 and HV 450, respectively. In this study, when the as-coated specimens were examined, Fe-Al-Si compounds could not be found. But the silicon pile-up at the interface between the substrate and the Fe-Al intermetallic layer could be seen in all the as-coated specimens. The graphite nodules were noticed in the substrate. The presence of graphite nodules in the substrate might be markers of hot-dipping. After hot-dipping in Al all the specimens contained graphite nodules in the aluminide layer.The oxidized graphite nodules resulted in cracks propagating in aluminide coating. Even though graphite nodules meant the existence of crack in the aluminide coating, the high temperature oxidation experiments indicated that the aluminide coating could prevent the oxidation of substrate effectively even at 750 °C.     

Yttrium sol–gel coating effects on the cyclic oxidation behaviour of 304 stainless steel

The present results reveal the interest of sol–gel coating technique to improve 304 steel high temperature oxidation resistance. An yttrium sol–gel coating appears to enhance the oxidation resistance during isothermal oxidation test, to decrease widely the oxide weight gain and to reduce the initial transient oxidation stage generally observed in the case of blank steels. Moreover, the experimental results confirm that yttrium sol–gel coating also plays a significant role on the cyclic oxidation behaviour of the 304 steel. In fact, the yttrium addition promotes remarkably the prolongation of the period during which the oxide scale still remains adherent to the substrate.     

Effect of high-temperature annealings and creep on structure and properties of single- and double-layer heat-resistant coatings

The evolution of the structure, phase, and chemical composition in the double-layer refractory heat-resistant plasma coatings and surface layers of ZhS6U alloy [Ni-(8–9)Cr-2,4Ti-5,3Al-(9–10)Co-(1,2-2,4)Mo-10,5W-1,0Nb–0,02B-(0,18–0,2)C] under a coating was investigated during high-temperature annealings and creep. The internal oxidation was observed in ZhS6U alloy under a single-layer coating of Ni-Cr-Al-Y alloy after high-temperature annealings and creep in air. The possibilities of inhibiting internal oxidation by the application of an additional barrier layer for oxygen diffusion were considered. It was shown that ion implantation does not lead to the suppression of internal oxidation in the alloy under a coating and does not significantly affect the long-term strength during creep at 1273 K. An additional ceramic layer delays the internal oxidation of ZhS6U alloy by 50–60 h, which leads to an increase in the time until destruction at a stress of 170 MPa from 100 h for an alloy with a single-layer coating to 120 h. The application of a sublayer of refractory alloys completely suppresses internal oxidation. A refractory alloy with a double-layer coating has the same long-term strength for 100 h both in air and under a vacuum.     

EFFECT OF MICROSTRUCTURE CHANGE ON OXIDE FORMATION OF SPUTTERED Ni-3Cr-10Al NANOCRYSTALLINE COATING

1.IntroductionThesputterednanocrystallinecoatingswiththesameconlpositionasthesubstrateweresuccessfullyappliedtoK38G[ll,Kl7F[2]lLDZc5[3]Ni-basetlsuperalloys.Themaincharacterizati0nisthatnan0crystallizati0ncouldimpr0vetheselectiveoxidationofAl,therefore,thetransiti0nfr0minternalt0externaloxidati0nofAlisrealizedandanex-ternalAl2O3scaleisfOrn1ed.Niisthemainingredient0fNi-basedsuperal1oysandtheeffectivenessofthesesuperal1oysdependsgreatly0ntllepresellceofAlorCrtoformaprotectivelayerofAl2O:jo…     

Cyclic Oxidation Behavior and Microstructure of Nanocrystalline Ni–20Cr–4Al Coating

The cyclic oxidation behavior and microstructure of a nanocrystalline Ni–20Cr–4Al coating have been investigated. Cyclic oxidation tests were conducted on uncoated and coated samples at peak temperatures of 750 and 1010 °C for up to 2070 thermal cycles between the peak and room temperatures. The results showed that a dense Al₂O₃ scale formed on the coated samples during thermal cycling to both peak temperatures. Evidence of internal oxidation of the coating was observed only on the samples exposed to 1472 one-hour thermal cycles at the peak temperature of 1010 °C. The external scale exhibited good spallation resistance during cyclic oxidation testing at both temperatures. Thermal exposure led to depletion of Al from the coating and grain coarsening within the coating. The improvement in oxide scale spallation resistance and accelerated depletion of aluminum are believed to be related to the fine-grained structure of the coating.     

Formation of WSi2 coating on tungsten and its short-term cyclic oxidation performance in air

Microstructural aspects of WSi₂ coating on pure W and its short-term oxidation performance under cyclic heating and cooling conditions in air at 1100 and 1300 °C have been studied. Cyclic oxidation performance of this coating has been compared with its performance under isothermal oxidation. The coating was applied by using a pack siliconization method. The as-formed coating consisted of an outer WSi₂ layer and an inner W₅Si₃ layer. The WSi₂ layer had a columnar structure and had several through-thickness cracks generated due to the mismatch of coefficient of thermal expansion between the coating and the substrate. Based on the coating microstructure, the mechanism of coating growth during siliconizing has been suggested. Weight change data obtained under cyclic oxidation in air at 1100 and 1300 °C suggested that the above coating can provide protection to W substrate against oxidation for about 2 h. The oxide scale that formed on the coating during oxidation exposure consisted of SiO₂ and WO₃ at 1100 °C and only SiO₂ at 1300 °C. The protective silica layer underwent spallation during thermal cycling, leading to a diminishing of the protective capability of the coating. More importantly, localized oxidation of the W substrate through discontinuities present in the coating at sharp corners caused severe damage to the coated samples. Isothermal oxidation exposure of the coating, in comparison, resulted in a much lower degree of damage and the coating provided protection for a much longer duration (up to 10 h) at the above temperatures. In this study, apart from reporting a hitherto unreported oxide scale morphology, the microstructural degradation of the coating during oxidation has been linked to the columnar structure of the WSi₂ layer.     

Oxidation und Versagen von EB-PVD-ZrO2- Wärmedämmschichtsystemen für Gasturbinen unter Hochtemperaturbeanspruchung

Oxidation and failure of EB-PVD-ZrO₂- Thermal Barrier Coatings for turbine applications during high-temperature-load The damage behaviour of an EB-PVD (EB-PVD = electron beam physical vapour deposition) zirconia thermal barrier coating system was investigated during thermal and combined thermal and mechanical loading. The oxidation of the bond coating which causes the growth of a thin alumina layer at the interface bond coating/thermal barrier coating was investigated in annealing experiments. The kinetics of the diffusion controlled oxidation can be described by a power law. The growth of the alumina layer gives rise to a critical stress state at the interface bond coating/thermal barrier coating and leads to spallation of the ceramic layer, especially during long-term-operation. The determined crack densities and crack opening distributions in the ceramic coating after isothermal high-temperature creep experiments show a strong dependance on creep rate and temperature. Measurements of the porosity of the ceramic layer indicate aging by sintering effects during high temperature load. The sintering effects could also be observed by microscopic methods.     

Electrochemical behaviour of cermet coatings with a bond coat on Al7075: Pseudopassivity, localized corrosion and galvanic effect considerations in a saline environment

The behaviour of an HVOF WC-17Co/Ni-5Al coating on Al7075 in aqueous NaCl is investigated. The coating susceptibility to localized corrosion depended on the potential of polarization reversal. A two-stage pseudopassivity was observed for WC-17Co: At low overpotentials, oxidation occurred in the binder leading to surface films composed of anhydrous Co- and W-oxides. At high overpotentials, oxidation extended to the carbide phase leading to the formation of hydrated WO₃ films. Ni-5Al notably reduced the galvanic effect between WC-17Co and Al7075, whereas it hindered corrosion propagation into the substrate. The coating showed a high corrosion resistance during salt spraying for 49 days.     

Improvement of Oxidation Resistance of γ-TiAl at 900 and 1000 °C Through Hot-dip Aluminizing

Hot-dip aluminizing method and subsequent interdiffusion treatment were used to develop a TiAl₃ coating on Ti–45Al–2Cr–2Nb–0.15B (at.%) alloy. A two-phase coating consisting of an outer pure Al layer and an inner TiAl₃ layer formed on the alloy after the hot-dip and then a single phase TiAl₃ coating was obtained by using interdiffusion treatment. Oxidation of the TiAl₃ coating was conducted at 900 and 1000 °C. Both the interrupt oxidation and the isothermal oxidation tests indicated that the coating provided high protectiveness for the alloy. The coating was stable for at least 300 h during the interrupt oxidation at 900 and 1000 °C, and it was stable for at least 500 h at 1000 °C and 1000 h at 900 °C during the isothermal oxidation. The oxidation behavior of the coating was discussed in detail.     

Study of oxidation behavior of nanostructured NiCrAlY bond coatings deposited by cold spraying

Nanostructured NiCrAlY bond coating was deposited using a milled powder by cold spraying. A shot-peening treatment was then applied to the as-sprayed coating to modify the coating surface morphology. The oxidation behavior of the coating with the as-sprayed surface and shot-peened surface was investigated under isothermal oxidation at 900 °C and 1000 °C for different times. The oxidation behavior of the coating was characterized through surface morphology and cross-sectional microstructure by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that a uniform oxide layer was formed on the surface of the shot-peened nanostructured NiCrAlY coating during oxidation at temperatures of 900 °C and 1000 °C. The surface morphology of the coating has significant effect on the morphology of the oxide. The surface geometry of the cold-sprayed MCrAlY coating must be modified to promote formation of a protective oxide film during oxidation, through application of a post-treatment process such as shot-peening.     

Steam oxidation resistance of Ni-aluminide/Fe-aluminide duplex coatings formed on creep resistant ferritic steels by low temperature pack cementation process

Steam oxidation resistance and thermal stability were studied at 650 °C for a coating with an outer Ni₂Al₃ layer and an inner Fe₂Al₅ layer formed on P92 steel surface. The parabolic rate law of oxidation was obeyed only in less than 2000 h with positive deviations occurring at longer oxidation times. The outer layer of the coating was transformed to NiAl during oxidation, but it remained stable once it was formed. The mechanisms for the enhanced thermal stability were discussed and a simple approach to enhancing the lifetime of the coating was proposed.     

Internal oxidation of Ag-in alloys: Stress relief and the influence of imposed strain

The kinetics of internal oxidation of silver-indium alloys containing 3.5, 5.9, and 9.8 at.% In in air at temperatures 773 to 973 K were established by TGA with no load applied to the specimens. Silver nodules free of oxide particles were observed to form at the surface during internal oxidation. The volume of these silver nodules was comparable to the total volume increase caused by internal oxidation. The alloys were also creep tested during oxidation in air at creep rates varying from 10^–7 to 5×10^–5 s^–1 at 773, 873, and 973 K. The parabolic rate constants k_p for the internal oxidation of the solute were determined from the measured widths of the internal oxidation zones. A small increase in k_p was observed with increased strain rate. The large volume change associated with internal oxide formation resulted in a stress gradient between the stress-free surface and the internal oxidation front which is under a high compressive stress. Stress relief occurred by transport of silver to the surface. A Nabarro-Herring creep type mechanism based on lattice diffusion of Ag cannot account for the high rate of silver transport to the surface. Pipe-diffusion controlled creep is proposed as the mechanism of stress accommodation by silver diffusion.     

Cr镀层对金刚石/铝硼硅玻璃复合材料中金刚石氧化反应的抑制研究

为研究在镀铬金刚石/铝硼硅玻璃复合材料中Cr镀层对金刚石氧化反应的抑制作用,将不同镀层厚度的镀铬金刚石和铝硼硅玻璃在相同工艺下烧制成试样,检测试样的体积膨胀率和抗折强度,观察其断面形貌;同时分析烧结后金刚石单颗粒抗压强度和金刚石-结合剂界面的成分。结果表明：Cr镀层具有消耗和隔绝氧元素的双重保护作用,能有效抑制金刚石的氧化。同时,镀层厚度对金刚石氧化反应影响显著：镀层太薄,不能在高温烧结过程中持续保护金刚石;镀层太厚,会由于应力匹配问题产生裂纹或成片剥落,使金刚石暴露在有氧环境中,反而失去保护作用。对于粒度号为140/170的金刚石,最佳镀层厚度为1.58μm。     

钛合金微弧氧化膜表面形貌对膜/环氧树脂结合强度的影响

采用微弧氧化法于硅酸钠溶液体系中在钛合金表面制备了氧化物陶瓷膜, 用剪切法测试了氧化膜与环氧树脂之间的结合强度, 通过SEM研究了陶瓷膜剪切前后表面形貌的变化.结果表明: 陶瓷膜表面的微孔直径、粗糙度随微弧氧化频率的增大而减小; 陶瓷膜/环氧树脂的结合强度随频率的增加先是快速上升, 当频率增加至400Hz时, 膜层的结合强度达到最高值56.9MPa, 随后结合强度逐渐下降并趋于平缓.     

High-Temperature Oxidation of an Aluminized NiCr Alloy formed by a Magnetron-Sputtered Al Diffusion Coating

Aluminium diffusion coatings were obtained on Ni–20Cr substrate by sputtering an aluminium film, followed by a two stage diffusion treatment in an argon inert gas atmosphere (first stage at 600°C, second at 900 or 1100°C). Aluminides obtained at 900°C and 1100°C are close to those obtained by pack cementation process with high aluminium activity. These diffusion coatings are able to develop alumina scales during isothermal oxidation at high temperatures, whereas the untreated substrate had a chromia-forming behaviour. The weight gain recorded at 1100°C on coated sample is then smaller than the one of uncoated NiCr at 950°C. Presence of chromium was detected in the diffusion coating and Cr-rich precipitates were observed at the diffusion coating/substrate interface. After oxidation at 900°C and 1100°C, only α-Al₂O₃ was revealed by XRD. An intermediate scale with a “whiskered” morphology could however be observed after 48 hr oxidation at 900°C. After 100 hr of oxidation at 1100°C, the Ni_xAl_y diffusion phases were no longer detectable and the upper part of the oxide scale spalled away during cooling. Large cavities appeared at the initial location of the diffusion coating/substrate interface.     

纯铝微弧氧化陶瓷膜组织及耐腐蚀性能

利用微弧氧化技术,在碱性硅酸盐电解液中对纯铝进行表面改性处理,制备均匀致密的陶瓷膜。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察氧化陶瓷膜表面形貌及横截面组织结构,利用纳米压入硬度测试仪测量陶瓷膜的显微硬度和杨氏模量的分布,运用电化学方法测量陶瓷膜的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明,铝合金微弧氧化陶瓷膜的表面硬度高达25.3GPa,纳米硬度和杨氏模量在陶瓷膜的横截面分布相似,从膜基结合处向膜层表面呈下降趋势。从极化曲线中的腐蚀电势和腐蚀电流来看,微弧氧化处理后,纯铝的抗腐蚀能力得到很大的提高。     

The dependence of high temperature resistance of aluminized steel exposed to water-vapour oxidation

Hot-dip aluminized AISI 1005 steel was isothermally oxidized at temperatures varying from 700 to 800 °C in air, mixed steam and pure steam at atmospheric pressure. The high-temperature steam resistance of aluminized steel depended on the oxidation temperature. It was shown that in atmospheres that contain water-vapour, the alumina formed on the surface coating had less protection than in a dry air atmosphere. The presence of water-vapour enhanced Fe-ion transport processes in the alumina, most likely via the incorporation of hydrogen. The rapid growth of sporadic iron oxide nodules on the coating surface and at the interface was accelerated by the rapid outward diffusion of Fe-ions; high-pressure H₂ from water-vapour dissociation; and crack formation in the aluminide layer. Thus the oxidation rate was increased, resulting in a substantial weight gain with temperature and time. In addition, the aluminum exhibited a greater tendency to become internally oxidized in a low pO₂-steam than in a high pO₂-steam.     

Application of Plasma Spraying as a Precursor in the Synthesis of Oxidation-Resistant Coatings

Thermal spray methods offer a versatile and flexible approach to the manufacture of coatings as a final product. A novel application of thermal spray coating is demonstrated by incorporating a plasma-sprayed Mo layer coating as a precursor step within an integrated costing design. The effectiveness of the two-step design is illustrated for aluminoborosilica coatings on SiC/C composites and W substrates based on the plasma-sprayed Mo precursor and subsequent codeposition of Si and B by a pack cementation method. Even with incomplete precursor coverage, an aluminoborosilica coating is developed because of the high initial fluidity of the as-pack coating. An effective oxidation resistance is observed following exposure at elevated temperatures (1373-1673 K) in ambient air and during torch testing at 1773 K, providing clear evidence that the plasma spraying of Mo is a viable precursor step in the formation of the oxidation-resistant Mo-Si-B-based coating.     

Long term oxidation resistance and thermal stability of Ni-aluminide/Fe-aluminide duplex diffusion coatings formed on ferritic steels at low temperatures

A coating with a duplex structure consisting of an outer Ni₂Al₃ layer and an inner Fe₂Al₅ layer was formed on a commercial type of ferritic steel P92 using a two step process of electroless Ni/B plating followed by pack aluminising at 650 °C. Nearly 11,000 h oxidation test in air and more than 13,000 h isothermal annealing test in argon atmosphere were carried out to assess the long term oxidation resistance and thermal stability at 650 °C. The amount of oxidation was only about 0.66 mg/cm² for the coating as compared to 10.3 mg/cm² for the uncoated steel after nearly 11,000 h oxidation test. Inward Al diffusion took place during oxidation test, which led to the transformation of the outer Ni₂Al₃ layer to NiAl and increase in the Al diffusion depth. However, once the outer Ni₂Al₃ layer was completely transformed to NiAl, it stayed stable during the remaining period of oxidation test, providing long term oxidation resistance. Kirkendall voids formed and grew and then finally disappeared in the coating layers due to interdiffusion processes taking place at the oxidizing temperature at the interfaces between different layers of the duplex coating. No spallation was observed in the coating during the entire period of the oxidation or isothermal annealing tests.     

LY12Al合金微弧氧化过程中电流和电压变化规律

研究和分析了微弧氧化过程中电流和电压变化规律以 及微弧产生的机理.结果表明,电压是影响微弧氧化的主要因素之一,电压值过高将造成陶 瓷膜的破坏.电流值在微弧氧化过程中的各个阶段相异.微弧氧化过程具有明显的阶段性, 可初步分为初始氧化膜形成阶段、微弧诱发阶段和平衡氧化阶段.