Impact Energy of Functionally Graded Steels with Crack Divider Configuration

Functionally graded steels were produced via electroslag remelting process using the primary electrodes of plain carbon and austenitic stainless steels. Charpy impact energy of as-prepared specimens was measured in the form of crack divider. The obtained results show that the impact energy of the specimens depends on the type and the volume fraction of the present phases. Based on the rule of mixtures, a mathematical model, which correlates the impact energy of functionally graded steels to the impact energ...     

On the Effect of Hydrogen on the Fracture Toughness of Steel

A model is developed to quantify the effect of hydrogen on the critical stress intensity factor or fracture toughness of steels. The stress-assisted hydrogen diffusion model proposed by Liu (1970) is assumed and combined with the elastic stress field around the crack tip for quantifying the hydrogen concentration at the crack tip. Introducing a fracture criterion as the critical hydrogen concentration at a critical distance ahead of the crack tip, this model is successfully applied to the interpretation of hydrogen embrittlement behavior in a piping material. Experimental data at constant temperature were used to validate the model. With further development, the model has the potential to predict fracture toughness values at temperatures other than the test temperature.     

Experimental investigation of the mixed-mode crack propagation in ZrO2/NiCr functionally graded materials

Mixed-mode fracture response of ZrO₂/NiCr functionally graded materials (FGMs) is investigated using fracture test, digital image correlation technique and extended finite element method. It is found that: (1) prior to crack initiation, the increasing elastic modulus ahead of crack-tip can enhance the mode mixity of crack-tip; (2) the crack with the increasing elastic modulus ahead of crack-tip kinks less than the one with the decreasing elastic modulus, which is caused by the elastic gradient and the local fracture toughness; (3) the heterogeneity of microstructure can cause the local perturbation but has no obvious effect on the overall crack propagation path.     

Optimizing the Vacuum Heat-Treatment of Hot-Work Tool Steels by Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics

Linear elastic fracture mechanics was used to optimize the vacuum heat-treatment procedures for conventional hot-work AISI H11 tool steel. The fracture toughness was determined with non-standard, circumferentially notched and fatigue-precracked tensile-test specimens. The fracture-testing method is sensitive to changes caused by variations in the microstructure resulting from the austenitizing and tempering temperatures as well as the homogeneity of the material itself. The combined tempering diagram- Rockwell-C hardness, Fracture toughness K_Ic, Tempering temperature was used for the choice of the vacuum heat-treatment parameters necessary to obtain the best properties for a given application with respect to the investigated steel.     

Si_3N_4 和 SiC 陶瓷材料的压痕断裂行为和断裂韧性测量

本文以热压 Si_3N_4和反应烧结 Si_3N_4为对象,研究其在 Vickers 钻石压头的作用下,相应于压痕断裂行为而发出的声发射特征。发现,除了与压痕特征参数的发展相应的准静态声发射之外,尚有三个以上突然增强的发射讯号,分别与径向裂纹的成核、径向裂纹突发至试样表面和裂纹分岔,以及侧向裂纹的萌生等效应相关。与一般力学测试法相比,据据 Evans 表达式(7),以 Vickers 压痕裂纹技术测得的 K_(IC)值具有的负偏差是,热压 Si_3N_4:-25.1%;反应烧结 Si_3M_4:-21.6%;热压 SiC:-29.2%。以含有弹性模量项的 Evans 表达式(8)取代式(7),从而得到上述材料的 K_(IC)值偏差分别从-25.1%降至-13.9%;从-21.6%降至-12.3%和从-29.2%降至-17.9%。作为从终点烧结温度淬冷至室温的必然结果,在热压陶瓷材料中存在的热残余应力似乎助长了热压 Si_3N_4和热压 SiC 陶瓷的 K_(IC)值偏差。     

The Effect of Size of Testing Samples on Notch Toughness of Structural Steels

We analyze notch toughness assessment of full scale testing samples (FS) form the upper bound toughness of sub-sized (SS) samples of structural carbon-manganese steels. The relations proposed by Schindler (2000) are in good agreement with experimental data. Empirical proportionality constant q* = 0.54 between notch toughness of full scale and sub-sized samples of studied structural steels agrees well with theoretically estimated constant q* = 0.50-0.54. More precise knowledge of the size effect of testing samples on temperature dependence of notch toughness requires an analysis of scatter in experimental data.     

微合金元素Nb对低碳铸钢强度和冲击韧性的影响

采用中频炉冶炼制备不同Nb含量的微合金低碳铸钢,用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、液压万能强度试验机、半自动冲击试验机等手段研究了Nb微合金化对低碳铸钢显微组织、强度和冲击韧性的影响。结果表明,添加合适的微合金元素Nb可以使低碳铸钢的晶粒尺寸减小20.8%~34.6%,同时促进细小NbC析出相的形成,能有效提高低碳铸钢的强度和冲击韧性,晶粒细化和析出强化为其主要的强韧化机制。其中,含Nb量为0.044%的微合金铸钢屈服强度为350 MPa,抗拉强度为520 MPa,室温冲击功为119.7J。与普通低碳铸钢相比,其塑性基本保持不变,但屈服强度、抗拉强度和室温冲击功分别提高了20.7%、7.2%和25.6%。     

Effect of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Fracture Toughness of 30CrMnSiNi2A Steel Welded Joints

The electron beam local post-weld heat treatment (EBLPWHT) is a rather new method that provides the advantages of high precision, flexibility and efficiency, energy saving and higher productivity. This paper studies the effect of two post-weld heat treatment processes on the microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture toughness of an electron beam welded joints in 30CrMnSiNi2A steel. EBLPWHT, in a vacuum chamber, immediately after welding and a traditional furnace whole post-weld heat treatment (FWPWHT) were compared. The experimental results show that, after EBLPWHT treatment, the main microstructure of weld was changed from coarse acicular martensite into lath rnartensite, HAZ was changed from lath martensite, bainite into lower bainite, and base metal was changed from ferrite and pearlite into upper bainite and residual austenite. The microstructures of different zones of joints in FWPWHT condition were tempered sorbite. The properties of welded joints can be improved by the EBLPWHT in some extent, and especially largely for the fracture toughness of welded joints. However the value of fracture toughness of base metal is comparatively low, so appropriate heat treatment parameters should be explored in the future.     

Influence of microstructure on fracture toughness distribution in ceramic-metal functionally graded materials

This paper deals with the influence of microstructure on fracture toughness distribution in functionally graded materials (FGMs) consisting of partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) and austenitic stainless steel SUS 304. FGMs and non-graded composites (non-FGMs) with fine and coarse microstructures are fabricated by powder metallurgy using PSZ and two kinds of SUS 304 powders. The fracture toughness is determined by conventional tests for several non-FGMs with each material composition and by a method utilizing stable crack growth in FGMs. The obtained results on the fracture toughness are as follows: (1) The fracture toughness increases with an increase in a content of SUS 304 on both FGMs and non-FGMs. (2) On the fracture toughness of the non-FGMs, the influence of microstructure is negligible. (3) On the FGMs, the fracture toughness is higher in the FGM with fine microstructure than in the FGM with coarse microstructure. (4) The fracture toughness of the FGMs is higher than that of the non-FGMs especially in the case of fine microstructure. Finally, the residual stress in the FGMs created in a fabrication process is estimated from the difference in fracture toughness between the FGMs and non-FGMs.     

稀土对18Ni（350）马氏体时效钢韧塑性的影响

通过对钢的光滑轴对称拉伸性能、冲击韧性及平面应变断裂韧性的测定和对钢中夹杂物的定性、定量分析，表明在１８Ｎｉ（３５０）马氏体时效钢中加入适量的稀土可以改善其韧塑性，但由于受该钢本身成分特点等因素的影响，这种改善作用不如在其它类型超高强度钢（如ＡＦ１４１０）中显著。     

Effect of Crack Propagation Directions on the Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Carbon/Epoxy Composite Materials

The interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon/epoxy composite materials has been studied under tensile and flexural loading using width-tapered double cantilever beam (WTDCB) and end-notched flexure (ENF) specimens. This study experimentally examines the effect of various interfacial ply orientations, (0°, 45° and 90°) and crack propagation directions, (0°, 15°, 30° and 45°) in terms of the critical strain energy release rate. Twelve differently layered laminates were investigated. The fracture energy is deduced from the data according to the compliance method and beam theory. Beam theory is used to analyze the effect of crack propagation direction. The geometry and lay-up sequence of specimens are designed to probe various conditions such as skewness parameter and beam volume. Results show that fiber bridging occurred due to non-midplane crack propagation; this causes the difference in fracture energy calculated by both methods. For the construction of safer and more reliable composite structures, we obtain the optimal stacking sequence from the initial fracture energy in each mode.     

Simulation of impact energy in functionally graded steels by mechanism-based strain gradient plasticity theory

Charpy impact energy of functionally graded steels composed of graded ferritic or austenitic layers which were produced by electroslag remelting in both crack divider and crack arrester configurations has been modeled by finite element method. The yield stress of each layer was related to the density of the dislocations of that layer and by assuming Holloman relation for the corresponding stress-strain curve, tensile strength and tensile strain of that layer were determined. Cubic elements were joined together to build the standard Charpy impact specimen. The data used for each cubic element in finite element modeling was the predicted stress-strain curve obtained from strain gradient plasticity theory. After applying the impact loading, a relatively good agreement between experimental results and those obtained from simulation was observed.     

功能梯度压电带中偏心裂纹对SH波的散射问题

功能梯度材料在机械、光电、核能、生物工程领域的应用非常广泛.但由于生产技术及工作环境等方面的原因,功能梯度材料内部常常产生各种形式的裂纹并最终导致材料破坏,这将会给材料所处的整个系统带来巨大损失.因此研究功能梯度材料的断裂问题对于该种材料的设计,制备和合理、安全的应用具有极大的促进作用.本文在压电材料线性宏观理论下,研究了功能梯度压电带中偏心裂纹对SH波的散射问题.借助于积分变换方法,在电非渗透型边界条件的情况下,将所考虑的问题转化为奇异积分方程,运用Gauss-Chebyshev数值积分方法对奇异积分方程进行了数值求解,进而得到了裂纹尖端的应力和电位移强度因子.     

Simulation Charpy impact energy of functionally graded steels by modified stress-strain curve through mechanism-based strain gradient plasticity theory

In the present work, Charpy impact energy of functionally graded steels produced by electroslag remelting composed of graded ferritic or austenitic layers in both crack divider and crack arrester configurations has been modeled by finite element method. The yield stress of each layer was related to the density of the statistically stored dislocations of that layer and assuming by Holloman relation for the corresponding stress-strain curves, tensile strengths of the constituent layers were determined via numerical method. By using load-displacement curves acquired from instrumented Charpy impact tests on primary specimens, the obtained stress-strain curves from uniaxial tensile tests were modified. The data used for each layer in finite element modeling were predicted modified stress-strain curves obtained from strain gradient plasticity theory. A relatively good agreement between experimental results and those obtained from simulation was observed.     

结构钢S355N及S355N-Z25的低温CTOD断裂韧性及其da/dN研究

分别采用三点弯曲SE(B)与紧凑拉伸C(T)试样,通过-20℃的低温裂纹尖端张开位移CTOD断裂韧性试验及疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/dN试验,研究了S355N及S355N-Z25结构钢的裂纹启裂与扩展的抗力.研究结果表明:S355N钢抵抗裂纹启裂及前期扩展的能力比S355N-Z25钢强,但前者抵抗裂纹后期扩展的能力比后者弱...     

氮含量对钒微合金钢粗晶热影响区组织和韧性的影响

采用焊接热模拟的方法,研究了氮含量对实验钢焊接粗晶热影响区(CGHAZ)显微组织和韧性的影响规律。结果表明:随着氮含量的增加,CGHAZ的组织从晶界铁素体、贝氏体和侧板条铁素体转变成针状铁素体、多边形铁素体和少量的贝氏体,且铁素体晶粒细化;CGHAZ韧脆转变温度(FATT₅₀)先降低后升高,屈服强度升高。氮含量从0.004 4%增加到0.009 4%时,有效晶粒尺寸减小,导致CGHAZ的FATT₅₀降低;氮含量从0.009 4%增加到0.019 0%时,CGHAZ中固溶氮、屈服强度增量对FATT₅₀的综合作用大于晶粒的细化作用,导致FATT₅₀升高。     

Mo对于Nb/Nb5Si3原位复合材料室温韧性的影响

利用真空电弧熔炼制备了Nb/Nb5Si3复合材料,在1200℃×100h热处理后,利用单边切口悬臂梁法(SENB)测定了Nb-Si合金的室温断裂韧性.研究了合金化元素Mo对Nb/Nb5Si3复合材料微观结构和室温韧性的影响.结果发现适量Mo的加入明显地改善了Nb-18Si的室温韧性.     

X80管线钢焊接粗晶区韧化因素的研究

采用热模拟技术研究了不同热循环对X80管线钢焊接粗晶区低温冲击韧度的影响.实验结果表明,随着冷却时间t8/5的增加,第二相粒子的数量减少且出现聚集现象,晶粒尺寸增加,但是当t8/5小于6.8s时,粒状贝氏体含量较高,板条束贝氏体细小且方向性较弱,试样的冲击韧性较高;而当t8/5超过6.8s后,粒状贝氏体含量逐渐下降,板条贝氏体逐渐粗大、平行,试样韧性又逐渐降低.M-A组元由于其含量低,尺寸小,对韧性的影响不显著.因此为提高焊接粗晶区的韧性,应采用小线能量和合适的预热温度来控制晶粒尺寸和组织形态.