Densification and microstructure development during the sintering of submicrometre magnesium oxide particles prepared by a vapour-phase oxidation process

The densification behaviour and microstructure development of MgO compacts fired from room temperature up to 1700°C at a heating rate of 10°C min^–1 were examined. Starting materials were seven kinds of MgO powder with primary particle sizes ranging from 11–261 nm; these powders were produced by a vapour-phase oxidation process. The original powders contained agglomerates, due to the spontaneous coagulation of primary particles, which ranged in size from 100–500 nm. The MgO compacts densified during firing by three types of sintering: sintering within agglomerates; sintering between agglomerates and grains; and rearrangement of agglomerates and grains. The MgO compact with the lowest primary particle size (11 nm) densified by the first and second types of sintering, but the effects of these two types of sintering decreased when the primary particle size became 44 nm; here the rearrangement of agglomerates and grains primarily contributed to densification of the compact. All three types of densification became less complete with further increases in primary particle size up to 261 nm. The relative densities of the MgO compacts with smaller primary particle sizes (11–44 nm) became 96–98% when the compacts were fired up to 1700°C.     

工艺参数对燃烧合成硼粉的纯度和粒度的影响

以B2O3粉为原料,Mg粉为还原剂,采用燃烧合成法制备硼粉,研究了不同的工艺参数(反应物量、反应配比和压片压力)对燃烧合成制备的硼粉纯度和粒度的影响,并确定了最佳工艺参数。通过扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱对产物进行分析,结果表明,反应物量为100g时产物粒度最小,硼元素的含量最高;反应配比(摩尔比)为1时粒度最小并且硼元素的含量最高;压片压力为5MPa时粒度最小,10MPa时硼元素的含量最高。     

Dependence of oxidation rate of WC powder on particle size

Isothermal oxidation experiments on WC powders revealed a systematic dependence of oxidation rate on powder particle size. Oxidation was followed by measuring the change in mass of the WC powder as WC is converted to WO₃. Fine powders oxidized more quickly than coarse powders because for the same initial mass the fine powder had a larger surface area. Measurement of the change in mass with time were shown to resolve differences in mean size of 0.1 m, and possibly less, between separate batches of powder. A theoretical expression for the change in mass with time of spherical particles has been derived which compares well with experimental measurements and which can also be used with appropriate assumptions to calculate the initial powder-size distribution.     

Effect of particle size of starting oxide powders on the performance of doped-lanthanum oxyapatite produced by mechanical alloying followed by microwave sintering

La_9.33Si₂Ge₄O₂₆ oxyapatite powders were synthesized at room temperature through mechanical alloying of La₂O₃, GeO₂ and SiO₂ precursor powders with different particle sizes as well as crystal structure in the case of silica powder (crystalline/amorphous). The mechanical alloyed mixtures were subsequently sintered by microwave heating at 1350 °C for 1 h in order to obtain dense and homogeneous materials. All sintered materials consisted of the target apatite phase although minor amounts of secondary phases (e.g. La₄GeO₈) were also present only in samples obtained from micrometric SiO₂ powders with a crystalline structure. The microstructure of the materials obtained from nanometric SiO₂ with an amorphous structure was found to be more homogenous than the ones obtained from micrometric/crystalline silica. The mechanical behavior of the samples was slightly dependent on the particle size of the precursors and on the SiO₂ crystallinity.     

Properties of porous magnesium prepared by powder metallurgy

Porous magnesium-based materials are biodegradable and promising for use in orthopaedic applications, but their applications are hampered by their difficult fabrication. This work reports the preparation of porous magnesium materials by a powder metallurgy technique using ammonium bicarbonate as spacer particles. The porosity of the materials depended on the amount of ammonium bicarbonate and was found to have strong negative effects on flexural strength and corrosion behaviour. However, the flexural strength of materials with porosities of up to 28 vol.% was higher than the flexural strength of non-metallic biomaterials and comparable with that of natural bone.     

Effect of particle size on iron nanoparticle oxidation state

Selecting catalyst particles is a very important part of carbon nanotube growth, although the properties of these nanoscale particles are unclear. In this article iron nanoparticles are analyzed through the use of atomic force microscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy in order to understand how the size affects the chemical composition of nanoparticles and thus their physical structure. Initially, atomic force microscopy was used to confirm the presence of iron particles, and to determine the average size of the particles. Next an analytical model was developed to estimate particle size as a function of deposition time using inputs from atomic force microscopy measurement. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis was then performed with a focus on the spectra relating to the 2p Fe electrons to study the chemical state of the particles as a function of time. It was shown that as the size of nanoparticles decreased, the oxidation state of the particles changed due to a high proportion of atoms on the surface.     

Effect of powder particle size on green properties and stress wave

In the powder metallurgy (PM) industry, high velocity compaction (HVC) technique is a new way to obtain higher density parts. In this study, three reduced pure iron powders with different particle sizes were pressed by HYP35-2 High Velocity Compaction Machine. A computer controlled universal testing machine was used to measure the bending strength of the green body. The relationships among the particle size, the impact velocity, the green density, the stress wave, the bending strength and the radial springback were discussed. The results show that the powder of −200 mesh is the best option among the three powders for the HVC process. At the identical impact velocity, the green density for the powder of −200 mesh is higher than the other two types of powders, while the bending strength and the radial springback for the powder of −300 mesh is the highest. In addition, the stress waves exhibit similar, pulsed waveforms. As the impact velocity rises up, the duration of the first peak decreases gradually, while that of the stress wave increases slowly. The response time for the powder of −200 mesh is shorter than the other two types of powders.     

粒度搭配对水雾化铁粉工艺性能的影响

为了研究粒度组成对水雾化铁粉松装密度、流动性、压缩性及压制过程的影响,将-80+100目和-325目两种粒径的水雾化纯铁粉以不同比例搭配进行研究.结果表明:通过控制不同的粒度组成,铁粉松装密度在2.84～3.42 g/cm3内变化、铁粉流动性在20～31 s/50 g内变化;与纯粗粉样品A相比,在粗粉中添加质量分数25%细粉的样品B在低压(300 MPa)下压坯密度增加,高压(≥300 MPa)时压坯密度减少;细粉质量分数为75%时的样品D与样品C相比,压坯密度均增加;全部采用-325目细粉的样品E与样品D相比,压坯密度均降低.当压制压力低于300 MPa时,压坯致密化主要由颗粒的滑移、重排决定;当压制压力高于300 MPa时,压坯致密化主要以粉末的塑性变形为主.     

Effect of dual size particle distribution on processing and properties of AZ91D/SiCp magnesium matrix composites prepared by rotation cylinder method

Abstract

Spiral fluidity and hardness and wear experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of dual size (5 and 50 μ m) SiC particle distributions on the fluidity, hardness, and wear resistance of Mg - 9.1Al - 0.7Zn (wt-%) alloy containing 10 vol.-% SiC particles, with the aim of tailoring properties to specific applications. Although a decrease in the fluidity of the composites is observed, as expected, in the presence of SiC particles, the fluidity of the composites with dual size particle distributions was in some instances better than that of composites containing the same volume fraction of single size particles. The hardness and wear resistance of the composites with dual size distributions were weakly dependent on the mixing ratio. In terms of complete molten processing and tailored mechanical properties, the optimum mixing ratio of 5 and 50 μm particles appears to be 1:2.     

Effect of processing on the particle size of tin oxide nano-powders

Nano sized tin oxide powders have been synthesized via two different chemical routes namely solid-state and sol–gel route for the fabrication of tin oxide gas/odors sensor. The synthesized powders have been characterized by simultaneous thermo gravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The effect of synthesis routes have been investigated on particle size and morphology of tin oxide powders. Powder XRD patterns show that the synthesized powders have tetragonal (rutile) crystal structure. FESEM of formed thick films reveal that powder prepared by solid-state reaction route is less agglomerated as compared to the powder prepared by sol–gel route. XRD and FESEM indicate that there is the formation of tin oxide nanoparticles in the range of 15–50 nm. FTIR spectrums of synthesized powders show Sn-O or Sn-O-Sn stretching modes and its lattice modes at 615 and 494 cm^?1.     

Commercial activated carbon acidified by nitric acid oxidation. Effect of particle and pore size on the production of surface oxide structures

Commercial activated carbons of different particle size distribution were oxidized with nitric acid solutions and measured for their surface acidity. Multiple internal reflection IR and ESR spectra of activated carbons, surface-treated activated carbons, as well as their spectra after neutralization cycles with 0.1 M. solution of NaOH and HCl, are presented. Each fraction has distinguishing features in the infrared absorption which indicate a relatively distinct and meaningful modification of the principal surface structures. The most prominent absorption bands denote several oxygen-containing groups depending upon the particle size and pore structure of treated carbons. Although the freespin concentration of the acidified carbons is a factor 10^?2 to 10^?3 lower than the surface acid content, the change observed after oxidation indicates either the pore or the particle size effect.     

Automatic particle size distribution measurement by sedimentation from a starting layer

The VS-3 sedimentometer is described, which measures directly the mass of the particles of each size sedimenting from an initial layer. The basic theoretical concepts are given. If one is to extend the particle size range as determined with it, one needs to use not only the classical Stokes law but also other mathematically justified laws, in particular Klyachko's formula, to describe the sedimentation of large particles. The metrological characteristics have been evaluated. Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 3, pp. 65–68, March, 2000.     

Effect of process parameters on synthesis of aluminum nitride powder prepared by chemical vapor deposition

Ultrafine aluminum nitride (AlN) powders were obtained by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process via the AlCl₃-N₂-NH₃ system operated at various temperatures and different mixing modes of AlCl₃ and NH₃ gases. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and electron diffraction (ED) were utilized to study the effect of process parameters on the synthesis and characterization of the AlN powders. It had been shown that all of the obtained powders were exclusively identified to be the single phase AlN and were indifferent to the different mixing modes AlCl₃ and NH₃ gases. The yield of synthesized AlN powder was affected by the entries mixing position of the reacting gases of AlCl₃ and NH₃.The yield increased from 13% to 82% where the mixed position was shifted from the front edge to middle point of the quartz tube. On the other hand, the yield increased from 5% to 82% as the reaction temperature increased from 600°C to 1050°C. The morphology of the AlN powders was affected by the diameter of a feeding nozzle and mixing mode of AlCl₃ and NH₃ gases.     

Effect of particle size on densification of pure magnesium during spark plasma sintering

The effect of particles size ranges (<38 μm, 75–150 μm, 270–550 μm) of atomized magnesium powders on densification mechanisms during spark plasma sintering (SPS) process was investigated. The intrinsic driving force, local pressure and current of Mg powders with different particle sizes were analyzed by theoretical calculation. The results obviously indicate that the densification of pure magnesium can be improved by the reduction of particle size, suggesting the intrinsic driving force, local pressure and current intensity are enhanced significantly by a decrease in the particle size at the same sintering conditions, which can promote shrinkage of pores, formation of the sintering neck and mass transportation in the SPS process. Not only that, rapid densification is also interpreted in term of mechanical movement of particles, Joule heating effect and plastic deformation. However, the mechanical movement of the large particles is higher than that of small particles due to high punch displacement, and plastic deformation, detected by scanning electron microscopy, plays a main role in densification for large particles in the case during the sintering. Joule heating effect is the key factor for densification of small Mg particles, and high densification degree can be obtained by sintering small particles.     

Effect of particle size on the oxidation of WC powders during heating

The oxidation of tungsten carbide powders ranging in average particle size -D from 20 to 6000 nm has been studied by thermal analysis. Independent of particle size, the WC powders oxidize to the higher oxide WO₃. With decreasing particle size, the oxidation rate increases, and the exothermic peak temperature decreases. Empirical relations are presented for the peak temperature and activation energy of oxidation as functions of the particle size of the powders.     

Morphological investigation on cobalt oxide powder prepared by wet chemical method

In this paper cobalt oxide has been prepared by wet chemical method using Co(NO₃)₂ sol (Co: 80 g/L) and NaHCO₃ sol (100 g/L) as starting materials. When organic reagent: ethanol, acetone, and Polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400) (all are 2 mL) or three sodium salts: sodium chloride, sodium sulfate and sodium acetate (all are 1 g) had been introduced into reaction as inert additives once every time, and the measurement of PH value, zeta potential and viscosity in all solutions retains on the same level of magnitude, but the SEM shows that specific shapes of cobalt oxide particle is obtained after firing of CoCO₃ at 300 °C for 2 h in air. The DLVO theory discloses effect of dielectric constant of organic reagent and steric hindrance effect is the main factor for big molecular PEG-400. By replacing partly Co(NO₃)₂ with CoCl₂, the behavior of Cl⁻ is studied in the process of nucleus growth, the results show that Cl⁻ existed in the structure of nucleus with the content from 1300 to 2400 ppm, the structure, which can stand several time washing in an ultrasonic bath after reaction, but collapse as soon as it is fired at 300 °C for 2 h in air. It is reasonable to conclude that there may be directed anion chemical adsorption existed in cobaltous carbonate structure, which results in corresponding cobalt oxide particle morphology via anisotropic growth of nucleus.     

颗粒尺寸及温度对羰基铁粉磁化性能的影响

为了揭示颗粒尺寸及温度对羰基铁粉磁化性能的影响规律,利用振动样品磁场计分别测试了两种不同粒径羰基铁粉在室温条件下的磁化特性曲线,并以粒径为7μm的颗粒为对象,研究了温度对其磁化性能的影响。结果表明,粒径较大的颗粒具有更为优良的磁化性能,相同磁场作用下,其磁化强度较大而矫顽力却较小;温度升高将导致颗粒达到相同磁化强度所需磁场强度减小且对应磁化强度值降低,并且这种影响随温度的升高而逐渐加剧;当长期处于高温下工作后,由于表面氧化层的形成,颗粒磁性将会出现较大程度的减弱。