Suppressed modal interference switches with integrated curvedamplifiers for scaleable photonic crossconnects

A novel, compact optical switch that incorporates two 1×2 suppressed modal interference (SMI) switches with an integrated curved amplifier is demonstrated as a basic component for scaleable, lossless photonic crossconnects. The basic operation of the switch is described and measured on/off ratios of 22 dB (16 dB) are reported for the cross (bar) state with switching currents of less than 25 mA per section. Lossless switching was attained in the amplified cross state, while only 0.5 dB of excess loss was measured in the unamplified bar state. Cascading of these elements should lead to N×N lossless, optical crossconnects with crosstalk levels near 40 dB     

MEMS-actuated photonic crystal switches

A compact guided-wave optical switch is realized by integrating one-dimensional photonic crystals with microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) actuators. The ON-OFF switching is achieved by physically moving a photonic crystal defect. Experimental results show an extinction ratio of 11 dB at 1.56-/spl mu/m wavelength and a 0.5-ms time constant of the step response.     

Terminology for photonic matrix switches

A classification scheme is suggested here for matrix switches that use photonic principles, generally for broadband signal routing. The classification considers three independent properties, providing for a large number of categories with properties that differ in identifiable ways. Salient properties of each class are noted. Matrices are classified in the following ways: according to the switching principles used i.e. optical or optoelectronic; according to the multiplexing system used in the switch i.e. space division, modulation division or carrier division; and according to the optical configuration of the switched systems, i.e. centrally switched, optically extended or distributed. Examples of the various types are given     

Multimode interference bistable laser diode

We propose a novel bistable laser diode (BLD) with active multimode interference (MMI) cavity. Bistable switching can be realized between two cross-coupled modes by means of gain saturation. Static characteristics of the multimode interference (MMI)-BLD are analyzed using a finite-difference beam propagation method. The photon-carrier interactions are calculated using the carrier-rate equation. This model gives accurate distributions of photon and carrier densities, optical gain, and refractive index inside the cavity. We predict that the MMI-BLD shows bistable switching between the two cross-coupled modes by light injection, therefore allowing it to be used as all-optical flip-flop or optical memory.     

Multimode interference-based photonic crystal waveguide power splitter

A compact power splitter based on the multimode interference (MMI) effect in photonic crystal waveguides is designed and analyzed. The device size reduction compared with the conventional MMI power splitter can be attributed to the large dispersion of the photonic crystal waveguides. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Photonic-Bands code is used to calculate the band structures of photonic crystal waveguides. The finite-difference time-domain method is adopted to simulate the relevant structures.     

Large-scale WDM star-based photonic ATM switches

This paper describes the large-scale photonic asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) switching systems being developed in NTT Laboratories. It uses wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) techniques to attack 1 TB/s throughput. The architecture is a simple star with modular structure and effectively combines optical WDM techniques and electrical control circuits. Recent achievements in important key technologies leading to the realization of large-scale photonic ATM switches based on the architecture are described. We show that we can obtain a 320 Gb/s system that can tolerate the polarization and wavelength dependencies of optical devices. Our experiments using rack-mounted prototypes demonstrate the feasibility of our architecture. The experiments showed stable system operation and high-speed WDM switching capability up to the total optical bandwidth of 12.8 nm, as well as successful 10 Gb/s 4×4 broadcast-and-select and 2.5 Gb/s 16×16 wavelength-routing switch operations     

Multiwavelength highway photonic switches using wavelength-sortingelements-design

We propose multiwavelength highway photonic switch architectures for cross-connects using the wavelength routing function of the waveguide-array-grating demultiplexer. The wavelength router is used as wavelength-sorting elements. The wavelength division multiplexed (WDM) optical signals from multiple input ports are routed to group of output ports with certain combination of wavelengths. This enables multiport WDM systems to be configured using the reduced number of wavelength demultiplexing and multiplexing elements     

Multimode interference mechanism in V(z) curves obtained by acoustic line-focus beam

The multimode interference mechanism in the acoustic material signatures of V(z) curves, which generally deforms the dip intervals and the shape, is investigated theoretically and experimentally for the acoustic line-focus beam. It is shown, taking a (111)-Si substrate as an example, that V(z) curves associated with multiple leaky waves are represented as a superposition of elemental V(z) curves with different characteristic dip intervals corresponding to the respective velocities of the leaky waves.     

A new architecture of photonic ATM switches

A photonic asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) switch architecture for ATM operation at throughputs greater than 1 Tbit/s is proposed. The switch uses vertical-to-surface transmission electrophotonic devices (VSTEPs) for the optical buffer memory, and an optical-header-driven self-routing circuit in contrast with conventional photonic ATM switches using electrically controlled optical matrix switches. The optical buffer memory using massively parallel optical interconnections is an effective solution to achieve ultra-high throughput in the buffer. In the optical-header-driven self-routing circuit, a time difference method for a priority control is proposed. For the optical buffer memory, the write and read operations to and from the VSTEP memory for 1.6 Gbit/s, 8-bit optical signal are confirmed. The optical self-routing operation and priority control operation by the time difference method in the 4×4 self-routing circuit were performed by 1.6-Gbit/s 256-bit data with a 10-ns optical header pulse     

复式晶格光子晶体多波长THz光开关

THz(太赫兹)通信在高速、超宽带的无线接入网中有着重要的应用。THz光开关是THz通信的关键器件之一,对其进行研究具有重要意义。文章设计了一种新型的基于复式晶格光子晶体的多波长THz光开关,它能够有效地实现四波长THz波的开、关控制。利用RSOFT软件中的FDTD(有限差分时域)方法进行了仿真,结果表明,该开关的消光比达40dB,插入损耗为0.109dB,开关速率为5.55GHz,在未来无线光通信方面有着重要的应用潜力。     

Two-mode interference photonic waveguide switch

Based on the two-mode interference principle and the free-carrier plasma dispersion effect, a two-mode interference (TMI) photonic waveguide switch with double carrier injection has been designed and fabricated for application in fiber-optic communications. It consists of an input Y-branch with single-mode ridge waveguides, a TMI waveguide coupling section, and an output Y-branch with single-mode ridge waveguides. The single-mode waveguides and the two-mode waveguide are composed of a SiGe waveguide layer on a Si substrate. The width of the TMI region of the switch is two times that of the single-mode waveguide. On the top of the TMI region and one side of the TMI region, two abrupt p-n junctions are made to inject the carriers into the optical modulation region; on the other side of the TMI region, an abrupt carrier collection region is made to collect the carriers when they are forward biased, so that the double carrier injection photonic waveguide switch has the lowest injection current density. The waveguide layers are made of SiGe/Si material, and the rib waveguides are realized by reactive ion etching. The carrier injection regions and the carrier collection region are formed by ion implantation. The input and output facets of the waveguides were ground and polished by a mechanical method. The switch was characterized by using a 1310-nm InGaAsP/InP heterostructure laser diode. Its insertion loss and ON-state crosstalk were measured to be 2.74 and -15.5 dB, respectively, at a total switching current of 110 mA. The switching time is 180 ns, and the fastest switching time is up to 30 ns.     

Multimode interference couplers with tunable power splitting ratios

New, compact multimode interference couplers with tunable power splitting ratios have been realized. Experiments show large tuning ranges. Such couplers are needed to optimize ON-OFF ratios in interferometric devices and may find applications as extremely compact switches     

智能光开关——实现全光网的关键

在光纤传输系统中,应用ＤＷＤＭ技术的目的是为了满足Ｉｎｔｅｒｎｅｔ及其它电信业务对带宽的爆炸性需求。单根光纤可同时传输的波长数已从几年前普通ＷＤＭ的８个波长增长到国前ＤＷＤＭ的约１６０个波长,其增加的容量相当于数十万路电话的容量。 然而,人们对容量和带宽的需求是永无尽头的,最终的目标是建设一个能达到以Ｔｂ／ｓ速率传输的全光通信网。 全光网络的关键要素是“透明”,即网络中的光交叉连接与光分插复用器件应与所传输的数据格式、比特率以及所使用的协议无关。有几种类型的光开关提供了这种透明性。 这种光开关不需…     

High-density digital free-space photonic switches using micro-beam optical interconnections

We describe a compact free-space photonic-switching module that uses micro-beam optical interconnections based on stacked planar optics and exciton absorption reflection switch (EARS) arrays. The switching module has two-dimensional fiber array pigtails and a two-stage, 16-input, 16-output structure (four sets of 4/spl times/4 switches). The microbeam optical interconnections can provide a compact switching module (approximately 30/spl times/90/spl times/22 mm [60 cc]). A relay lens array inserted between stages eliminates beam spreading in the switch and decreases the coupling loss and crosstalk of interconnections. Two-stage switching at a data transmission rate of 4 Mbit/s is demonstrated.     

多模干涉耦合器及其在光通信系统中的应用

文章概述了多模干涉耦合器的结构、工作原理和目前常用的分析方法,重点阐述了多模干涉耦合器的光传输特性.最后,详细介绍了多模干涉耦合器在光纤通信系统的多种用途.     

On Uniform Multimode Transmission (Short Papers)

In a recent short paper, a method for constructing solutions to the classical uniform multiwire transmission-line equations was given which was intended to include the case of partial eigenvalue degeneracy. This development appears to be incorrect and a correct development will be given. In addition, a complete method for constructing the matrix chain parameters of a section of line will be presented.     

Design of multimode interference optical switches with area modulation

Based on the self-imaging effect, multimode interference (MMI) optical switches with area modulation were proposed. The field transfer matrix was introduced to analyze the MMI switches. As an example, the phase modulation parameters of a 3 × 3 MMI switch for different switching cases were obtained by solving the field transfer equation. And the finite-difference beam propagation method (FD-BPM) was used to confirm the analytical results.     

Deformation measurement of RF MEMS switches by optical interference

The RF switches were fabricated based on microelectromechanical techniques. For good RF performances, the precise control is needed over the contact separation when switch is open and over the contact force when the switch is closed. In this paper, the optical interference technique has been applied to make the accurate measurement of the contact position and the height distribution of the actuators. The shape changes of switches can be observed in original shape and in actuated state. The results were compared with the scan electronic microscope (SEM) measurement.     

Uniform Multimode Transmission Lines (Short Papers)

A consistent normal-mode theory for coupled uniform transmission lines is developed which properly accounts for the fact that some propagation constants may be equal. Explicit responses are calculated. The results are interpreted in terms of transmission-line networks which consist of simple lines and which are coupled via conductor sharing.     

Signal self-thresholding using wavelength-division multiplexed differential transmission for photonic ATM switches

A single self-thresholding method is proposed that eliminates rapid signal level fluctuations in photonic ATM switches. A 3 Gbit/s data stream with nanosecond-order level fluctuations can be discriminated. A bit error rate of 10/sup -10/ is obtained for switching cells of power -8.0 and -16.0 dBm.<>