低温等离子体改性真丝织物的喷墨印花性能

真丝织物由于纤维表面光滑、抱水性较差,在喷墨印花时易产生渗化现象,清晰度和得色深度较差.试验采用常压低温等离子体(LTP)技术对真丝织物进行表面改性,随后以活性墨水喷印.探讨了LTP处理时间和极板间距对真丝织物喷墨印花固色率和K/S值的影响.结果表明,在放电功率60 W、极板间距2 mm的常压低温等离子体中处理3 min,真丝织物的润湿性、防渗化性能和印花色牢度可得到有效改善.     

低温等离子体改性真丝织物的喷墨印花-眭能

真丝织物由于纤维表面光滑、抱水性较差,在喷墨印花时易产生渗化现象,清晰度和得色深度较差。试验采用常压低温等离子体（LTP）技术对真丝织物进行表面改性,随后以活性墨水喷印。探讨了LTP处理时间和极板间距对真丝织物喷墨印花固色率和K／S值的影响。结果表明,在放电功率60w、极板间距2mm的常压低温等离子体中处理3min,真丝织物的润湿性、防渗化性能和印花色牢度可得到有效改善。     

氧等离子体处理羊毛及其对羊毛织物印花性能的影响

本文研究在不同功率和压强条件下用氧等离子体对羊毛纤维和织物进行不同时间长度的处理。处理后,羊毛织物的印花性能显著改善,同时,羊毛纤维的定向摩擦效应也得到一定的降低。另外,我们对样品进行了扫描电镜测试和Awolldern实验,以求从羊毛表面形态的角度来解释氧等离子体对羊毛改性的原因。     

常压空气等离子体处理后真丝织物的喷墨印花

通过采用常压空气等离子体对真丝织物进行表面改性处理,后用浅品色纳米颜料墨水喷墨印花.结果表明处理后的真丝织物图案清晰、得色深度有所提高,并且没有降低织物的印花色牢度.借助原子力显微镜和动态接触角张力仪分析了处理前后真丝纤维表面形貌和润湿性能的变化.     

空气/氩气等离子体预处理涤纶织物的喷墨印花

采用空气/氩气次辉光放电等离子体对涤纶织物表面进行改性预处理,再用浅品色纳米颜料墨水进行喷墨印花.探讨了等离子体处理对涤纶织物喷墨印花K/S值、防渗效果和纤维表面形貌等影响.结果表明,经混合气体等离子体处理后,涤纶织物的亲水性和防渗性显著提高,喷墨印花图案清晰、得色量提高,且不影响印花色牢度,并优于相同条件下空气等离子体处理效果;其最佳氩气混合比例为20%,最佳处理条件为:功率300 W、时间150 s、极板同距3mm.     

常压空气等离子体处理涤纶织物的喷墨印花

采用脉冲常压空气等离子体对涤纶织物进行表面改性处理,再用浅品色纳米颜料墨水进行喷墨印花.探讨了等离子体处理时间和极板间距对K/S值的影响,并对处理前后的涤纶织物进行润湿性分析.结果表明,等离子体最佳处理工艺条件为:功率300W,时间180s,极板间距3mm.处理后涤纶织物的亲水性和防渗性显著提高,喷墨印花织物图案清晰、得色量高,且不影响印花色牢度.     

等离子体对喷墨印花织物表面的影响

以空气、氩气为气氛的常压等离子体对涤纶织物进行表面改性,再用蓝色纳米颜料墨水进行喷墨印花.探讨了等离子体处理对涤纶表面形貌、化学组分、润湿性,以及印花性能的影响.研究发现,常压等离子处理涤纶织物后,可提高喷墨印花的清晰度和颜色鲜艳度,改善了渗化性能;XPS谱显示,涤纶表面的化学组分也发生了改变;扫描电镜分析显示,等离子体处理后纤维表面产生凹坑.     

喷墨印花等离子体预处理的时效性

涤纶织物采用常压空气等离子体表面改性后,放置在特定环境条件中,研究放置时间对涤纶纤维表面形貌、化学组分、润湿性以及直接喷墨印花性能的影响.试验结果证实,等离子体对织物表面的物理刻蚀作用不存在时效性,而纤维表面化学元素含量和润湿性能则随放置时间呈现出规律性变化,从而影响织物喷墨印花性能.涤纶织物经等离子体处理后,应尽可能在24 h内进行喷墨印花.     

真丝织物数码喷墨印花技术的介绍与探讨

介绍了数码喷墨印花技术的原理、特点及墨水组成等。并探讨了真丝织物采用数码喷墨技术进行印花的工艺过程和注意事项。     

低温氧等离子体处理对真丝纤维性能的影响

主要对低温氧等离子体处理的真丝纤维儿性能进行了研究，结果表明处理后真丝的结构和性能都发生了变化，由于经低温氧等离子体处理的真丝纤维产生剥离，处理后真丝纤维的强力有所下降，真丝纤维的取向度有下降的趋势，经低温氧等离子体处理后真丝纤维的结构得到了改良，纤维的弹性增加。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.