动力涡轮对前端增压器和发动机整机性能影响的数值模拟

通过建立动力涡轮复合增压柴油机的模型,研究了动力涡轮和绝热对前端增压器及发动机整机性能的影响。研究结果表明:在中高转速时,动力涡轮导致前端增压器的增压性能降低,但由于动力涡轮做功,发动机的动力性和经济性有明显改善,标定转速扭矩增加了11.4%,比油耗降低了10.3%。在发动机全转速范围,绝热可改善前端增压器和整机的性能。在标定点,与只使用动力涡轮时相比,绝热可以使扭矩的增加率提高约40%。     

中冷复合谐振增压发动机的研究

本文对增压发动机在高原所存在的一些问题做了分析,提出用中冷和进气谐振的方法解决。试验取得了令人满意的结果。机械负荷和热负荷在3070m的高海拔下,恢复或接近平原非增压的水平,扭矩贮备系数由1.24提高到1.27,最大扭矩所对应的转速和原机相仿,低速油耗率得到改善。经1000h耐久试验证明上述措施是成功的。     

汽油发动机涡轮增压器一种失效模式剖析的研究

随着汽车行业的飞速发展,涡轮增压发动机逐渐成为主流。涡轮增压器的广泛应用,在降低发动机排量的同时提升了功率和扭矩,同时也降低了油耗。由于涡轮增压器是利用发动机排出的废气驱动涡轮运转,所以整个系统需要承受较高的热负荷,同时增压器的工作转速最高可达到200 000 r/min以上,这也对冷却、润滑提出了较高的要求。在如此严苛的工作环境下,增压器经常会出现诸如异响、漏油、超增压或增压压力不足等失效模式。本文针对某型汽油发动机,重点剖析、研究论证增压器出现压端压力失衡(增压后进气管路漏气)失效时,对发动机工作的影响。     

变几何增压器与柴油机的匹配特性

变几何增压器可通过抑制增压过量来降低机械负荷,改善扭矩特性-。本文在分析探讨现有变几何方案的同时,设计了数种新方案,探索了各种方案对发动机性能的影响。结果表明,某些新设计的方案,因其结构上的优点,不失为降低机械贞荷,改善扭矩特性的有效措施。     

英国Holset公司关于涡轮增压技术方面可行的新设计理论

<正> 要稳定提高卡车和小型工业柴油机的额定输出功率,很大程度上依赖涡轮增压器增压压力提高,但增压压力是不容易进一步提高的。首先,在增加发动机最大输出功率时,要获得低负荷和低转速下的足够扭矩储备就更加困难,相反还要影响驱动性和排放。其次,一般用在小型发动机涡轮增压器中的单级离心压气机,正接近压力比的极限。这是使用低成本材料、并保持发动机转速变化范围内所要求的气流量所能达到的极限值。位于英格兰Haddeisfield的Holset工程有限公司正在发展涡轮增压器的设计,来克服这两方面的困难。当发动机处于低负荷和低转速时,废气中用于驱动涡轮的能量减少。这时涡轮一般不能提供压气机所需的能量,不能向发动机提供适当的空气。发     

电子增压器可改善涡轮增压发动机低速性能

涡轮增压器可提高内燃发动机充气效率和燃烧热效率,可实现发动机小型化,有效降低排放和燃油耗;但涡轮增压器存在低速喘振、增压压力不足现象。采用电子增压器(EBooster),可有效改善且能显著提升涡轮增压发动机的低速扭矩。以一款2. 0 L涡轮增压直喷汽油机为研究对象,应用博格华纳生产的48 V第2代电子增压器,与涡轮增压器配合使用,研究电子增压器对涡轮增压发动机低速动力性能的影响。结果表明,电子增压器可以大大提升涡轮增压发动机低速扭矩。     

涡轮增压器优化匹配降低某车用轻型柴油机排放的试验研究

某493车用轻型柴油机排放未达到要求,通过增压器优化匹配,开展理论分析计算、优化设计和试验研究等,最终该发动机各项排放指标均达到要求。研究结果表明,降低发动机中高转速时的涡前压力与增压压力压差,则可改善发动机扫气,提高发动机扭矩,降低燃油消耗率,可降低发动机稳态循环(ESC)排放加权比油耗、颗粒(PM)排放,可降低发动机瞬态循环(ETC) PM排放;加大涡轮增压器涡轮箱喉口截面积可降低涡前压力与增压压力压差。采用优化后的方案5增压器,发动机ESC,ETC和负荷烟度试验(ELR)循环测试值均达到了相应法规要求,满足了发动机开发目标要求。     

两级涡轮增压对轻型柴油机性能影响的试验研究

在某轻型柴油机上设计了两级涡轮增压系统,进行了匹配两级涡轮增压的试验研究。研究结果表明,在较低转速高负荷工况,废气全部流经高压级增压器可以改善经济性,在较低转速低负荷工况,将进气旁通阀和废气旁通阀全开能够减小排气背压和进气节流损失,降低比油耗;在较高转速,进气旁通阀和废气旁通阀全开的经济性更好。经济性优化情况下,两级增压相对原机单级增压可以明显降低低速段和高速段的比油耗,外特性低速段的比油耗最大降幅达到21 g/（kW.h）,标定转速也降低了10.5g/（kW.h）,发动机的万有特性经济运行区明显变宽。     

某汽油机增压器压气机Trim参数对其性能的影响

在某款1.5 L增压汽油机上,搭载不同压气机Trim参数的增压器,对其动力性、油耗及排放的影响进行研究。试验结果表明,本次试验所选用的Trim参数对发动机扭矩和油耗的影响轻微。这项参数对该发动机排放中一氧化碳、氮氧化物及颗粒物的影响较小,对碳氢排放在峰值扭矩转速2 000～3 600 r/min区间Trim值大的压气机较有优势。     

优化增压器以改善发动机低速响应性的措施

发动机的低速响应性直接影响到驾驶者对驾驶乐趣的感受。但是增压发动机升功率升扭矩的不断提高,又对低速响应性提出了严苛的挑战。我们针对一款1.0 L增压直喷汽油发动机,通过优化增压器的匹配方案和选择高压比的增压器压气机,实现了对发动机低速扭矩响应性的显著改善。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.