低排放汽车发展机化油器电控系统的研制

提出一种自行研制的用于化油器式汽车发动机降低排放的发动机化油器电子控制系统,介绍了该系统的组成、设计原理与控制方法,并叙述了该电控系统模糊控制器的设计。台架实验结果表明,采用该系统对于化油器发动机降低有害气体排放,提高燃油经济性有明显的改善。     

摩托车电控燃油喷射系统的试验研究

本文阐述了电控摩托车燃油喷射系统方案设计,开发了Micro EMS电控单元,完成了发动机电控系统的基础标定及调试,进而对电喷摩托车的动力性、经济性和排放情况进行了试验,并与相应的化油器摩托车进行对比分析.     

摩托车发动机电控系统匹配技术与性能研究

在FY125-3P摩托车的FY156FMI发动机上,采用闭环电控技术,进行发动机与整车的优化匹配,与原化油器车相比,测得所开发的电控摩托车工况法CO、HC和NOx的排放量显著减少,低于欧Ⅲ排放限值的70%;发动机外特性燃油耗下降了15.9%;后轮驱动功率和最高车速稍小于化油器车,加速性能优于化油器车,尤其是超越加速性能提高明显.     

摩托车尾气排放控制措施

摩托车尾气中的有害成分主要包括CO,HC,NOx型化合物。通过各种尾气排放控制措施来控制尾气中CO,HC和NOx,实现摩托车发动机低排放性能和达到“EURO—Ⅲ”排放标准的目的。介绍了精调化油器、电控化油器、电子燃油喷射系统摩托车尾气排放控制方法和三元催化剂使用,并讨论了这些控制方法的实验情况。     

三轮摩托车电控化油器系统研究

本文主要总结了三轮摩托车的技术特征,通过对精调化油器方案和后处理装置方案的对比分析,描述了电控化油器的系统架构,并完成了电控单元的硬件框架设计及控制策略软件设计,进而进行样车的国Ⅲ排放实验,实验结果证明,电控化油器可以有效地控制尾气排放,并达到国Ⅲ要求。     

摩托车电控燃油喷射系统的试验研究

本文阐述了电控摩托车燃油喷射系统方案设计,开发了MicroEMS电控单元,完成了发动机电控豫统的基础标定及调试,进而对电喷摩托车的动力性、经济性和排放情况进行了试验,并与相应的化油器摩托车进行对比分析。     

柱塞式化油器的电控参数选择

本文介绍了采用负荷电磁阀，调节化油器制动空气量，对空燃比进行控制的电控参数选择方法。按这一选择参数，取得了改善发动机性能的效果。     

柱塞式化油器的电控参数选择

本文介绍了采用负荷电磁阀，调节化油器制动空气器，对空燃比进行控制的电控参数选择方法。按这一选择参数，取得了改善发动机性能的效果。     

小排量汽油机电控燃油喷射系统的研制

本文在总结汽车发动机电控汽油喷射原理的基础上，针对小排量汽油机的特点和要求，研究开发了适合小排量汽油机的电控汽油喷射系统，对该系统的构成细节和特点进行了详细的描述，并给出了在排量为125mL的2缸四冲程摩托车发动机上的试验结果。与使用化油器相比，使用电控汽油喷射技术可以较大幅度的改善发动机的尾气排放，在不使用排气后处理装置的情况下，使其达到欧洲Ⅱ排放标准，发动机的经济性、低速扭矩特性有明显的改善，动力性比原来略有改善。本文还对如何进一步完善摩托车电控燃油喷射系统提出一些建议。     

摩托车发动机点火提前角实时调节系统

提出了一种具有调节点火提前角功能的控制系统,该系统能够在对化油器发动机进行简单改造加装点火控制ECU后对其点火提前角进行标定,对发动机在不同转速和工况下的点火提前角进行实时的调节,寻找到发动机在该转速和工况下的理想点火提前角。能够根据实际调节的理想点火提前角生成点火提前角曲线,对ECU内部原有的点火提前角曲线进行修改,使ECU能够根据实际情况控制发动机理想的点火提前角。该系统还可以实时调节电控发动机点火提前角。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.