碾轧处理对乙酰化淀粉品质的影响及作用机理

为研究碾轧处理对乙酰化淀粉品质的影响及其作用机理,本文以甘薯淀粉为原料,研究不同碾轧处理时间(0、2、5、7、18 h)对乙酰化甘薯淀粉的品质、结构和理化性质的影响,采用机械力化学相关理论分析碾轧处理对乙酰化甘薯淀粉品质影响的作用机理。结果表明:碾轧处理2和7 h后,乙酰化甘薯淀粉的反应效率分别增加到74.45%和75.40%,其它品质(溶解度、膨胀力和峰值黏度)也显著提高。甘薯淀粉在碾轧处理2 h后,与原淀粉相比,结晶度降低且位于17.8 °处的衍射峰消失,T₂值增大,糊化焓和峰值黏度减小,热稳定性减弱;碾轧处理5 h后,溶解度、膨胀力和峰值黏度都减小,但淀粉的热稳定性增大;与处理2 h后相比,结晶度变大,T_2,2值消失;碾轧处理7~18 h后,结晶度、糊化焓和热稳定性显著降低,T_2,1值增大,碾轧处理18 h后淀粉分子晶体区域的双螺旋结构呈短程有序方式排列。这些变化表明碾轧处理可对甘薯淀粉颗粒产生显著的机械力化学效应。随着碾轧处理时间的增加,淀粉颗粒内部依次经历了受力、聚集和团聚阶段。机械力化学对淀粉颗粒作用的三个阶段具有不同的影响机制,为今后研究制备高品质变性淀粉先进装备奠定一定的理论基础。     

碾轧活化淀粉湿法制备阳离子淀粉及其性能研究

分别选取受力阶段(碾轧处理3 h)、聚集阶段(碾轧处理9 h)、团聚阶段(碾轧处理12 h和24 h)3种不同机械力化学阶段的玉米淀粉湿法制备阳离子淀粉。采用扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)、偏光显微镜(polarized light microscopy,PLM)、X-射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)、傅立叶变换红外光谱仪(fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)、快速黏性分析仪(rapid visco analyser,RVA)、热重分析仪(thermogravimetric analyzer,TGA)等手段对阳离子淀粉的形貌、晶体结构、糊特性和热稳定性进行了研究表征。通过分析不同机械力化学阶段碾轧预处理对阳离子淀粉的分子结构及性质的影响,从机械力化学的角度揭示碾轧对玉米淀粉活化机制。结果显示,碾轧可破坏淀粉颗粒有序的结晶区,有利于醚化剂渗入淀粉颗粒内部,故碾轧机械力显著提高淀粉的化学活性,并且碾轧预处理后的阳离子淀粉室温下即可糊化。其中,团聚阶段(碾轧处理12 h)变化最显著,制备的阳离子淀粉结晶度破坏最严重,取代度、反应效率、黏度特征值和透光率最大,淀粉分子化学活性最高。     

碾轧对马铃薯淀粉的机械力化学效应

以马铃薯淀粉为原料,研究碾轧处理对淀粉结构和性质的影响。通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射、差示扫描量热仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、快速黏度分析仪、偏光显微镜等手段揭示碾轧对马铃薯淀粉的机械力化学效应。结果表明,碾轧处理对淀粉颗粒的无定形区、结晶区产生不同程度的机械力化学作用,导致马铃薯淀粉性质发生显著变化。由此推断淀粉颗粒内部依次发生了受力、聚集和团聚效应。     

高压均质对绿豆淀粉机械力化学效应的影响

以绿豆淀粉为原料,100 MPa分别均质处理1、3、5、7次,通过扫描电镜(SEM)、激光共聚焦显微镜(CLSM)、偏光显微镜(PLM)、X-射线衍射(XRD)、快速黏性分析仪(RVA)、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)等手段研究高压均质处理对绿豆淀粉微观结构及理化性质的影响,探究其相互关系并研究高压均质对绿豆淀粉机械力化学效应。结果表明,高压均质对淀粉颗粒无定形区、晶体结构产生了机械力化学作用,根据机械力化学相关理论可说明淀粉颗粒内部依次经过了受力阶段、聚集阶段、团聚阶段。     

脂类和颗粒结合蛋白对小麦A、B淀粉理化性质的影响

淀粉颗粒中的脂类和颗粒结合蛋白对其理化和结构性质存在一定影响,研究了小麦A、B淀粉经脱脂、脱蛋白处理后其化学组成、颗粒形态、糊特性等性质。结果表明:脱脂处理对小麦A、B淀粉的晶体类型、溶解度、膨胀度、起始温度、峰值温度、终值温度、热焓值、峰值黏度、谷黏度、衰减值、最终黏度、峰值时间、成糊温度均无显著性影响,相对结晶度降低。脱蛋白处理使小麦淀粉溶解度和膨胀度随温度的增长趋势显著增加,相对结晶度、起始温度、峰值温度、终值温度、峰值黏度、衰减值、回生值显著增大,谷黏度和峰值时间显著降低,对晶体类型、热焓值无显著影响。脱蛋白处理对小麦A、B淀粉理化性质的影响显著高于脱脂处理。     

挤压剪切活化对添加耐高温α-淀粉酶脱胚玉米淀粉结构和理化特性的影响

本研究通过偏光显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、热台显微镜、X射线衍射、差示扫描量热分析、傅里叶变换红 外光谱分析等手段,研究原脱胚玉米、挤压脱胚玉米和添加耐高温α-淀粉酶挤压脱胚玉米的淀粉结构及性质变化, 并探究其相互关系,揭示挤压剪切活化对脱胚玉米的淀粉颗粒机械力化学效应。研究表明：与原脱胚玉米和挤压脱 胚玉米相比较,挤压处理对添加耐高温α-淀粉酶脱胚玉米的淀粉结构及性质产生显著影响,酶解力和糊化度增大,碘 蓝值、直链淀粉含量减小。添加耐高温α-淀粉酶挤压脱胚玉米淀粉颗粒形貌破坏,偏光十字破坏,结晶度变小;升温糊 化过程中,焓变降低;挤压使淀粉颗粒的结晶结构破坏,淀粉颗粒发生聚集,破损淀粉颗粒易糊化和裂解。     

球磨研磨对绿豆淀粉颗粒结构及性质的影响

为探究球磨研磨对绿豆淀粉颗粒结构及性质的影响,采用扫描电镜、偏关显微镜、X-射线衍射仪、傅立叶红外光谱仪等分析手段对研磨处理后绿豆淀粉的结构进行表征,确定淀粉颗粒形貌、双折射现象、晶体结构及分子特征的变化,并进一步对淀粉溶解度、膨胀度、持水能力及冻融稳定性等理化指标进行测定。结果表明,淀粉颗粒形貌变得粗糙不光滑,出现裂痕、缝隙、凹陷等形貌状态,淀粉颗粒粒度变大,颗粒大小不均一,形状极不规则,多呈扁平状,偏光十字消失;淀粉颗粒结晶结构被破坏,由多晶态向无定形态转变,呈现非晶化状态;粉碎过程淀粉无新的基团产生,淀粉颗粒由有序结构向无序化结构转变。微细化绿豆淀粉的溶解度、膨胀度随着温度的升高而增大,持水能力为原淀粉的3.2倍,且具有良好的冻融稳定性。     

韧化温度和时间对不同直链淀粉质量分数玉米淀粉物化性质的影响

为进一步探讨韧化处理对淀粉性质的作用机理,通过测定糊化性质、热特性、膨胀力、结晶特性及观察偏光十字现象和微观结构,研究了不同韧化温度和时间对不同直链淀粉质量分数玉米淀粉（普通玉米淀粉（normal corn starch,NCS）和蜡质玉米淀粉（waxy corn starch,WCS））物化性质的影响。结果表明,韧化处理主要作用于NCS和WCS淀粉颗粒的无定形区,对淀粉结晶类型没有影响;但韧化处理能够明显增强NCS和WCS的热稳定性和抗剪切能力,抑制淀粉老化和糊化,显著降低峰值黏度和膨胀力（P＜0.05）。韧化温度升高至60 ℃时韧化效果更加明显,糊化焓和相对结晶度明显降低,颗粒表面被明显破坏。但延长韧化时间对NCS和WCS老化的抑制效果和对糊化焓、膨胀力、颗粒形貌等的影响不明显。     

高静压物理变性法对糯玉米淀粉理化性质的影响

通过对30%的A-型糯玉米淀粉(100%支链)进行高静压处理,来探究不同压力处理对淀粉晶体颗粒形貌以及理化性质的影响。研究结果显示高静压处理前后糯玉米淀粉颗粒形貌发生明显变化,且高静压处理使得糯玉米淀粉的透光率减小;溶解度和膨胀度减小,表现出限制性膨胀的特点;析水率随压力的增大而增加,冻融稳定性减小,黏弹性下降,凝沉性增强。     

超高压处理对玉米淀粉结构及糊化特性的影响

利用光学显微、X-射线衍射、差示扫描量热、快速黏度分析技术研究了超高压处理对玉米淀粉结构及糊化性质的影响。结果显示,超高压处理能使玉米淀粉糊化,处理压力为500 MPa及600 MPa时完全糊化所需保压时间分别为15 min和5 min,但400 MPa超高压处理30 min也不会使淀粉糊化。超高压糊化过程中,淀粉颗粒结构逐渐破坏膨胀,结晶结构由A型向V型转化,RVA黏度曲线峰值黏度逐渐消失。适宜条件的超高压处理对淀粉颗粒同时具有韧化和晶体破坏作用。其中,400 MPa超高压处理5~10 min时,淀粉颗粒内部韧化作用占优,因而表现为相对结晶度、糊化温度(T_o,T_p)及糊化焓增加,而RVA曲线峰值黏度降低。     

低取代度乙酰化绿豆淀粉的性质

以绿豆淀粉为原料,冰醋酸为乙酰化剂,制备低取代度的乙酰化绿豆淀粉。对乙酰化绿豆淀粉的膨润力、溶解度、凝沉性、透明度、黏性、质构特性等进行研究。结果表明：与原淀粉相比,经过乙酰化处理的绿豆淀粉透明度、膨润力、溶解度均比原淀粉有所增加,糊化温度降低,谷值黏度、末值黏度有所升高,而峰值黏度、衰减值则降低,绿豆淀粉乙酰化后凝胶特性也有所改善。     

绿豆淀粉和芸豆淀粉理化性质比较研究

对绿豆淀粉和芸豆淀粉的颗粒形态及大小、溶解度、膨润力、透光率、糊化特性、老化特性等理化性质差异进行比较。结果表明：芸豆淀粉颗粒多呈椭圆形,粒径大小范围是17.89～28.80μm;绿豆淀粉颗粒呈现圆形或椭圆,形粒径大小范围是10.50～27.59μm;绿豆淀粉的膨润力、溶解度开始上升的温度较芸豆淀粉的早,并且芸豆淀粉的膨润力和溶解度在任意相同温度下都略小于绿豆淀粉;芸豆淀粉比绿豆淀粉的透明度先增加又随后降低,并且绿豆淀粉的透明度变化比较缓慢,而芸豆淀粉的透明度变化非常明显;绿豆淀粉比芸豆淀粉易于糊化;芸豆淀粉老化的速度高于绿豆淀粉。     

Properties of Starch Separated From Ten Mung Bean Varieties and Seeds Processing Characteristics

Starch samples from ten mung bean cultivars grown in china were isolated, and their morphology, physicochemical, thermal, and pasting properties were evaluated. The objectives of the study were to investigate the starch properties and processing characteristics of different mung bean varieties, and to establish the basic foundation of improving the functionality of mung beans and their starch grown in the region. The mung bean starches showed the kidney-shaped, elliptical, small spherical and dome-shaped granules, and the starches granule size varied between 5 and 40 μm. Total starch content, amylose content, solubility, and swelling power ranged from 54.73% to 57.99%, 40.44% to 41.82%, 13.72% to 17.67%, and 17.27% to 20.55%, respectively. The pasting properties were determined using a rapid visco analyzer, and various mung bean starches exhibited different pasting profiles. Different starches differed in transition temperatures (T _o, T _p, and T _c), gelatinization temperature range (ΔT _r), and enthalpy of gelatinization (ΔH) according to differential scanning calorimeter analysis. Hydration coefficient, degree of gelatinization, and hardness of mung bean varieties ranged from 51.97% to 84.46%, 62.99% to 95.11%, and 26.07 N to 112.11 N, respectively. This study indicated that starches separated from different mung bean cultivars possess different physicochemical characteristics, and various mung beans cultivars showed diverse processing properties.     

Effect of high hydrostatic pressure on physicochemical, thermal and morphological properties of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) starch

Mung bean starch-water suspension was subjected to high pressure treatment at 120, 240, 360, 480 and 600 MPa for 30 min, and changes in the structure, morphology and some physicochemical properties were investigated. Light transmittance, swelling power and solubility decreased after the high hydrostatic pressure treatment. A significant increase in the peak viscosity, trough viscosity, final viscosity, pasting temperature and setback, and decrease in breakdown viscosity with increase in pressure treatment was observed. The differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) analysis showed a decrease in gelatinization temperatures and gelatinization enthalpy upon high pressure treatments. The X-ray analysis showed that high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment converted starch that displayed the C-type X-ray pattern to the B-type-like pattern. The HHP treatments altered the shape of starch granules and changed their surface appearance according to SEM analysis. HHP treatment (600 MPa, 30 min) caused a completely gelatinize of mung bean starch.     

脚板薯淀粉理化特性研究

采用碱法工艺提取脚板薯淀粉,并对其组成、透明度、冻融稳定性、凝沉性、持水性、溶解度、膨胀度、糊化和黏度特性等理化性质进行了分析。结果表明:脚板薯直链淀粉含量为27.05%,淀粉透明度、凝沉性、持水力、热稳定性较好,但冻融稳定性差,不易糊化,脚板薯淀粉的溶解力和膨润力随着温度的升高而增大,与水之间的相互作用较强。     

木薯淀粉- 黄原胶复配体系中淀粉糊化机理

采用光学显微镜(LM)及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察木薯淀粉、木薯淀粉- 黄原胶复配体系在糊化过程中淀粉颗粒形态的变化。淀粉糊化是淀粉与水分相互作用的过程,利用核磁共振仪(NMR)测定质子自旋- 自旋弛豫时间(T2),来反映体系糊化过程中黄原胶对水分运动性的影响;通过测定渗漏直链淀粉含量,反映黄原胶对木薯淀粉糊化过程中链段运动性的影响,从而探究木薯淀粉在黄原胶为连续相体系中的糊化机理。结果表明：黄原胶一定程度上可抑制升温过程中淀粉颗粒的膨胀,同时SEM图显示黄原胶包裹于木薯淀粉颗粒周围,形成空间位阻使得淀粉颗粒分散均匀,与淀粉糊具有良好的相容性;升温过程中质子自旋- 自旋弛豫时间(T2)的差异体现了糊化过程中水分分布及结合程度的变化,由于黄原胶的吸水及包裹作用使得淀粉糊化温度升高,热糊稳定性提高,表现为T2 先降后升的拐点由50℃升高至60℃及95℃较高的T2;黄原胶的加入使得体系中链段运动性降低,表现为直链淀粉渗漏量随着黄原胶配比增加而减少。     

On the Possibility of Modifying the Gelatinization Properties of Starch by Lipid Surface Coating

The gelatinization properties of potato starch were modified by coating the surface of the starch granules with lipids by an aqueous dispersion of monoglyceride or an ethanol monoglyceride solution. The volumes of gels were smaller than those of the untreated starch. In the polarizing microscope it was observed that decreased disruption of starch granules in connection with gelatinization occurs with increasing amount of lipids present on the surface. The gelatinization enthalpy and the gelatinization temperature at a low water content measured by DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry) were not influenced by the lipid coating. A third endothermic transition, however, was observed for the lipid-coated starch. Freeze-drying, used in the preparation of the lipid-coated starch, was found to lower the gelatinization enthalpy as well as the gelatinization temperature.     

碱法制备的4种淀粉-脂肪酸包合物的热力学性质研究

采用差示扫描量热仪、热重分析仪和X-射线衍射仪研究绿豆淀粉、木薯淀粉、甘薯淀粉和马铃薯淀粉对HCl/KOH法制备的淀粉-脂肪酸包合物糊化和热分解性质、玻璃化转变温度(T_g)、结晶结构等的影响。研究表明,淀粉与脂肪酸复合后晶型变为V型。在薯类淀粉-硬脂酸包合物中,马铃薯淀粉-硬脂酸包合物的糊化温度、T_g和热分解稳定性最高,木薯淀粉-硬脂酸包合物的糊化温度、T_g和热分解稳定性最低。在薯类淀粉-油酸包合物中,木薯淀粉-油酸包合物的糊化焓值(?H)最高,热分解稳定性最小;甘薯淀粉-油酸包合物的?H最低,热分解稳定性最大。比较马铃薯淀粉和绿豆淀粉,马铃薯淀粉-硬脂酸包合物的糊化温度、热分解稳定性高于绿豆淀粉-硬脂酸包合物;马铃薯淀粉-油酸包合物的?H和T_g高于绿豆淀粉-油酸包合物。     

Effect of Processing of Sword Beans (Canavalia gladiata) on Physicochemical Properties of Starch

The effect of various processing methods on physico‐chemical properties of sword bean starch was studied. Seed grits and flour were cooked with and without soaking, wet‐autoclaved, and roasted. The changes in starch associated with these processing methods were studied by observing changes in granular structure, water solubility index, water absorption index, molecular size distribution and the degree of gelatinization estimated by differential scanning calorimetry. Intact, ungelatinized starch granules of raw and dry‐heat treated samples were observed under the light microscope. The starch granules were elliptical in shape and had an average length and breadth of 37–40 μm and 27 μm, respectively. Wet‐processed samples had the lowest water solubility, higher water absorption and lower gelatinization enthalpies than the raw bean flour, whereas the dry heat‐treated samples showed higher water solubility and higher gelatinization enthalpies. The starch molecular size distribution pattern showed a higher amount of high molecular size carbohydrates in dry heat‐treated samples and a large fraction of intermediate molecular size carbohydrates in the wet‐processed samples. The low molecular size carbohydrate content was low in wet‐processed samples where processing was done with excess water.     

酸处理绿豆的粉末结构形态及性质研究

本文利用光学显微镜,红外光谱仪、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、X射线衍射仪和布拉班德粘度仪等仪器测定研究了酸热变性绿豆的粉末颗粒的形态、淀粉基团、热力学性质、晶体结构及糊粘度曲线.研究表明,不同种类的酸处理后,样品颗粒表观破坏程度不一,柠檬酸与淀粉作用生成了柠檬酸淀粉酯.DSC显示,变性绿豆淀粉与原绿豆粉相比吸热峰前移,且吸热焓ΔH变大.X射线衍射分析显示酸处理使淀粉的结晶结构减少.糊粘度曲线表明样品具有低粘度糊精的性质.