不同性信息素配方、诱捕器类型与不同来源诱芯对印度谷螟诱捕效果的影响

昆虫性信息素技术作为一种新型、绿色的防治方式,能有效提高储粮安全,降低防治成本。为进一步提高印度谷螟性信息素诱捕效果,本研究对顺9,反12-十四碳二烯醇醋酸酯(Z9,E12-14:OAc)和顺9,反12-十四碳二烯-1-醇(Z9,E12-14:OH)两种印度谷螟性信息素组分设计不同配方的诱芯进行诱捕效果测定,对比了不同类型的诱捕器与不同来源的诱芯对印度谷螟的诱捕效果。筛选出二元组分Z9,E12-14:OAc与Z9,E12-14:OH制成的诱芯最佳配比为7:3,剂量0. 5 mg。米面蛾诱捕器与自制诱芯为诱捕印度谷螟最高效的组合。本研究为应用性信息素监测与防治印度谷螟的技术提供了支持。     

应用性诱剂防治烟草夜蛾试验研究

本性诱剂是由顺－９－十六烯醛与顺－１１－十六烯醛两组成分（１００∶９５）的混合物，以小口径橡皮塞为吸附载体，俗称性诱芯；采用水盆形诱捕器，盆中盛满水并加少量洗衣粉，盆中央上方用铁丝串挂一个性诱芯。诱捕器放在三角架上，放置于烟田。西平、上蔡试点雌雄蛾交配抑制率分别达到８３．４％和６５．３％，虫口密度明显降低，诱杀效果达９２％，具有很好的防治效果。性诱区比对照区平均上等烟增加４６．３５％，亩产量增加７１ｋｇ，亩产值增加９０５．５５元。     

应用人工合成烟青虫Heliothis assulta Guenee性信息素大面积诱蛾的研究

１９９３—１９９４年在河南等四省不同烟区用人工合成烟青虫性信息素进行大面积诱捕雄蛾试验研究，结果表明：人工合成烟青虫性信息素具有较强烈的生物活性，一个诱捕器每晚平均诱蛾９７头，最多１４８头。２个诱捕器间相距４０—５０ｍ，置于和烟株同高或高５ｃｍ处，每一诱捕器内设一诱芯等，为最佳条件。烟青虫雄蛾交配活动，夏季始于１８时，以２０－２２时诱捕蛾量为最多。文内提出今后大面积用于测报和防治的建议。     

基于二点螟性诱剂次要组分的诱蛾活性研究

目前,甘蔗田间应用的二点螟性诱剂成分为顺-11-十六碳烯醇(Z11-16:OH),有研究表明与甘蔗二点螟同种异名的粟灰螟雌蛾腺体提取物中除含有Z11-16:OH外,还含有5%~10%的十六醇(16:OH)。为探明十六醇作为性诱剂次要组分时能否进一步改善诱蛾效果,本文进行了多点多代的甘蔗二点螟田间诱蛾试验,结果表明,16:OH含量在5%~10%范围内对甘蔗二点螟的诱蛾活性没有明显提高也没有抑制作用。     

利用麦蛾茧蜂防治面粉仓库蛾类害虫的效果研究

为评价麦蛾茧蜂防治仓储蛾类害虫的实仓效果,在面粉仓库利用信息素粘胶诱捕器和地质统计学等高线绘图技术,构建了粉斑螟危害分布评价方法,研究了连续释放麦蛾茧蜂对粉斑螟防治效果以及面粉仓库粉斑螟种群的时间空间变化情况。实仓试验从2016年4月开始,采用信息素粘胶诱捕器监测仓内粉斑螟的数量,结束于2018年4月。麦蛾茧蜂从2017年4月至2018年4月持续释放。结果表明,面粉仓库粉斑螟的热点区域主要为麸皮打包间、麸皮打包间和面粉成品仓结合部位、卸粮口,其中麸皮打包间可能为粉斑螟发生的源头。麦蛾茧蜂释放后,粉斑螟热点区域的范围不断缩小,发生的数量不断降低,其数量由4452头降低至1518头,降低了65.9%。利用麦蛾茧蜂防治面粉仓库中粉斑螟等蛾类害虫效果显著,麦蛾茧蜂防治蛾类害虫的应用是可行的。     

二点螟性诱剂测报第一代发生期试验初报

甘蔗二点螟性诱剂顺11—16碳烯醇是中国科学院动物所、广西甘科所于1982年用触角电位一气相色谱—田间生测技术筛选出的,在广东、广西、江西、湖南、山西等省(区)田间试验定出的一种活性较强的性诱剂,后又经北京动物所分析测定证实是二点螟的性信息素。有关二点螟的性信息素在国外尚未见报道。以后我们成立了协作组,对二点螟性诱剂测报第一代发生期进行试验。现将研究结果报道如下。     

食物引诱剂对储粮害虫最佳引诱条件的研究

食物引诱剂具有诱虫谱广,原料来源丰富、价格低等优点,它们不仅能吸引各种储粮害虫两性成虫,而且能吸引其幼虫.研究食物引诱剂对储粮害虫的最佳引诱条件不仅可以为食物引诱剂的开发利用提供理论基础,而且还将食物引诱剂和害虫信息素联合使用,增强信息素引诱害虫的效果.本研究在实验室内比较了碎麦、麦胚、燕麦片、碎花生、花生油、葵花子油、玉米油对赤拟谷盗、锈赤扁谷盗、玉米象、谷蠹、书虱的引诱活性.结果表明碎麦、麦胚对5种害虫都有显著的引诱作用,燕麦片对锈赤扁谷盗和谷蠹有明显的引诱活性,而精练葵花籽油对多数害虫呈负趋性.碎麦诱捕器在不同虫口密度下诱捕效果明显不同.诱捕器的4个摆放位置对诱捕赤拟谷盗、锈赤扁谷盗、玉米象、谷蠹、书虱的影响差异显著,并呈一致变化,诱捕顺序为：西南＞东南＞西北＞东北,多重比较显示其中东南方位与西北方位差别不显著,其它方位差异显著.     

用合成的性外激素迷向法防治甘蔗二点螟

甘蔗二点螟(Chilo infuscatellus Snellcn)性外激素成分为顺-11-十六碳烯醇(Z11-16:OH)。用人工合成物在蔗田有强烈吸引雄蛾的作用,已在测报上应用。本文研究用天然橡胶载体,每个放入200微克剂量和塑料管载体,每个放入1毫克剂量的二点螟性外激素。而每亩蔗田放置50、100、200个散放器,观察迷向法防治二点螟第一代的效果。经湖南、广西、江西三省1984—1986年3年试验证明:迷向率均达99%以上,用水盆诱捕器检查,未超过一头雄蛾,螟卵密度明显下降,防治枯心的效果,一般情况下可达到3%以下,与化学防治相当,是有应用前途的防治方法。研究证明迷向率只能是个参考数据,而卵密度及枯心率,才是真正反映防治效果。用迷向防治越冬后的螟蛾,受天气条件影响,在气温较低时,影响迷向效果。     

农用不育剂防治烟青虫的研究

不育治虫也称遗传防治,是害虫综合防治的一项崭新内容。当前,国内外成功的实例不多。本研究选出了烟青虫雄性不育剂和雌性不育剂,将其与烟青虫性诱剂结合,制成小型不育引诱器,每亩烟田插置一个,即可诱使田间烟青虫成虫吮食不育剂,食后即成为不育蛾。不育蛾仍可与正常蛾交配,不但使交配对象成为不育,还可使已正常交配的成虫成为不育。从而降低田间的虫量,减少为害。田间试验结果表明,对烟青虫的防治效果达90％以上。使用不育剂可以减少田间农药用量和施药次数。本研究选出的不育剂对人畜无害,使用简便,价格较低,对环境无污染。     

性诱剂诱杀法防治甘蔗条螟应用技术研究

【目的】为了探索甘蔗条螟性诱剂诱杀防治的田间使用技术,确定最优防控处理面积和防控时间。【方法】通过实施不同面积比例的甘蔗条螟性诱剂诱杀试验,比较3种布盆密度条螟诱杀处理效果,分别从条螟诱杀蛾量、螟害株率和防治成本3方面进行评价各处理的优劣。【结果】试验结果显示:C处理(1 hm2/盆)和B处理(0.67 hm2/盆)诱杀蛾量差异不显著,但与A处理(0.33 hm2/盆)差异显著,B处理和A处理差异不显著;A处理和B处理的螟害株率相对防效差异不显著,但2处理与C处理差异显著;防治成本由高到低排列为A处理(0.33 hm2/盆)B处理(0.67 hm2/盆)C处理(1 hm2/盆);综合评价认为B处理为较优条螟诱杀防治处理。     

我国蔗螟性诱剂研究及其应用前景

甘蔗螟虫是为害甘蔗较为普遍而严重的一类钻景性害虫,20世纪70年代初期,我国就开始了对蔗螟性外激素的研究,经过10多年的努力,发现并合成了6种蔗螟的性引诱剂,并在蔗螟的预测预报及防治上得到了广泛的应用,特别是应用性诱剂迷向法防治甘蔗条螟的技术,已取得了巨大的成功,可以预计,经过进一步研究,性诱剂作为一种新的技术,在蔗螟的综合防治,环境保护,维持生态平衡等方面,将会发挥更大的作用。     

Efficacy of methoprene for multi-year protection of stored wheat,brown rice,rough rice and corn

Hard red winter wheat, brown rice, rough rice, and corn were treated with the insect growth regulator (IGR) methoprene at rates of 1.25 and 2.5 ppm, held for 24 months at ambient conditions in buckets on the floor of a grain bin, and sampled every two months. Bioassays were done by exposing 10 mixed-sex adults of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), the lesser grain borer, and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), the red flour beetle, on wheat, R. dominica and Sitotroga cerealella (Oliver), the Angoumois grain moth, on brown rice and rough rice, and T. castaneum and S. cerealella on corn. Sample size for all commodities was about 80 g, and these samples were held for 3 months at 27°C-60% r.h. Both rates of the IGR completely suppressed adult progeny development of R. dominica with little resulting feeding damage, sample weight loss, or insect damaged kernels (IDK). Some adult progeny production of S. cerealella and resulting IDK occurred at both rates on rough rice, brown rice, and corn, but was far less than in untreated controls. There was little adult progeny production but some feeding damage caused by larval T. castaneum in the treated wheat and corn but again far less than in untreated control. Allowing continual exposure of parental adults on grains treated with an IGR, rather than exposing those parental adults for a short time period, may give more accurate evaluations of residual efficacy. Results show that methoprene used as a grain protectant will give residual control of stored product beetles for 24 months, but complete control of S. cerealella may require inclusion of a contact insecticide.     

Moisture content,insect pests and mycotoxin levels of maize at harvest and post-harvest in the Middle Belt of Ghana

Grain moisture content (MC), insect pest infestation and mycotoxin contamination of maize are challenges to food safety and security, especially in the tropics where maize is a staple grain. However, very little documentation is available on the impact of these factors on maize in Ghana. This study focused on post-harvest losses of maize and assessed grain MC, insect pests and mycotoxin (aflatoxin and fumonisin) levels on-farm at three stages, during the major and minor seasons (primary and secondary harvest seasons, respectively). Grain MC decreased significantly from the field stage (17.2–19.0%) to the post-drying stage (12.4–14.2%). The mean grain MC was significantly greater in the major season (20.4%) than in the minor season (12.5%). Maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella Olivier, square-neck grain beetle, Cathartus quadricollis Guerin-Meneville, and corn sap beetle, Carpophilus dimidiatus Fabricius were the dominant insect species that attacked maize on-farm. Mean numbers of each species were generally significantly greater in the minor season than in the major season, but in both seasons, greater numbers were detected at the heaping stage compared to field and post-drying stages. Percentage insect damaged kernels and weight loss were significantly lower at the field stage than at both the heaped and post-drying stages; statistically similar levels were observed in the latter two stages. Mean aflatoxin (ppb) and fumonisin (ppm) levels were significantly higher in the major season (29.1 ppb, 1.6 ppm) than in the minor season (3.5 ppb, 1.0 ppm). Results showed variation between locations sampled, but in general more insect damage and quality deterioration occurred during the major season compared to the minor season. Farmers should dry immediately after harvest to reduce risk of damage from insect pests and mycotoxins.     

Metals in mandibles of stored product insects: do zinc and manganese enhance the ability of larvae to infest seeds?

Although high concentrations of zinc and manganese were found in mandibles of insect larvae that bore into seeds, these metals were not detected in mandibles of insect larvae that attack previously damaged seeds. Metals were present in the larval mandibles of a lepidopteran, the Angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella), and eight coleopterans, the lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica), cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricorne), drugstore beetle (Stegobium paniceum), spider beetle (Gibbium aequinoctiale), warehouse beetle (Trogoderma variabile), cadelle (Tenebroides mauritanicus), larger black flour beetle (Cynaeus angustus), and cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus). Larvae of these species can chew into seeds. Larvae of six other coleopterans, the varied carpet beetle (Anthrenus verbasci), sawtoothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis), rusty grain beetle (Cryptolestes ferrugineus), red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum), longheaded flour beetle (Latheticus oryzae), and granary weevil (Sitophilus granarius) have little if any ability to chew into seeds, and did not have metal in their mandibles. Larvae of the granary weevil hatch and feed within seeds that were penetrated previously during egg deposition by adults. However, newly hatched larvae of the cowpea weevil and the Angoumois grain moth have to bore through the seed coat before they begin feeding, and they have mandibles with high concentrations of zinc. These data support the hypothesis that deposition of zinc and/or manganese in larval mandibles enhances the larva's ability to penetrate seeds.     

人工合成性诱剂对烟青虫控制作用的研究

应用人工合成性诱剂大面积布局能很好地控制烟青虫的危害。性诱防治区88．4％的雄蛾被诱杀，雌蛾交配率下降79．9％～85．7％，平均幼虫密度为百株虫量10头（防治指标为百虫量30头），烟青虫为害破叶率和食叶率分别下降93．34％和83．72％。     

Trap catches of stored-product insects before and after heat treatment in a pilot feed mill

The pilot feed mill at Kansas State University was heated to temperatures of 50°C for 28–35 h during August 4–6, 1999 using natural gas heaters to kill stored-product insects. A three-parameter nonlinear regression model satisfactorily described temperature profiles on each of the four mill floors and was useful in showing differences among floors in the number of hours taken to reach 50°C and hours above 50°C. Pitfall traps with food and pheromone lures and sticky traps with pheromone lures were used to sample adults of beetles and moths, respectively, between July 8 and December 1, 1999 to evaluate heat treatment effectiveness. A total of 32 insect species representing 26 families in seven orders were captured in traps. Immediately after heat treatment, there was 95% reduction in total beetle captures in pitfall traps and 99% reduction in moth captures in sticky traps. Trap captures of the almond moth, Cadra cautella (Walker) and cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (L.) were significantly reduced and remained low after heat treatment. However, trap captures of the flat grain beetle, Cryptolestes pusillus (Schöenherr), Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), and red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) increased gradually after heat treatment, especially on the 1st and 4th floors. Our results indicated that traps are valuable tools for gauging the degree and duration of insect suppression obtained by heat treatment. In addition to trapping, visual inspection of the mill areas and absolute sampling of ingredients, products and spillage should be undertaken, so that areas of incipient insect reinfestation can be identified and potential problems rectified or averted.     

A comparison between the impact of sulfuryl fluoride and methyl bromide fumigations on stored-product insect populations in UK flour mills

The impact of sulfuryl fluoride and methyl bromide fumigations upon populations of flour beetles (Tribolium spp.) and of Mediterranean flour moth (Ephestia kuehniella), was evaluated in UK flour mills. Two mills were selected for fumigation with sulfuryl fluoride and two mills for fumigation with methyl bromide. Traps baited with aggregation pheromone lure and an oil-based food attractant were used to monitor populations of rust red flour beetle and confused flour beetle. For the monitoring of Mediterranean flour moth, sticky traps baited with a pheromone lure were used. Traps were placed inside the mill buildings within the areas selected for fumigation. Infestation levels of the insects were monitored for 1–2 weeks prior to fumigation and for a total of 12 weeks post-fumigation. From the calculated percentage reduction in insects trapped per day during the post-fumigation monitoring period it was clear that sulfuryl fluoride fumigations had good efficacy against infestations of Tribolium confusum and E. kuehniella, and compared very favourably with the efficacy of methyl bromide. The absence of T. castaneum in traps pre-fumigation meant that the efficacy of sulfuryl fluoride against this species could not be assessed in this investigation. Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella, was also detected in some mills but only post-fumigation.     

Enhanced oviposition in the moth, Plodia interpunctella, after treatment with aminergic analogues

In many species of moths, including Plodia interpunctella, post-mating events include the cessation of sex pheromone communication and the initiation of oviposition. In a previous study we have shown that octopamine and several analogues inhibit the production of sex pheromone in the moth. The present study demonstrates that octopamine and two analogues, clonidine and 2-(2,6-dimethylanilino) imidazolidine induce oviposition by virgin females of P. interpunctella, to a comparable level to that of mated females. Moreover, octopamine caused a significant reduction in the percentage of fertile eggs laid by mated females. It is suggested that octopamine therefore, mimics both the responses that occur post-mating: suppression of sex pheromone biosynthesis and stimulation of oviposition.     

Control of Ephestia cautella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae) by synthetic sex pheromones in the laboratory and store

The reduction in mating of Ephestia cautella caused by permeation of the atmosphere with synthetic sex pheromone components was investigated in the laboratory and store. In the laboratory the three main components of the pheromone complex were tested either singly or in combination, and (Z, E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate (ZETA) was found to be the most effective. Field trials were carried out in simulated cocoa stores with four different initial application rates of ZETA and two moth population densities. The concentration of airborne pheromone was measured, and the emergence of the F₁ generation was used to assess the degree of reproductive control. Decreased numbers of copulating pairs were observed in the stores treated with pheromone, and F₁ emergences were reduced by 91 to over 99% when population densities of moths of 0.1–0.3 moths/m² surface area were exposed to pheromone concentrations of 4–10 μg/m³. The results provide a basis for investigation of the effects of factors such as method of pheromone application and store conditions on the effectiveness of this control technique.     

Hermetic storage with plastic sealing to reduce insect infestation and secure paddy seed quality: A powerful strategy for rice farmers in Mozambique

Rice is the world's most important staple food and the basis of the diet of the majority of the population. In small farm agriculture, the yields obtained in cereal production are usually low and losses, both in the field and during storage, are dramatically high, particularly in developing countries. In Mozambique, these aspects, together with an increased frequency of floods, are hindering advances in rice production. Aimed at contributing to the reduction of losses in stored rice, trials were carried out to compare the effectiveness of traditional raffia bags and of hermetic storage using single and double plastic bags concerning quantitative losses and seed quality, including germination potential, after three and six months of storage. Pest identification, insect populations estimates, percentage of weight loss, germination power and seedling vigor were evaluated. The results showed that, in descending order of density, Angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella Olivier), lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica F.), rice/maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Mostch. and Sitophilus oryzae L.) and red flour beetle [Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)] were the main insects infesting the rice. When compared to hermetic storage with both single and duplicate airtight bags, traditional storage presented statistically significant higher mean infestation density (30.63–53.94 individuals/kg in traditional and 0.71–3.50 individuals/kg in hermetic storage) and percentage of weight loss (3.03–3.44% in traditional contrasting with 0.27–0.47% in hermetic conditions). In traditional storage a significant 38.25% drop in the germination potential was also observed, attaining values below the established minimum tolerated in Mozambique (80%), while under hermetic storage, that reduction remained within the acceptable values of 13.9–17.5%. The distinct storage methods did not produce significant differences on the moisture content of the grain. These results demonstrate that the use of hermetic storage has resulted in a safe, pesticide-free, and sustainable storage method, suitable for rice seeds, with advantages over traditional bagging. The results presented here lead to propose hermetic storage to be adopted by paddy small farmers, in order to lever food security and income generation in the country.