硝酸氧化改性活性炭处理含铬废水的研究

含Cr的电镀废水严重污染环境,利用改性的活性炭对它进行处理,效果明显.活性炭用HNO3(1∶ 1)氧化并经300 ℃左右温度煅烧改性后,具有较高的阳离子交换容量,其阳离子交换容量达到1.88 mmol/g.常温条件下以该改性活性炭作吸附材料处理镀铬厂含铬废水,在酸性条件下具有较高的还原性和吸附性,可将废水中以CrO2-4和Cr2O2-7两种形式存在的Cr(Ⅵ)离子完全还原成Cr3 ,获得了较高的Cr(Ⅵ)离子去除率,并对溶液的pH值和吸附时间对废水中Cr(Ⅵ)离子去除率的影响进行了探讨.结果表明,当溶液的pH值为2.5～3.0,吸附时间为3～4 h时,废水中Cr(Ⅵ)离子的去除率可达到97.5%左右.     

城市污泥改性物对电镀废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附研究

在静态条件下,进行了以城市污泥改性物(MSMP)作吸附剂净化含Cr(Ⅵ)废水的试验.研究了含Cr(Ⅵ)废水的pH值、浓度、接触时间和吸附剂的投加量等因素对MSMP吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的影响,确定了MSMP净化含Cr(Ⅵ)废水的最佳条件为:吸附时间20 min,pH值为中性,Cr(Ⅵ)起始浓度不超过50 mg/L,温度为30℃.结合对实际含Cr(Ⅵ)废水的吸附净化处理,证实了MSMP可用于电镀废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附处理.     

ACFs对溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能研究

利用比表面分析仪、扫描电镜和红外光谱仪对活性炭纤维(ACFs)的性能进行表征。选择一定浓度的六价铬[Cr(Ⅵ)]溶液进行吸附研究,考察接触时间、溶液pH值以及溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)的初始质量浓度对吸附行为的影响。结果表明,最佳接触时间为125 min;Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率随着pH值的减小而增大,当pH=2.0时达到最大;Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量随着Cr(Ⅵ)初始质量浓度的增加而增大,而去除率随着Cr(Ⅵ)初始质量浓度的增加而减小。此外,对材料的吸附机制进行了简要的分析。     

城市污泥改性物对电镀废水中Cr（VI）的吸附研究

在静态条件下，进行了以城市污泥改性物（MSMP）作吸附剂净化含Cr（Ⅵ）废水的试验。研究了含Cr（Ⅵ）废水的pH值、浓度、接触时间和吸附剂的投加量等因素对MSMP吸附Cr（Ⅵ）的影响，确定了MSMP净化含Cr（Ⅵ）废水的最佳条件为：吸附时间20min，pH值为中性，Cr（Ⅵ）起始浓度不超过50mg／L，温度为30℃。结合对实际含Cr（Ⅵ）废水的吸附净化处理，证实了MSMP可用于电镀废水中Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附处理。     

磺化褐煤对废水中Cr(Ⅵ)离子的吸附与还原

在静态条件下,进行了以磺化褐煤(SBC)作吸附剂、还原剂净化含铬废水的实验。研究了含铬废水的pH值、浓度和接触时间等因素对SBC吸附、还原Cr(Ⅵ)的影响,确定了SBC净化含铬废水的最佳条件。结合对实际含Cr(Ⅵ)废水的吸附、还原净化处理,讨论了SBC对电镀废水处理的可行性     

用有机膨润土吸附处理含铬(Ⅵ)废水的研究

采用溴化十六烷基三甲铵(CTMAB)对天然膨润土进行了有机改性处理,并在静态条件下,进行了有机膨润土对含Cr(Ⅵ)工业废水的吸附试验.研究了CTMAB浓度、有机膨润土用量、废水pH值、搅拌时间等因素对Cr(Ⅵ)去除率的影响,确定了用有机膨润土处理含Cr(Ⅵ)废水的适宜条件.结果表明,有机膨润土能有效地除去废水中的Cr(Ⅵ),其最佳工艺条件为废水pH值3.0～5.0、搅拌时间约30 min、有机膨润土用量10 g/L,按该工艺条件对含Cr(Ⅵ)35 mg/L左右的废水进行处理,铬的去除率达到98.0%以上,处理后的水样中Cr(Ⅵ)含量小于0.50 mg/L,达到国家排放标准.     

槟榔渣制备活性炭

活性炭作为一种无机化工产品,由于具有许多独特的性能,各国需求量日益增大.以槟榔渣为原料,通过活化剂浸泡,高温炭化活化,制备活性炭.根据正交实验得出的最佳工艺条件为:用浓度为30%的ZnCl2溶液以1:4的固液比浸泡槟榔渣,然后在600℃下进行炭化活化.制得的活性炭样品的亚甲蓝吸附值在25mL/0.1g以上,对模拟含铬电镀废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率在98%以上,吸附平衡时间约为5小时.实验结果说明,这种活性炭吸附处理模拟含铬电镀废水的效果很好,吸附能力较高.氯化锌法活性炭生产值得进一步研究、探讨并推广.     

改性褐煤活性焦对含铬(Ⅵ)废水的处理

为了开发新型高效廉价的废水Cr(Ⅵ)吸附材料,以褐煤为原料制备褐煤活性焦,加入金属氧化物MnO2对褐煤活性焦进行改性,在25℃,静态条件下,探讨了改性褐煤活性焦对含Cr(Ⅵ)废水的处理效果,确定最佳吸附条件,并研究了25℃下的吸附平衡。结果表明:在25℃,废水pH值为2.0,Cr(Ⅵ)的起始浓度为50mg/L,吸附时间为2.0 h,Cr(Ⅵ)与改性褐煤活性焦的质量比为1∶36时,改性褐煤活性焦对废水中Cr(Ⅵ)具有很好的吸附性能;改性褐煤活性焦处理含Cr(Ⅵ)废水的效果显著,饱和吸附量为57.14 mg/g;该改性褐煤活性焦可再生利用。     

壳聚糖吸附处理废水中微量铬(Ⅵ)

在静态条件下,研究了壳聚糖(CHT)对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附,探讨了CHT吸附Cr(Ⅵ)离子的最佳工艺条件及CHT的再生方法。结果表明,CHT对Cr(Ⅵ)具有较好的吸附性能,吸附的最佳条件是:pH值3～4;废水中Cr(Ⅵ)离子浓度≤60mg/L;吸附时间8～10h。利用CHT处理电镀厂含Cr(Ⅵ)废水,Cr(Ⅵ)离子吸附率达98%以上,且不影响水的本底浓度。     

胶原纤维对水中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能研究

胶原纤维(CF)作为吸附剂去除水中Cr(Ⅵ),研究了CF去除Cr(Ⅵ)时溶液pH值、温度、吸附剂用量和Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度对去除效率的影响。结果显示,CF对Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率随溶液pH值降低而升高,在pH值为2.0时达到最大,随吸附剂用量增大而增大,随Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度增加而减小,CF对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附量随吸附剂用量增加而减小;随Cr(Ⅵ)初始浓度增加而增加,最后趋于稳定。吸附平衡时间为6h,最佳吸附温度为40℃。测定了吸附等温线和吸附动力学曲线,结果表明,Freundlich等温方程能更好地描述CF对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附,吸附动力学符合伪二级吸附速率方程。FT-IR和SEM-EDS分析表明,CF表面含有大量氨基羧基及羟基等活性官能团,CF对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程存在铬酸根阴离子与质子化活性官能团的静电吸附作用和离子交换作用。     

Grape waste as a biosorbent for removing Cr(VI) from aqueous solution

Grape waste generated in wine production is a cellulosic material rich in polyphenolic compounds which exhibits a high affinity for heavy metal ions. An adsorption gel was prepared from grape waste by cross-linking with concentrated sulfuric acid. It was characterized and utilized for the removal of Cr(VI) from synthetic aqueous solution. Adsorption tests were conducted in batch mode to study the effects of pH, contact time and adsorption isotherm of Cr(VI), which followed the Langmuir type adsorption and exhibited a maximum loading capacity of 1.91 mol/kg at pH 4. The adsorption of different metal ions like Cr(VI), Cr(III), Fe(III), Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) from aqueous solution at different pH values 1-5 has also been investigated. The cross-linked grape waste gel was found to selectively adsorb Cr(VI) over other metal ions tested. The results suggest that cross-linked grape waste gel has high possibility to be used as effective adsorbent for Cr(VI) removal.     

Comparative study of adsorption properties of Turkish fly ashes. II. The case of chromium (VI) and cadmium (II)

The purpose of the study described in this paper was to compare the removal of Cr(VI) and Cd(II) from an aqueous solution using two different Turkish fly ashes; Afsin-Elbistan and Seyitomer as adsorbents. The influence of four parameters (contact time, solution pH, initial metal concentration in solution and ash quality) on the removal at 20+/-2 degrees C was studied. Fly ashes were found to have a higher adsorption capacity for the adsorption of Cd(II) as compared to Cr(VI) and both Cr(VI) and Cd(II) required an equilibrium time of 2h. The adsorption of Cr(VI) was higher at pH 4.0 for Afsin-Elbistan fly ash (25.46%) and pH 3.0 for Seyitomer fly ash (30.91%) while Cd(II) was adsorbed to a greater extent (98.43% for Afsin-Elbistan fly ash and 65.24% for Seyitomer fly ash) at pH 7.0. The adsorption of Cd(II) increased with an increase in the concentrations of these metals in solution while Cr(VI) adsorption decreased by both fly ashes. The lime (crystalline CaO) content in fly ash seemed to be a significant factor in influencing Cr(VI) and Cd(II) ions removal. The linear forms of the Langmuir and Freundlich equations were utilised for experiments with metal concentrations of 55+/-2mg/l for Cr(VI) and 6+/-0.2mg/l for Cd(II) as functions of solution pH (3.0-8.0). The adsorption of Cr(VI) on both fly ashes was not described by both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms while Cd(II) adsorption on both fly ashes satisfied only the Langmuir isotherm model. The adsorption capacities of both fly ashes were nearly three times less than that of activated carbon for the removal of Cr(VI) while Afsin-Elbistan fly ash with high-calcium content was as effective as activated carbon for the removal of Cd(II). Therefore, there are possibilities for use the adsorption of Cd(II) ions onto fly ash with high-calcium content in practical applications in Turkey.     

Application of dolochar in the removal of cadmium and hexavalent chromium ions from aqueous solutions

Dolochar, a waste material generated in sponge iron industry, is processed and put to test as an adsorbent for removal of Cd(II) and Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solutions. The dolochar samples were characterised to determine the different phases and their distribution by reflection microscopy. The analysis indicated that the sample consists of metallic iron, fused carbon, and Ca-Mg bearing phases (Ca-Mg-silicate-oxide) along with lots of voids and pores. The fixed carbon (FC) content of the material is 13.8% with a Langmuir surface area of 81.6 m²/g and micropore area of 34.1 m²/g. Batch adsorption experiments have been conducted to study the sorption behaviour of Cd(II) and Cr(VI) ions on dolochar as a function of particle size, contact time, adsorbent dosages, pH and temperature. It is observed that higher pH and temperature enhances sorption of Cd(II) ions. In contrast, the adsorption for Cr(VI) is found to be better in acidic pH in comparison to alkaline media. The equilibrium adsorption isotherm data are tested by applying both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. It is observed that Langmuir isotherm model fitted better compared to the Freundlich model indicating monolayer adsorption. The thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS° indicate the effectiveness of dolochar to remove Cd(II) and Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solution. The kinetics of adsorption is found to better fit to pseudo second order reaction.     

污泥基生物炭负载纳米零价铁去除Cr(Ⅵ)的性能与机制

针对电镀、冶金、印染等行业产生的含铬废水所导致的环境污染难题,以城市污泥热解获得的污泥基生物炭(SB)为载体,制备了污泥基生物炭负载纳米零价铁(nZVI-SB)材料用于去除水中的Cr(Ⅵ),探究了铁炭质量比、初始pH值、投加量、温度等因素对去除Cr(Ⅵ)的影响。通过SEM-EDS、XRD和XPS等手段对n ZVI-SB去除Cr(Ⅵ)的机制进行分析。结果表明：n ZVI-SB对Cr(Ⅵ)废水具有较好的去除能力。在投加量0.5 g/L、初始pH=2、温度40℃条件下,Fe与SB质量比为1∶1的nZVI-SB(1∶1)对Cr(Ⅵ)吸附量最大为150.60 mg/g。Cr(Ⅵ)去除过程可通过Langmuir吸附等温式与准二级动力学方程进行拟合。nZVI-SB对Cr(Ⅵ)去除机制主要包括吸附、还原和共沉淀。本文表明污泥基生物炭与纳米零价铁可以协同发挥除Cr(Ⅵ)作用。     

Synthesis of ordered large-pore mesoporous carbon for Cr(VI) adsorption

Highly ordered mesoporous carbon with large accessible pores (OMC-P) was prepared by using laboratory-made poly(ethylene oxide)-b-polystyrene diblock copolymer as template via the evaporation-induced self-assembly method. The OMC-P was first used as adsorbent for removal of Cr(VI) ion from aqueous solution. Adsorption behavior was studied as a function of time, concentration of adsorbate, temperature, and pH. The kinetics of adsorption of Cr(VI) ion onto OMC-P is well fit to the pseudo-second order model. The Cr(VI) ion adsorption is favored at lower temperatures and at initial acid pH values in the equilibrium. The Freundlich and the Langmuir isotherm fit the equilibrium data satisfactorily. The influence of porosity on equilibrium adsorption capacity was investigated on three types of carbon materials, namely, OMC-P, ordered mesoporous carbon templated from amphiphilic triblock copolymer F127 (OMC-F) and commercial activated carbon (AC). The prepared OMC-P exhibits much higher adsorption performance than the other two carbons.     

粉煤灰浮选活性炭对含铬废水的吸附研究

以火电厂的废渣浮选出来的精炭为原料,制备活性炭,用于吸附水溶液中的六价铬。讨论了接触时间、pH值和温度对六价铬吸附过程的影响,并对其速率方程进行拟合。结果表明,随着吸附时间和温度的增大,Cr(Ⅵ)吸附量呈不断增加的趋势,约7 h达到平衡。平衡吸附量随pH值的升高而减小,pH值越低,平衡吸附量越大。吸附速率随浓度升高而增大,且成直线关系,直线方程为r=0.0278c-0.115。     

Removal of chromium from aqueous solution by using oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes

The batch removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from aqueous solution by using oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was studied under ambient conditions. The effect of pH, initial concentration of Cr(VI), MWCNT content, contact time and ionic strength on the removal of Cr(VI) was also investigated. The removal was favored at low pH with maximum removal at pH <2. The adsorption kinetics was modeled by first-order reversible kinetics, pseudo-first-order kinetics, pseudo-second-order kinetics, and intraparticle diffusion models, respectively. The rate constants for all these kinetic models were calculated, and the results indicate that pseudo-second-order kinetics model was well suitable to model the kinetic adsorption of Cr(VI). The removal of chromium mainly depends on the occurrence of redox reaction of adsorbed Cr(VI) on the surface of oxidized MWCNTs to the formation of Cr(III), and subsequent the sorption of Cr(III) on MWCNTs appears as the leading mechanism for chromium uptake to MWCNTs. The presence of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) on oxidized MWCNTs was confirmed by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis. The application of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms are applied to fit the adsorption data of Cr(VI). Equilibrium data were well described by the typical Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Overall, the study demonstrated that MWCNTs can effectively remove Cr(VI) from aqueous solution under a wide range of experimental conditions, without significant Cr(III) release.     

Removal of chromium Cr(VI) by low-cost chemically activated carbon materials from water

Low-cost, chemically activated carbon materials, Pellet-600 and PVA-300, were prepared at relatively low temperatures and show more effective removal efficiency of Cr(VI) from water than commercially available activated carbons tested. The Pellet-600 is a pelletized carbon material with high mesoporous volumes and surface area, and the PVA-300 is composed of a high surface area carbon coating on a fiberglass mat substrate. A much faster adsorption kinetics and a much higher adsorption capacity for Cr(VI) are achieved by the Pellet-600. At very low concentrations of Cr(VI), the PVA-300 displays a strong adsorption ability for Cr(VI). XPS data show an increase in the atomic ratio of Cr/C and oxidation of carbon materials after adsorption of Cr(VI). These results suggest that a high content of mesopores with a high surface area and surface functional groups greatly improve the Cr(VI) removal efficiency from water.     

Removal of chromium(VI) from aqueous solution by activated carbons: kinetic and equilibrium studies

The objective of this study is to assess the uptake of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from aqueous solutions onto activated carbons (AC) produced from wood. Two activated carbons are tested, a KOH-activated carbon and a commercial H3PO4-activated carbon (Acticarbone CXV). The adsorption of Cr(VI) is maximal at the lowest values of pH (pH 3) and increases with temperature for both adsorbents. The KOH-activated carbon shows higher capacity for adsorption of Cr(VI) than Acticarbone. The sorption isotherms fit the Langmuir model accurately. The adsorption reaction was found to obey a pseudo second-order rate. The activation energy and the pre-exponential factor as well as the thermodynamic functions related to adsorption reaction, DeltaS degrees , DeltaH degrees , DeltaG degrees , were determined. Nevertheless, the global reaction rate is probably controlled by the intra-particular diffusion of Cr(VI) and the mass diffusivity of Cr(VI) was evaluated.     

Chromium(VI) adsorption from aqueous solution by Hevea Brasilinesis sawdust activated carbon

Adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) onto Hevea Brasilinesis (Rubber wood) sawdust activated carbon was investigated in a batch system by considering the effects of various parameters like contact time, initial concentration, pH and temperature. Cr(VI) removal is pH dependent and found to be maximum at pH 2.0. Increases in adsorption capacity with increase in temperature indicate that the adsorption reaction is endothermic. Based on this study, the thermodynamic parameters like standard Gibb's free energy (DeltaG degrees ), standard enthalpy (DeltaH degrees ) and standard entropy (DeltaS degrees ) were evaluated. Adsorption kinetics of Cr(VI) ions onto rubber wood sawdust activated carbon were analyzed by pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order models. Pseudo second-order model was found to explain the kinetics of Cr(VI) adsorption most effectively. Intraparticle diffusion studies at different temperatures show that the mechanism of adsorption is mainly dependent on diffusion. The rate of intraparticle diffusion, film diffusion coefficient and pore diffusion coefficient at various temperatures were evaluated. The Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm were used to describe the adsorption equilibrium studies of rubber wood sawdust activated carbon at different temperatures. Langmuir isotherm shows better fit than Freundlich and Temkin isotherm in the temperature range studied. The result shows that the rubber wood sawdust activated carbon can be efficiently used for the treatment of wastewaters containing chromium as a low cost alternative compared to commercial activated carbon and other adsorbents reported.