高性能酚醛树脂/石墨双极板导电复合材料的制备

以酚醛树脂与石墨粉料为原料,通过热模压成形得到一种质子交换膜燃料电池双极板材料.研究了酚醛树脂含量、石墨粒径和固化温度对复合材料导电性能与弯曲强度的影响.结果表明随酚醛树脂含量的增加,导电性能降低,强度升高;随石墨粒径的增大,复合材料的导电性能和弯曲强度呈现先增大后减小的趋势;随固化温度的增加,导电性能出现明显波动,而弯曲强度呈先增大后减小的趋势;酚醛树脂质量分数为15%,石墨颗粒粒径为105 μm,固化温度为240℃时,导电复合材料的电导率和弯曲强度可达142 S/cm,61.6 MPa.     

超声分散技术在燃料电池复合材料双极板制备中的应用

以天然鳞片石墨、炭黑和环氧改性酚醛树脂为原料,采用模压工艺制备石墨/聚合物复合材料双极板。研究了不同原料混合方式对复合材料双极板结构与性能的影响,并分别以最优化条件下制备的复合材料双极板和无孔石墨双极板组装了PEMFC单电池,对复合材料双极板的电化学性能进行了初步对比研究。结果表明:采用超声分散方式制得的双极板的各项性能都明显优于传统的机械混合方式制得的复合材料双极板;在低电流密度条件下,以复合材料双极板组装的PEMFC和以无孔石墨板组装的PEMFC的电池电压及功率密度基本一致;而由于复合双极板的电导率低于无孔石墨双极板,因此在大电流密度下,以复合材料双极板组装的PEMFC的电池电压和功率密度皆小于以无孔石墨板为双极板的PEMFC。     

质子交换膜燃料电池复合材料双极板的研究

以改性酚醛树脂、天然鳞片石墨、炭黑等为主要原料,采用模压热固化二步法制备质子交换膜燃料电池用石墨/酚醛树脂复合材料双极板.系统考察了树脂含量、石墨粒度、炭黑含量、溶剂比以及成型压力等因素对复合材料双极板性能的影响.结果表明:当树脂含量为15%,石墨粒度为-200目,炭黑含量为4%,溶剂比为1.0,成型压力为200 MPa时制得的复合材料双极板的抗折强度＞38 MPa,电导率＞126 S/cm,密度＞1.85 g/cm3.     

聚苯乙烯/膨胀石墨导电复合材料性能研究

以聚苯乙烯为基体,膨胀石墨为填料,邻苯二甲酸二辛酯为增塑剂,通过熔融共混法制备复合材料。并研究了复合材料的导电性能、力学性能和熔体流变性能与膨胀石墨含量的关系。主要结论如下:随着膨胀石墨含量的增加,复合材料的体积电阻率逐渐减小,渗流阈为5%,复合材料的体积电阻率最小为8.65×10~5(Ω·cm),膨胀石墨的含量为13%。当膨胀石墨含量在5%~10%之间时,复合材料的导电性迅速变化。而复合材料的拉伸强度则随之先减小后增大,当膨胀石墨含量为5%时,拉伸强度最小为4.52 MPa。冲击强度小增大后减小,当膨胀石墨含量为5%时,冲击强度最大,为7.5 kJ/m~2。     

石墨/剑麻/聚丙烯电磁屏蔽材料加工性能的研究

采用密炼方式制备石墨包覆爆破剑麻填充聚丙烯(PP)电磁屏蔽材料,研究了该材料的加工性能,具体探讨了不同含量的石墨/剑麻的PP电磁屏蔽材料的力学性能、结晶性能以及毛细管流变性能的变化。结果表明,复合材料的拉伸强度随着填充物含量的增加而降低至23 MPa后基本保持不变;质量分数30%的石墨/剑麻填充物的弯曲性能最好,弯曲模量随着填充物含量的增大而增大;复合材料的结晶和熔融温度随着填充物含量的增大而升高;复合材料的流动性随着填充物含量的增加而变差。     

金属双极板在模拟直接甲醇碱性燃料电池环境中的电化学行为

直接甲醇碱性燃料电池(DMAFC)由于采用了碱性电解质膜,许多在酸性介质中无法使用的非铂金属成为可选的催化剂已经引起了大家的普遍关注。双极板,特别是金属双极板作为DMAFC中一个关键材料对电池的输出性能起着重要的作用,其腐蚀性的大小决定了燃料电池的使用寿命长短。迄今为止,金属双极板在DMAFC中的研究国内外少见报道。本文对比研究了不锈钢316L和石墨作为双极板在模拟DMAFC中的电化学性能。动电位和电化学阻抗谱分析结果表明:不锈钢316L腐蚀电流低于石墨,其极化电阻明显高于石墨,恒电位实验结果与Tafel曲线分析结果一致,验证了动电位和电化学阻抗谱的实验结果。说明在碱性环境中,金属双极板与电解质溶液之间的反应活性比石墨双极板低,为拓宽不锈钢316L在DMAFC的应用奠定了理论基础。     

石墨烯/PP/淀粉发泡复合材料的力学性能和结晶性能的研究

本文以石墨烯、PP(聚丙烯)弹性体、淀粉为原料,轻质碳酸钙、交联剂、发泡剂、乳化剂为助剂,采用溶液共混法,利用双螺杆挤出机得到棒状淀粉基发泡复合材料。研究了不同石墨烯用量对复合材料的力学性能和结晶性能的影响。研究结果表明:添加适量的石墨烯能够显著提高复合材料的拉伸性能、冲击强度、熔融温度和结晶度。当石墨烯用量为10%时,拉伸性能为17.8 MPa,冲击强度为10.4 kJ·m~(-2),熔融温度为170℃。     

PP/石墨/CaCO3导热复合材料制备及性能

采用熔融共混法制备聚丙烯(PP)/石墨/CaCO3导热复合材料,分别研究了CaCO3增韧母料、石墨的添加量对复合材料导热性能及力学性能的影响。结果表明:500A的CaCO3增韧母料对改善复合材料的综合性能最为有效;将石墨和500A共混复合时,可以同时提高复合材料的刚性和韧性;随着500A及石墨用量的增加,复合材料的热导率及热稳定性相应提高,熔融温度略微下降;复合材料中PP的结晶度随500A用量的增加而下降,随石墨用量的增加而增加;PP/石墨/500A(质量比45/30/25)复合材料的热导率为纯PP的3倍,缺口冲击强度与纯PP相近,拉伸强度有所下降,弯曲强度和弯曲模量增加了28%。     

石墨/二硫化钼/丁腈橡胶复合材料的性能

采用机械共混法制备了石墨/二硫化钼(MoS2)/丁腈橡胶(NBR)复合材料,考察了石墨和MoS2用量对复合材料物理机械性能及摩擦性能的影响,并用扫描电子显微镜表征了填料在橡胶基体中的分散情况。结果表明,石墨/MoS2/NBR复合材料的拉伸强度、撕裂强度和邵尔A硬度均高于石墨/NBR复合材料和MoS2/NBR复合材料,当添加10份石墨和7份MoS2时,复合材料的物理机械性能最佳,且填料在橡胶基体中的分散性最好,摩擦因数达到最小值0.7。     

高热导率聚丙烯/石墨复合材料的制备与性能

为了提高聚丙烯(PP)的导热性能,扩大其使用范围,采用价格低廉的商用石墨对PP进行改性,利用转矩流变仪制备了PP/石墨导热复合材料。研究了粒径为2μm和20μm的石墨及其复配对复合材料热导率及力学性能的影响。结果表明,复合材料的热导率随着石墨用量的增加而显著增大,20μm石墨填充的复合材料热导率高于2μm石墨填充的复合材料;由于石墨的各向异性,层内热导率远高于层间热导率;将两种粒径的石墨复配,固定石墨总质量分数为40%,当2μm石墨与20μm石墨质量比为1︰5时,复合材料层间和层内热导率达到最大,分别为1.125 W/(m·K)和2.897 W/(m·K),比相同用量下单一2μm石墨填充PP分别提高了121%和61%,比单一20μm石墨填充PP分别提高了3.6%和20%。随石墨用量增加,单一粒径石墨填充的复合材料拉伸强度和弯曲强度呈现先减小后增大的趋势,随复配填料中20μm石墨用量增加,复配填料填充复合材料的力学性能呈下降趋势,但弯曲强度变化不大,拉伸强度也在10 MPa以上。     

Compact Swelling in Bi1.4Pb0.6Sr2Ca2Cu3.6Oy During the Formation of High-Tc Superconducting Phase

Compact swelling in Pb-doped Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O superconductor has been studied by observing the effects of the size of calcined powders, volatilization of materials, and sintering of high- T _c (2223) powders. The bulk density increases at the early stage of sintering, for about 20 h, and then decreases. Densification occurs when the low- T _c (2212) phase and a liquid phase exist, whereas dedensification occurs with the formation of the 2223 phase regardless of the presence of the liquid. Gas evolution from specimens does not appear to be responsible for compact swelling. Compact swelling is explained by anisotropic growth of thin, platelike 2223 grains in random orientation. When 2223 grains grow in a preferred direction, compact swelling is suppressed.     

Synthetic routes to nanoscale BxCyNz architectures

B_xC_yN_z nanoscale materials, hybrids of h-BN and graphite, have been recently synthesised using various techniques. Here, we present the latest advances in the synthesis and characterisation of B-C-N nanotubes and nanofibres. In particular, we focus on layered BC₂N, BN, BC and CN_x systems, reviewing their production methods as well as their structural and electronic properties. These materials may find important applications in the fabrication of nanotransistors, robust nanocomposites, conducting polymers, storage components and field emission sources.     

Structure Evolution from Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 to La(Mg2/3Nb1/3)O3

The crystal structure of lanthanum-modified lead magnesium niobates having composition (Pb_{1− x} La _x ) (Mg_{(1+ x )/3}-Nb_{(2− x )/3})O₃ with X = 0 to 1 was investigated by X-ray powder diffraction. It was found that the fundamental reflections from perovskite structure remain in the whole range of composition. The superlattice reflections from the A(B'_1/2-B"_1/2)O₃ ordered structure are also well preserved for La content greater than 50 at.%; however, a series of extra peaks of mixing indices appears, with intensities gradually enhanced with the increase of La content. For the complete substitution of Pb by La, a splitting of some reflections can be observed in the diffraction pattern. The results indicate that the crystal structure evolves continuously with the La content, from disordered cubic perovskite of space group Pm 3 m for X = 0, to ordered cubic perovskite of space group Fm 3 m for X = 0.5, distorted cubic perovskite of space group Pa 3 for 0.5 < X < 0.9, and finally to a rhombohedral perovskite, possibly belonging to the space group R 3 , for X ≥ 0.9. In the evolution of structure, a linear reduction of the lattice constant of the perovskite cell from 4.048 to 3.964 Å was observed.     

Microwave Dielectric Properties of CaTiO3-CaAl1/2Nb1/2O3 Ceramics Doped with Li3NbO4

The microwave dielectric properties of CaTi_{1− x} (Al_1/2Nb_1/2) _x O₃ solid solutions (0.3 ≤ x ≤ 0.7) have been investigated. The sintered samples had perovskite structures similar to CaTiO₃. The substitution of Ti⁴⁺ by Al³⁺/Nb⁵⁺ improved the quality factor Q of the sintered specimens. A small addition of Li₃NbO₄ (about 1 wt%) was found to be very effective for lowering sintering temperature of ceramics from 1450–1500° to 1300°C. The composition with x = 0.5 sintered at 1300°C for 5 h revealed excellent dielectric properties, namely, a dielectric constant (ɛ_r) of 48, a Q × f value of 32 100 GHz, and a temperature coefficient of the resonant frequency (τ_f) of −2 ppm/K. Li₃NbO₄ as a sintering additive had no harmful influence on τ_f of ceramics.     

Preparation and properties of poly(Nε,Nε-dicarboxymethyl-l-lysine)

A new ampholytic homopolypeptide, $\text{poly}\text{(N}{}^{\mathrm{\epsilon }}\text{,N}{}^{\mathrm{\epsilon }}\text{-}\text{dicarboxy-methyl-}\text{l}\text{-lysine}\text{)}$, which has one tertiary amino and two carboxyl groups in the side chain has been derived from a hydrochloride salt of poly(L-lysine). The polymer in aqueous solution seems to be in the coil form with locally extended structure (LES) at neutral pH. In both the acidic and alkaline regions, the molar ellipticity of the polymer changes as a result of change in net charge on the side chain. The conformational changes may be from the coil with LES to other coiled forms. 5–7 M NaClO₄ and 80% aqueous methanol induce the α-helix in the polymer at neutral pH. Divalent cations, Cu²⁺ and Ca²⁺, do not induce any remarkably ordered structures such as α-helix or β-structure in the polymer in aqueous solution at any pH. Ultraviolet absorption studies show an absorption peak of the polymer-Cu²⁺ complex near 240 nm. Dependence of the peak intensity on pH at various q values ($\text{q =}\text{[}\text{Cu}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{]}\text{[}\text{residue}\text{]}$) indicates the two steps of the complex formation. At q less than 0.64, the formation is described only with the first step. An average coordination number for Cu²⁺ at the first step was calculated to be about 2 by the method of Mandel and Leyte. The association constant of Cu²⁺ with the residue at the step was determined from the absorption data to be far smaller than that for the Cu²⁺-EDTA complex. The second step of the formation occurs in the case of large q but the absorption data for the second step cannot be obtained exactly due to precipitation.     

Dielectric-State Analysis in Solid-Solution Pb(Yb1/2Ta1/2)O3–Pb(Lu1/2Nb1/2)O3

The structure and temperature dependence of complex lead perovskite dielectrics were investigated for the system (1 − x )Pb(Yb_1/2Ta_1/2)O₃– x Pb(Lu_1/2Nb_1/2)O₃. Superlattice reflections for the compositions 0.8 < x < 1.0 were observed by X-ray diffractometry, and the temperature-composition dielectric-state diagram was determined. In the present study, the disordered middle composition, with 0.2 < x < 0.8, showed a diffuse paraelectric–ferroelectric phase transition, whereas the ordered end compositions, with 0 ≤ x < 0.2 and 0.8 < x ≤ 1.0, revealed successive sharp paraelectric–antiferroelectric and weak antiferroelectric–ferroelectric phase transitions. The dielectric state was confirmed by examining the variation of polarization ( P ) with electric field ( E ).