高合金钢光谱分析用标准物质的研制

介绍了2Cr13Mn9Ni4高合金钢光谱分析用标准物质的研制过程,包括采用合理的冶炼锻轧工艺,不同部位样品的均匀性检验,C、Si、Mn、P、S、Cr、Ni、7个元素的认定值及扩展不确定度的确定,成线性、一致性考察以及与国内外同类标准物质的比对。结果表明,本套高合金钢光谱分析用标准物质的均匀性良好,定值准确且有良好的梯度分布,对定值元素进行成线性考查,线性关系良好,能覆盖2Cr13Mn9Ni4高合金钢的成分范围,适用于类似高合金钢元素的成分分析。     

铝基牺牲阳极光谱分析用标准物质的研制

根据铝基牺牲阳极成分设计表,采用合理的熔炼及铸造工艺,研制出含锌、铟、镉、铁、铜、硅、锡、镁、钛9个元素的铝基牺牲阳极光谱分析用标准样品。经金相组织检查及均匀性检验,表明此套标准样品结构组织致密,成分均匀。选择有资质的8家实验室采用不同的可靠分析方法协助定值分析,对分析结果进行统计和处理,确定了被定值元素的认定值和扩展不确定度。对被定值元素进行成线性考察,结果表明各元素线性关系良好,其含量均有一定的梯度分布。本套标准物质可用于铝基牺牲阳极材料的炉前及质量控制分析。     

微合金化钢成分分析用块状/屑状系列有证参考物质研制

本套微合金化钢成分分析用块状/屑状系列有证参考物质的研制选用了高纯度的原材料和科学合理的冶炼加工工艺,其成分覆盖了中国已有的和正在研制的微合金化钢种及国内外典型的微合金化钢种。按材料的不同部位选取样品进行均匀性检验,均匀性良好。14个具有丰富的参考物质定值经验的单位协作定值,确定了包括V、Nb、Ti、N在内的24个元素的认定值及扩展不确定度。对此套标样的定值元素进行线性考查,除了Bi、Ca元素以外,其余元素的线性相关系数均在0.99以上,每个元素都能保证4个以上的有效点。     

光谱分析用GH4169高温合金质量控制样品的研制

目前国内没有高含量P和Nb的GH4169高温合金标准物质用于检测过程的质量控制,研制的GH4169高温合金质控样品中P和Nb最高含量为0.014%和5.37%,能够满足分析过程质量控制的需求。选择美国和中国生产的4种GH4169高温合金原料加工制备质量控制样品。采用火花放电原子发射光谱法对样品进行测试,用t检验考察原料中各元素面分布和纵向分布的一致性,结果表明各元素无偏析;用方差分析法考察质控样品的均匀性,结果表明样品均匀性良好。质控样品由12家有丰富高温合金检测经验的实验室采用湿法分析定值,确定了Nb、P以及Ni、Cr、Mo、Ti等共12个元素的值及扩展不确定度。采用火花放电原子发射光谱法和X射线荧光光谱法考察了质控样品各元素与镍基有证标准物质的成线性,结果表明质控样品和标准物质有良好的线性关系。     

转炉渣成分分析用标准样品的研制

介绍了转炉渣成分分析用标准样品的研制过程。对标准样品进行了均匀性和稳定性考察,9家权威实验室用准确可靠的方法参与协作定值,确定了18个项目的标准值和扩展不确定度。成分分析结果表明,该标准样品均匀性良好,在10 a内性质稳定。     

B级铸钢光谱分析用控制样品的研制

根据B级铸钢产品标准进行控制样品成分设计,采用合理的熔铸工艺研制出含碳、硫、硅、锰、磷、铜、镍等7个元素标准样品。此标准样品经金相检查,结果表明,结构组织均匀、致密,无夹杂、气孔、裂纹等缺陷。用单因素方差分析法进行均匀性检验,均匀性良好,能满足光谱分析用标准样品的要求。采用多种准确可靠的分析方法对控制样品进行定值分析,并对分析结果进行数理统计处理,确定了待测元素的标准值及不确定度。该控制样品可用于B级铸钢的炉前及产品质量控制校正分析。     

低镍不锈钢光谱标准样品的研制

根据GB/15000《标准样品工作导则》、YB/T082-1996《冶金产品分析用标准样品技术规范 》和相关ISO导则研制了包含C、Si、Mn、P、S、Ni、Cr、Cu、Mo、V、Co、Sn、As、W、Nb、N 共16个元素的马氏体沉淀硬化型不锈钢S17400(17-4PH),双相不锈钢S32205、S32750和200系奥氏体不锈钢S20100(201)等4种典型低镍不锈钢光谱分析用标准样品。采用500 kg中频感应炉冶炼,冶炼过程利用感应磁力搅拌,301铝丝和硅-钙粉脱氧,小截面(145 mm)锭型金属模上注法浇铸,从而保证了钢液成分均匀、良好的脱氧效果和元素的较高回收率,避免了成分偏析和夹杂物的形成。铸锭经锻造和热轧后进行偏析和金相组织检验,结果表明被测元素没有偏析且组织结构能满足制作光谱标样的要求。用F方差法检验均匀性,各元素F值均小于临界值F0,表明被检元素的均匀性良好。由8家有资质的实验室采用多种不同原理,准确、可靠的分析方法协作定值分析,对分析结果进行统计和处理,得到了被定值元素的认定值和扩展不确定度。     

钯及钯合金饰品标准样品的研制

遵循国家标准的标准样品工作导则,研制了一套适用于X射线荧光光谱法分析的钯和钯合金饰品标准样品,共5种。按成分的梯度要求,将金属原料混合后熔融,成分合格后铸成厚度为0.18~0.24 mm,直径为16 mm的圆片。利用方差法对均匀性数据进行检查,并委托8家实验室采用不同的实验方法进行定值分析,分析数据用狄克逊检验和夏皮罗-威尔克方法进行检验,结果表明本套标准样品的均匀性良好,定值结果准确。本套标准样品已用于X-射线荧光光谱分析,并被批准为国家标准样品。     

X射线荧光光谱分析用的含铁尘泥标准样品的研制

用含铁尘泥生产原料与化学纯氧化物按一定比例混合制备了包含铁,镁,铝,硅,磷,钙,钛,锰, 锌共9种成分的含铁尘泥X射线荧光分析用系列标准样品。标准样品的均匀性和稳定性通过X射线荧光光谱检验,检验结果分别用方差分析和t检验法统计处理。结果表明:当显著性水平a= 0.05时,所制备的标准样品单元内和单元间的均匀程度达到标准物质的制备要求;标准样品经12个月3次分析,均未发现显著性变化,样品的稳定性良好。最后,用化学湿法和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)对标准样品定值,表明标准样品中各元素含量呈均匀梯度分布,含量范围较广,可以应用于X射线荧光光谱定量分析含铁尘泥。     

系列铋黄铜光谱分析用标准样品的研制

根据铋黄酮标准样品的成分设计,采用合理的配料原则和加料顺序、熔炼和挤制工艺以及精炼和除气措施等铸造工艺,研制出了铋黄铜光谱分析用标准样品。经国内外8家实验室采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法、原子吸收光谱法、碘量法、燃烧碘酸钾滴定法等进行分析,该系列标准样品的均匀性、分析精度、成线性良好。经同类铜合金标准样品稳定性考察,稳定性良好,有效期可定为15年。该系列标准样品也适用于铋黄铜系列产品中主量元素及杂质元素的生产检验。     

Religion, self-regulation, and self-control: Associations, explanations, and implications.

Many of the links of religiousness with health, well-being, and social behavior may be due to religion's influences on self-control or self-regulation. Using Carver and Scheier's (1998) theory of self-regulation as a framework for organizing the empirical research, the authors review evidence relevant to 6 propositions: (a) that religion can promote self-control; (b) that religion influences how goals are selected, pursued, and organized; (c) that religion facilitates self-monitoring; (d) that religion fosters the development of self-regulatory strength; (e) that religion prescribes and fosters proficiency in a suite of self-regulatory behaviors; and (f) that some of religion's influences on health, well-being, and social behavior may result from religion's influences on self-control and self-regulation. The authors conclude with suggestions for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Shyness and children's emotionality, regulation, and coping: contemporaneous, longitudinal, and across-context relations

The relations of teachers' and parents' reports of children's shyness (i.e., social inhibition) at ages 6-8, 8-10, and 10-12 years to dispositional regulation, emotionality, and coping were examined. Shyness was positively related to internalizing negative emotion, coping by doing nothing, and, for parent-rated shyness, behavioral inhibition/nonimpulsivity, attention focusing, and avoidant coping; it was negatively related to positive emotionality, instrumental coping, seeking support from teachers (at younger ages), and for teacher-rated shyness, attentional control. Often prediction held over several years and/or across reporters. Parent-reported internalizing negative emotion at age 4-6 predicted shyness at ages 6-8 and 8-10, but primarily for children low in attention shifting. Teacher-rated shyness was related to low social status; parent-rated shyness correlated with boys' adult-rated social status at age 4-6 and with style of social interaction, particularly for girls. The relation between parent- and teacher-reported shyness decreased with age. The overall pattern of findings was partially consistent with the conclusion that parent-rated shyness reflected primarily social wariness with unfamiliar people (i.e., temperamental shyness), whereas teacher-rated shyness tapped social inhibition due to social evaluative concerns.     

Person, body, cadaver, and back

Because of the small size of their genome, viral genes have been forerunners in helping us understand gene expression. It is also because of their small size that viruses have elaborated the amazing variety of strategies that enables them to produce all the proteins they require for their multiplication. As a consequence, many of the strategies of expression known to occur in cell systems were first demonstrated in viruses. The aim of this review is to highlight the contribution of viruses to our knowledge of cell processes.     

Earnings, education, genetics, and environment

A major and well-recognized difficulty in estimating the effects of education on earnings is that the more educated are likely to be more able, irrespective of education. If ability also determines earnings and is not controlled, ordinary least squares will yield biased estimates of the education coefficient. In this study, we use data on identical twins to control for differences in ability that arise from genetic endowments and family environment. Not controlling for genetics and family environment may cause a large bias, up to two-thirds of the noncontrolled coefficient.