碳纳米管增强铝基复合材料分散方法研究进展

碳纳米管与铝基体的结合,可以获得导电和导热性良好及综合力学性能优异的复合材料,有望成为新一代轻质高强、结构功能一体化的复合材料.在制备碳纳米管增强铝基复合材料过程中,碳纳米管的团聚将降低界面结合,诱发缺陷产生,导致性能大幅下降,因此,调控优化碳纳米管的分散状态、含量成为获取良好界面结合,获得高性能碳纳米管增强铝基复合材...     

非连续增强金属基复合材料界面微结构研究

非连续增强金属基复合材料是金属基复合材料中最有工业应用前景的新材料,其中界面微结构是决定复合材料性能的关键。着重研究了SiCp原始态和氧化处理态以及Al_2O_3p等增强体在挤压铸造和搅拌铸造复合条件下,与不同的铝基和锌基合金复合后的界面微观结构特征。研究结果表明,氧化后的SiCp与基体界面的SiO_2层在电子束辐照下,将由晶态转变为非晶态,从而圆满解释了以往存在的X射线分析结果与电子衍射分析结果的矛盾。研究氧化后的SiCp与铝基体复合后的界面行为发现,对于纯铝基体,SiO_2层的形成有利于界面强度的增大,并发现在SiO_2层中存在铝元素的浓度梯度,较好地解释了由于扩散结合使界面得到加强的结果,而对于Ly12基体,由于表面的SiO_2层与基体中的镁反应生成MgAl_2O_4,使基体中含镁的强化相明显减少,削弱了时效强化的效果,使复合材料强度反而降低。 对搅拌铸造法制备的Al-Mg基复合材料,分别观察了不同增强体的界面反应产物和存在的界面取向关系,并探讨了其反应机制。最后,对SiCw增强的锌基复合材料的固态反应动力学和微观结构进行了研究,观察了晶须与基体之间的结合状态。     

锌漆薄膜/2Cr13钢基体系统薄膜裂纹试验与模拟

本文采用试验和数值模拟方法研究锌漆薄膜/2Cr13钢基体系统薄膜开裂和裂纹扩展情况。创新性地使用三点弯曲试验结合声发射技术监测到薄膜裂纹萌生时刻,并计算薄膜断裂韧性。采用扩展有限元法研究三点弯曲作用下薄膜裂纹扩展过程,发现模拟得到的荷载-位移曲线与试验曲线相吻合。模拟结果表明,薄膜裂纹尖端区域存在应力峰值,当该值达到损伤判据临界应力时,裂纹发生扩展。同时,对多种因素影响下薄膜周期裂纹无量纲能量释放率进行分析,发现薄膜厚度一定时,薄膜相对于基体刚度越大,半无限基体上薄膜裂纹前缘达到稳定状态时对应的基体厚度与裂纹间距越大。      

SiCf/Al复合丝变形损伤过程的原位观察

采用扫描电镜原位观察方法研究了束丝SiC纤维增强铝复合丝在低频疲劳和静拉伸过程中的损伤过程。实验发现,经过较短时间的疲劳加载或在较低的载荷下就出现纤维裂纹,裂纹向基体方向扩展,没有明显的界面脱粘现象。损伤过程可分为三个阶段,包括以纤维裂纹萌生为主的损伤起始阶段、以纤维多次断裂和基体裂纹扩展为主的损伤累计阶段以及裂纹迅速扩展和主裂纹连接的失稳破坏阶段。根据剪滞模型计算的表观界面强度表明该复合丝为强结合界面。     

碳纳米管增强镁基复合材料制备及界面研究进展

在碳纳米管增强镁基(CNTs/Mg)复合材料制备过程中,碳纳米管间极易因范德华力团聚,且碳和镁浸润性差,因此,研究碳纳米管的均匀分散和良好的界面结合对CNTs/Mg复合材料的应用具有重要意义。本文综述了碳纳米管增强镁基(CNTs/Mg)复合材料的制备工艺进展和近年来国内外学者在改善界面结合与碳纳米管化学镀层方面的研究成果,总结了镁基复合材料的界面增强机制,并展望了CNTs/Mg复合材料未来的界面研究发展方向。     

碳纳米管/铝复合材料界面调控研究进展

从碳纳米管表面改性、金属基体合金化和复合工艺优化三个方面综述了碳纳米管增强铝基复合材料界面设计与调控的研究新进展,并对未来可能的发展新趋势进行了展望。现有的界面设计研究尚存在一定的局限性,如碳纳米管表面改性引入金属或氧化物连续镀膜将碳纳米管与基体隔离,缺乏对镀膜尺寸和分布的设计调控,未能有效发挥碳纳米管自身的复合强化作用,未来需要针对复合材料的具体应用和性能需求,更有针对性地设计碳纳米管的表面状态或复合界面的结合程度,如:碳纳米管表面缺陷修饰、复合材料构型优化设计等,并对表面修饰产物的尺寸和分布进行精细有效的调控,以获得更为理想的界面状态,充分发挥纳米碳的增强效率。     

碳纳米管增强PA6复合材料的机理

在探讨碳纳米管的加入对PA6复合材料力学性能影响的基础上，用扫描电镜(SEM)、拉曼光谱和特性粘数法对碳纳米管增强PA6复合材料的机理进行了初步探讨。结果表明，碳纳米管的加入提高了PA6的强度，此时碳纳米管能以纳米状态均匀地分布在基体中，且碳纳米管与PA6之间在界面存在一定的相互作用，同时碳纳米管在原位复合过程中未对高分子链段的增长带来负面影响，反而使PA6的聚合程度略有增大。     

基于声发射技术的Si-Cr-Ti高温抗氧化涂层弯曲失效机理研究

本研究借助声发射技术对铌基高温抗氧化涂层在常温下的弯曲失效过程进行了研究。利用k均值聚类方法对信号进行了分类,结合截面扫描电镜观测结果确定高温抗氧化涂层在弯曲载荷下的信号分别对应基体变形、表面垂直裂纹、滑动型界面裂纹和张开型界面裂纹,通过快速傅里叶变换得到了各类信号的主频分别为100、310、590和450 kHz,借助小波分析得到了各信号的小波能量系数。涂层弯曲失效过程主要包括四个阶段,分别为受拉侧表面垂直裂纹萌生的初始损伤阶段、表面垂直裂纹增殖阶段、两侧界面裂纹快速扩展的损伤积累阶段和受压侧涂层明显剥落的宏观剥落阶段。     

复合界面层对SiCf/SiC复合材料力学损伤行为的影响

SiC_f/SiC陶瓷基复合材料在航空航天领域具有广阔的应用前景,其界面层设计是研究重点。研究表明,复合界面层可以有效提升陶瓷基复合材料的抗氧化性能,但其对材料力学性能及损伤机制的影响尚不明确。本研究利用化学气相渗透法(CVI)制备得到具有BN及(BN/SiC)₃复合界面层的小复合材料,探究了复合界面层对SiC_f/SiC复合材料失效机制的影响。基于两种力学加载实验结合声发射探测分析了两种界面层小复合材料的损伤过程。实验结果表明,利用CVI制备的小复合材料界面结构清晰,基体致密。两类小复合材料均具有SiC_f/SiC陶瓷基复合材料的典型力–位移曲线,不同界面层小复合材料损伤过程具有不同的力声特征。通过两类力学加载试验的声发射特征能够有效分析小复合材料各阶段损伤发展情况。本实验中BN及(BN/SiC)₃复合界面层SiC_f/SiC小复合材料最大承受载荷分别为139和160 N,复合界面层小复合材料中的多层界面具有更强的偏转裂纹能力,降低裂纹延伸至纤维的速度,进而提高...     

陶瓷/碳纳米管复合材料的制备、性能及韧化机理

评述和讨论了碳纳米管增强陶瓷基复合材料的制备工艺,包括碳纳米管在陶瓷基体上的分散和材料的烧结成型,添加碳纳米管后材料力学性能、导电和导热等物理性能的改善以及韧化机理,指出碳纳米管在陶瓷材料基体上的均匀分散,碳纳米管在组织中存活,碳纳米管与陶瓷基体的界面结合状态是影响碳纳米管增强陶瓷基复合材料性能提高的关键.     

A numerical study on carbon nanotube pullout to understand its bridging effect in carbon nanotube reinforced composites

Carbon nanotube (CNT) reinforced polymeric composites provide a promising future in structural engineering. To understand the bridging effect of CNT in the events of the fracture of CNT reinforced composites, the finite element method was applied to simulate a single CNT pullout from a polymeric matrix using cohesive zone modelling. The numerical results indicate that the debonding force during the CNT pullout increases almost linearly with the interfacial crack initiation shear stress. Specific pullout energy increases with the CNT embedded length, while it is independent of the CNT radius. In addition, a saturated debonding force exists corresponding to a critical CNT embedded length. A parametric study shows that a higher saturated debonding force can be achieved if the CNT has a larger radius or if the CNT/matrix has a stronger interfacial bonding. The critical CNT embedded length decreases with the increase of the interfacial crack initiation shear stress.     

Process and mechanical properties of carbon/carbon–silicon carbide composite reinforced with carbon nanotubes grown in situ

A hierarchical C_f/C–SiC composite was fabricated via in situ growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on fiber cloths following polymer impregnation and pyrolysis process. The effects of CNTs grown in situ on mechanical properties of the composite, such as flexural strength, fracture toughness, crack propagation behavior and interfacial bonding strength, were evaluated. Fiber push-out test showed that the interfacial bonding strength between fiber and matrix was enhanced by CNTs grown in situ. The propagation of cracks into and in fiber bundles was impeded, which results in decreased crack density and a “pull-out of fiber bundle” failure mode. The flexural strength was increased while the fracture toughness was not improved significantly due to the decreased crack density and few interfacial debonding between fiber and matrix, although the local toughness can be improved by the pull-out of CNTs.     

Stress transfer in the fibre fragmentation test: Part III Effect of matrix cracking and interface debonding

A theoretical stress analysis has been developed for the fibre fragmentation test in the presence of matrix cracks at sites of fibre breaks. The strain energy release rates for both matrix cracking and interface debonding are calculated for a carbon fibre/epoxy matrix composite. By comparing these strain energy release rates with the corresponding specific fracture resistances, the competition between matrix crack growth and interface debonding has been studied. The distributions of fibre axial stress and interfacial shear stress obtained from the present analysis show that the matrix crack substantially reduces the efficiency of stress transfer from the matrix to the fibre. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同界面SiC/SiC复合材料的断裂行为研究

碳化硅纤维增强碳化硅复合材料(SiC/SiC)是极具前景的高温结构材料。通过先驱体浸渍裂解(PIP)工艺分别制备了PyC界面和CNTs界面SiC/SiC复合材料, 对两种SiC/SiC复合材料的整体力学性能以及界面剪切强度等进行了测试表征, 并对材料中裂纹的产生与扩展进行了原位观测。结果表明, 两种界面SiC/SiC复合材料弯曲强度相近, 但PyC界面SiC/SiC复合材料的断裂韧性约为CNTs界面SiC/SiC复合材料的两倍。在PyC界面SiC/SiC复合材料中, 裂纹沿纤维-基体界面扩展, PyC涂层能够偏转或阻止裂纹, 材料呈现伪塑性断裂特征; 而在CNTs界面SiC/SiC复合材料中, 裂纹在扩展路径上遇到界面并不偏转, 初始裂纹最终发展为主裂纹, 材料呈现脆性断裂模式。     

Interface characteristics of carbon nanotube reinforced polymer composites using an advanced pull-out model

An advanced pull-out model is presented to obtain the interface characteristics of carbon nanotube (CNT) in polymer composite. Since, a part of the CNT/matrix interface near the crack tip is considered to be debonded, there must present adhesive van der Waals (vdW) interaction which is generally presented in the form of Lennard-Jones potential. A separate analytical model is also proposed to account normal cohesive stress caused by the vdW interaction along the debonded CNT/polymer interface. Analytical solutions for axial and interfacial shear stress components are derived in closed form. The analytical result shows that contribution of vdW interaction is very significant and also enhances stress transfer potential of CNT in polymer composite. Parametric studies are also conducted to obtain the influence of key composite factors on bonded and debonded interface. The result reveals that the parameter dependency of interfacial stress transfer is significantly higher in the perfectly bonded interface than that of the debonded interface.     

Feasibility study of a tungsten wire-reinforced tungsten matrix composite with ZrOx interfacial coatings

Brittleness problem imposes a severe restriction on the potential application of tungsten as high-temperature structural material. In this paper, a novel toughening method for tungsten is proposed based on reinforcement by tungsten wires. The underlying toughening mechanism is analogous to that of fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites. Strain energy is dissipated by debonding and frictional sliding at engineered fiber/matrix interfaces. To achieve maximum composite toughness fracture mechanical properties have to be optimized by interface coating. In this work, we evaluated six kinds of ZrO_x-based interface coatings. Interfacial parameters such as shear strength and fracture energy were determined by means of fiber push-out tests. The parameter values of the six coatings were comparable to each other and satisfied the criterion for crack deflection. Microscopic analysis showed that debonding occurred mostly between the W filament and the ZrO_x coating. Feasibility of interfacial crack deflection was also demonstrated by a three-point bending test.     

Modeling the tensile stress–strain response of carbon nanotube/polypropylene nanocomposites using nonlinear representative volume element

This paper presents a finite element model for predicting the mechanical behavior of polypropylene (PP) composites reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at large deformation scale. Existing numerical models cannot predict composite behavior at large strains due to using simplified material properties and inefficient interfaces between CNT and polymer. In this work, nonlinear representative volume elements (RVE) of composite are prepared. These RVEs consist of CNT, PP matrix and non-bonded interface. The nonlinear material properties for CNT and polymer are adopted to solid elements. For the first time, the interface between CNT and matrix is simulated using contact elements. This interfacial model is capable enough to simulate wide range of interactions between CNT and polymer in large strains. The influence of adding CNT with different aspect ratio into PP is studied. The mechanical behavior of composites with different interfacial shear strength (ISS) is discussed. The success of this new model was verified by comparing the simulation results for RVEs with conducted experimental results. The results shows that the length of CNT and ISS values significantly affect the reinforcement phenomenon.     

Direct observation and modelling of the crack–fibre interaction process in continuous fibre-reinforced ceramics: model experiment

The effect of the matrix–fibre interface bonding and debonding condition on the crack growth behaviour in a fibre-reinforced ceramic matrix composite was studied using a model glass fibre-reinforced PMMA matrix composite. The crack growth process from a centre notch is monitored using a compression splitting test. From direct observation three characteristic stages can be identified in the crack growth process of the composite, namely elastic constraint (stage I), matrix crack bowing (stage II) and crack bridging (stage III). Partial interface debonding occurs at the end of stage I and cylindrical interface debonding occurs at the end of stage II. The crack growth rate is accelerated just after the onset of interface partial debonding and this indicates that a debonded interface reduces the crack growth resistance. The partial interface debonding which occurs before fibre breaking plays an important role on the crack growth mechanism.     

Interface effects on the viscoelastic characteristics of carbon nanotube polymer matrix composites

It is generally known that load transfer from the polymer matrix to carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be greatly hindered due to the pristine CNT surface condition. This imperfect condition can have a profound influence on the effectiveness of CNT reinforcement. In order to address this issue in the context of viscoelastic response, an effective medium theory is first presented, and then applied to study the effect of interfacial sliding on the time-dependent creep, stress relaxation, strain-rate sensitivity, and storage and loss moduli of a multi-walled CNT/polypropylene nanocomposite. We show that, without accounting for the imperfect load transfer at the interface, the predicted creep compliances are too stiff, but with the introduction of a weakened interface, the measured creep curves at various CNT loading can be well captured. Both stress relaxation and stress–strain relations are also found to greatly depend on the interface condition. Under low-frequency harmonic loading our calculations also reveal that the interface condition is further weakened and that a larger interface sliding parameter is required to reflect the measured storage and tangent moduli. We conclude that the viscoelastic characteristics of a CNT nanocomposite are very sensitive to the interface condition, and that continued improvement in surface functionalization is necessary to realize the full potential of CNT reinforcement.     

An efficient BEM to calculate weight functions and its application to bridging analysis in an orthotropic medium

An efficient boundary element method to calculate crack weight functions is developed. The weight function method is applied to bridging effect analysis in a single-edge notched composite specimen by using a bridging law which includes both interfacial debonding and sliding properties between fiber and matrix in ceramic matrix composites. A numerical method to solve the distributed spring model treating bridging fibers as stress distribution to close the crack surface is provided to determine the bridging stress, debond length, crack opening displacement and stress intensity factor.