河南野生葡萄属资源的考察收集

2006—2008年,连续3年对河南境内的野生葡萄资源进行了考察收集。主要收集的中国野生葡萄的种类有桑叶葡萄、秋葡萄、变叶葡萄、桦叶葡萄、婴奠和武汉葡萄6个种。桑叶葡萄和葜奠在河南省境内的分布范围极其广泛,密度很大,并且主要分布在浅山丘陵地区。变叶葡萄和秋葡萄在灵宝、三门峡境内山区分布较为广泛。桦叶葡萄在多个地区有发现,但出现的频率很低。武汉葡萄仅在信阳发现了1次。变叶葡萄和秋葡萄之间的过渡类型很多。其中变叶葡萄的变化类型极为丰富,从叶片裂片类型上看,有3裂变叶葡萄、5裂变叶葡萄和3～5裂变叶葡萄,从叶被绒毛密度分为有毛变叶葡萄、少毛变叶葡萄和无毛变叶葡萄等。     

河南野生葡萄属资源的考察收集

2006-2008年,连续3年对河南境内的野生葡萄资源进行了考察收集.主要收集的中国野生葡萄的种类有桑叶葡萄、秋葡萄、变叶葡萄、桦叶葡萄、匷薁和武汉葡萄6个种.桑叶葡萄和匷薁在河南省境内的分布范围极其广泛,密度很大,并且主要分布在浅山丘陵地区.变叶葡萄和秋葡萄在灵宝、三门峡境内山区分布较为广泛.桦叶葡萄在多个地区有发现,但出现的频率很低.武汉葡萄仅在信阳发现了1次.变叶葡萄和秋葡萄之间的过渡类型很多.其中变叶葡萄的变化类型极为丰富,从叶片裂片类型上看,有3裂变叶葡萄、5裂变叶葡萄和3～5裂变叶葡萄,从叶被绒毛密度分为有毛变叶葡萄、少毛变叶葡萄和无毛变叶葡萄等.     

阿尔及利亚的葡萄砧木

一、概况: 阿尔及利亚是非洲栽培葡萄面积最大的国家之一,据国家葡萄研究所介绍1980年全国葡萄栽培面积为211千公顷,葡萄的总产量为4699千公担,其中除鲜食葡萄624千公担外,其余全部是酿酒葡萄,制干葡萄品种刚刚引进,数量甚少。随着葡萄事业的发展,葡萄砧木的重要性逐步引起了人们的重视、其种类也越来越多。阿尔及利亚国家葡萄研究所从原有引进的美州种葡萄如沙地葡萄具有抗根瘤蚜、根系发达而较深、耐旱、抗寒等特点:冬葡萄具有抗干旱、耐石灰质土壤的好特点;河岸葡萄具     

滋补佳品葡萄干

葡萄历来被视为珍果,名列世界四大水果之首。它的家族庞大,品种繁多,全世界约有8000多个品种。按其用途,从大的方面可分四类:酿酒葡萄、鲜食葡萄、榨汁葡萄、制干葡萄。世界上所产葡萄,80％以上是用于酿酒和榨汁制饮料的,特别是法国所产葡萄,90％以上都作为酿酒之用。世界上所产20％以下的葡萄,则用作鲜食和制干。 我国新疆地区的葡萄品种最多,质量最好,素有“新疆葡萄甲天下”之盛名。有红葡萄、马奶葡萄、喀什噶尔葡萄、索口葡萄等等。最著名的要数无核白葡萄,     

葡萄砧木种质资源现状及其研究进展

随着世界葡萄产业的发展,葡萄嫁接苗与嫁接栽培的应用越来越普遍,葡萄砧木品种的选育与研究也得到了重视。为更好地了解国内外葡萄砧木种质创新与利用情况,本文通过对国际葡萄品种目录(VIVC)数据库内所登记的砧木种质情况进行分析,并介绍当前国内外主要葡萄砧木类型及主要品种的相关信息,包括以河岸葡萄(Vitis riparia)、沙地葡萄(Vitis rupestris)、冬葡萄(Vitis berlandieri)等野生葡萄自交选育的砧木品种以及当前应用广泛的以河岸葡萄×沙地葡萄、冬葡萄×河岸葡萄和冬葡萄×沙地葡萄杂交选育的优良砧木品种。旨在为我国更好的开展葡萄砧木种质资源研究与创新,以及为葡萄产业体系发展服务。     

葡萄种质果实有机酸组分及其含量特性

为筛选优异葡萄种质,利用高效液相色谱对国家果树种质郑州葡萄圃保存的302 份葡萄种质果实开展葡萄有机酸组分及含量特性分析,并用聚类分析和主成分分析对葡萄果实中有机酸组分特征及含量规律进行总结及分析。结果表明：在302 份葡萄样品中,93.8%的样品酒石酸含量高于苹果酸,5.12%的样品苹果酸含量与柠檬酸相当（两者之差不大于2%）,另有7.37%的样品苹果酸含量高于酒石酸;栽培品种葡萄的酒石酸质量浓度大于苹果酸;野生种葡萄（除刺葡萄株系外）中,桑叶葡萄、腺枝葡萄、华东葡萄、河岸葡萄等果实中苹果酸质量浓度高于酒石酸,其质量浓度是酒石酸的1.2～1.7 倍。对比不同用途葡萄中有机酸质量浓度发现,酿酒葡萄的有机酸质量浓度明显高于其他用途葡萄,鲜食葡萄的pH值（3.776）显著高于其他用途葡萄。此外,对不同种群葡萄果实中有机酸质量浓度比较表明,东亚种群葡萄果实的有机酸质量浓度均高于其他种群,尤其是酒石酸的质量浓度（8.325 mg/mL）显著高于其他种群。样品间酒石酸、总酸和酸度值变异系数较小;样品间草酸、苹果酸和柠檬酸差异大;除pH值与草酸外,酒石酸与其他有机酸间均呈显著正相关;总酸质量浓度与酒石酸、草酸、苹果酸、柠檬酸质量浓度、可滴定酸含量、酸度值均呈显著正相关。野生种葡萄有机酸质量浓度远高于栽培种葡萄,尤其是中国特有的东亚种群山葡萄N43-3的有机酸质量浓度最高,因此可以当作有机酸质量浓度较高的优特异种质进行选育及利用。本研究结果可为葡萄种质资源的保护与利用提供一定理论依据。     

葡萄延迟栽培的研究进展

葡萄延迟栽培作为葡萄设施栽培的一种重要形式,对于调节葡萄果实成熟期实现葡萄鲜果的周年供应,提高葡萄设施栽培的经济效益具有重要作用。本文详细阐述了葡萄延迟栽培的品种选择、结果母枝的培育、延迟栽培的相关技术与措施等内容,并指出了葡萄延迟栽培今后的研究重点。     

葡萄霜霉病抗性育种研究进展

葡萄霜霉病是葡萄栽培中的严重真菌病害之一,该病大面积爆发时,叶片焦枯早落,枝梢扭曲畸形,果实小而酸涩,严重影响葡萄的品质和产量。本文主要从葡萄霜霉病对葡萄产业的危害现状、不同葡萄品种对霜霉病的抗性、葡萄对葡萄霜霉菌的抗病机理、葡萄霜霉菌效应因子致病机理和分子标记辅助育种等方面进行了归纳总结,综述了国内外对葡萄霜霉病的研究现状,为葡萄霜霉病抗性育种提供理论依据。     

广西兴安水田与山地种植葡萄的性状表现及收益浅析

兴安县多年来推广应用葡萄避雨栽培技术,效益可观,葡萄栽培面积逐年增加,至2011年葡萄种植面积已达7333 hm2.近年来兴安葡萄价高旺销,农民种植葡萄积极性高涨,为解决葡萄产业发展与粮食争地的问题和充分利用山地资源,鼓励果农上山进行葡萄种植.本文对比了夏黑、维多利亚、巨峰和温克4个葡萄品种在水田与山地种植的性状表现及收益情况,为发展山地葡萄种植提供科学依据.     

有机和常规红提葡萄附生菌的比较分析

以伊犁金山葡萄庄园的红提葡萄为原料,通过比较常规葡萄和有机葡萄不同器官表面附生菌群的差异,旨在揭示常规和有机两种不同栽培模式对葡萄附生菌群的影响。葡萄附生菌的分离、筛选方法为平板培养法,微生物的计数方法为最大或然数法。结果显示：葡萄根部附生菌的群落总数最大(105CFU/mm2),茎次之,果实最小(约102CFU/mm2)。在果实上,有机葡萄附生真菌种类多于常规葡萄,而附生细菌种类与之相反。除葡萄叶没有显著差异外,有机葡萄各器官(根、茎、果实)附生菌菌落总数均大于常规葡萄。初步表明,有机栽培可以更好地保持生态环境中微生物群落的生物多样性。     

湿度条件对巨峰葡萄贮藏过程中水分及质构变化的影响

研究辽西地区巨峰葡萄在不同相对湿度90%、50%及环境湿度条件下贮藏时的水分变化规律,并与感官品质、全质构分析各参数（硬度、黏聚性、胶黏性、咀嚼性、弹性和黏附性）建立相关性联系。结果表明,90%相对湿度条件下葡萄贮藏效果要优于其他两个湿度条件。葡萄浆果总水分含量在贮藏期内总体呈现下降趋势,90%相对湿度贮藏时葡萄组织含水量相对较高,束缚水和自由水的变化也相对平稳,因此该条件更有利于维持葡萄水分的稳定。相关性分析结果表明,在高湿环境下（90%相对湿度）贮藏葡萄,对葡萄束缚水含量的追踪可以更好地表征和预测葡萄的贮藏品质;在低湿度环境下（50%相对湿度）贮藏葡萄,总水分含量是更合理的指标;环境湿度条件贮藏时,对自由水和总水分含量测定来间接表征葡萄贮藏品质较合理。     

Quality response of table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) during cold storage to postharvest cap stem excision and hot water treatments

Berry quality, total phenol, sensory characteristics and decay incidence of grapes (V. vinifera cvs. Mü?küle and Red Globe) as affected by prestorage hot water immersion with or without cap stem excision treatments were investigated with 7‐day interval during storage at 1 °C for 21 days. Weight loss occurred mainly up to the second week and was more pronounced for the untreated control samples subjected to the stem excision. In Mü?küle, the least weight loss value was obtained from hot water–treated grapes (0.62%), while the highest loss occurred in control grapes of stem‐excised berries (0.96%). Immersion of stem‐retained grapes in hot water was the best applications for maintenance of overall storage quality for both cultivars. According to panellist scores, it is evident that hot water has positive effect on maintaining the minimally processed table grapes without altering the flavour and taste of the commodity. Stem‐retained berries of hot water treatment had the highest score for both Mü?küle and Red Globe, with their values 3.8 and 4.2, respectively, while the least values were obtained from stem‐excised berries of untreated control group of both the cultivars (1.9 and 3.0, respectively). At the end of three‐week storage, the least decay rates were determined in stem‐retained berries that received hot water treatment (5.3% for Mü?küle and 1.1% for Red Globe). Attenuate influence of brief high temperature exposure on ripening parameters (SSC, TA, MI, pH) was also observed. Postharvest hot water treatment may be used as a nonchemical means to extent storage life of minimally processed grapes with its alleviating effect on physiological disorders. Cap stem retaining in minimal processing can be recommended to maintain the quality of grapes.     

无核紫葡萄干燥特性及其总酚含量变化研究

通过自然晾晒、烘箱干燥和热风对流干燥3 种常见干燥方法对新鲜无核紫葡萄进行干燥,研究无核紫葡萄干燥特性及其动力学模型,探讨不同干燥方式和温度（50～70 ℃）等因素对无核紫葡萄失水特性的影响,进一步评价干燥方式对无核紫葡萄总酚含量的影响。结果表明：热风对流干燥较好地保留了无核紫葡萄的总酚含量;Henderson-Pabis模型（单项扩散模型）能较好地拟合新鲜无核紫葡萄在自然晾晒、烘箱干燥和热风对流干燥3 种常见干燥方法下的干燥规律;其有效水分扩散系数在1.411 9×10–10～4.297 3×10–10 m2/s之间。本研究准确地测定了无核紫葡萄干燥过程的含水率及失水速率变化,为无核紫葡萄干燥过程的优化和含水率在线检测控制提供理论依据。     

不同洁净度葡萄的葡萄酒发酵效果研究

使用武宣地区3种红曲米作为发酵剂酿造红曲柿酒，分析其理化指标和挥发性风味成分差异，并采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术检测3种红曲米的细菌多样性，以解析不同细菌群落在红曲柿酒发酵过程中的作用。结果表明，不同红曲柿酒总酸和挥发酸含量差异显著（P＜0.05）；挥发性酸类物质组成存在较大差异，其中红曲米样品WX-2制成的红曲柿酒挥发性酸类物质含量最高（10.0%）。从3种红曲米样品共检测出19个细菌门，239个细菌属，共有优势菌门为变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）；共有优势菌属为伯克霍尔德菌属（Burkholderia）、克雷伯氏菌属（Klebsiella），WX-2样品中优势菌属还有醋菌属（Acetobacter）、小球菌属（Pediococcus）、乳酸杆菌属（Lactobacillus），均为产酸菌株。表明红曲米细菌群落结构与红曲柿酒酸类物质的形成紧密相关。     

Microwave Pre-treatment for Sun-Dried Raisins

Commercial sun-drying of raisins requires a long time, and chemical pretreatments are used to increase the drying rate. The feasibility of improving the sun-drying process of grapes by microwaves was investigated. Sultana seedless grapes, dipped in alkali solution, were pre-treated in a domestic microwave oven and dried by direct solar radiation. Microwave pre treatment reduced the moisture content by 10–20%. The microwave-treated grapes dried nearly two times faster than the controls. Blanching in boiling water had the same effect on the drying rate as microwaves. Color and appearance of treated grapes were comparable to commercial products.     

魔芋葡甘聚糖涂膜对振动胁迫后鲜食葡萄保鲜效果的影响

为研究魔芋葡甘聚糖(Konjac Glucomannan,KGM)涂膜对振动胁迫后鲜食葡萄保鲜效果的影响,选取3种不同浓度魔芋葡甘聚糖(1、2、3 g/L)对振动后的葡萄(振动强度5 Hz,最大振幅5 cm,振动时间12 h)进行涂膜,比较蒸馏水处理的鲜食葡萄与不同浓度魔芋葡甘聚糖涂膜处理后的鲜食葡萄在室温(25±1)℃储藏期间(10 d)的保鲜效果,主要通过测定品质指标(失重率、腐烂率、硬度、可溶性固形物)、呼吸强度、V_C含量和总酚含量来表现。结果表明:在储藏期间,不同浓度魔芋葡甘聚糖涂膜可不同程度改善鲜食葡萄的保鲜效果,主要体现在减少水分流失,降低失重率(对比对照组,最高可降低35.19%),减缓储藏过程中的软化及腐烂(腐烂率最高降低了29.78%),降低呼吸强度,减少营养物质V_C和总酚的消耗(最高分别减少了53.02%和68.97%)。同时发现2 g/L浓度的魔芋葡甘聚糖涂膜处的鲜食葡萄综合保鲜效果最佳,在室温储藏10 d后,失重率21.44%,腐烂率49.35%,硬度323.53 kg/cm2,V_C含量降低23.45%,总酚含量下降17%。为今后鲜食葡萄的保鲜研究提供理论依据。     

冰酒：酒中贵妇

冰酒是一种由藤蔓上冰冻的葡萄酿制而成的甜酒。葡萄内的糖分和其他溶化的固体不会被冰冻．但是水会被冰冻．所以会产生非常甜的葡萄酒。冰冻发生在发酵之前,而不会在之后。不像用来酿制其他酒（如法国产的苏特恩白葡萄酒．托卡依葡萄酒,或者贵腐酒）的葡萄．制造冰酒用的葡萄不会被灰霉病和贵腐病影响。只有健康的葡萄会一直保持美好的外型,直到采摘的最佳时机。在北半球极特殊的情况下,采摘很有可能是在新年之后。这使得冰酒中有特色的沁凉甜度和高酸度达到平衡。当葡萄远离霉菌时,     

Influence of postharvest water stress on lipoxygenase and alcohol dehydrogenase activities, and on the composition of some volatile compounds of Gewürztraminer grapes dehydrated under controlled and uncontrolled thermohygrometric conditions

Gewürztraminer grapes with a sugar content of around 212 g/L (21.7^oBrix) were dried at 17^oC, 40% relative humidity and 1.5 m/sec air flow in a 300 L thermo-conditioned tunnel. Control grapes were dried traditionally in a window ventilated room, under uncontrolled environmental conditions varying with outside climate. Tunnel-dried grapes reached the desired sugar concentration (305 g/L, 29.5^oBrix) in 17 days, loosing 36% of their weight. Control grapes lost only 22% of their weight and grey mould developed in several bunches at the last sampling. Titratable acidity decreased for tunnel-dried and control grapes from 6.5 g/L to 4 g/L and 5 g/L, respectively. Lipoxygenase (LOX) activity declined in both samples from 120 to 90 U/mg protein dw, with a subsequent significant increase after 20% weight loss in tunnel-treated grapes while the control grapes showed a small peak (150 U/mg protein dw) at 13% weight loss. Six carbon compound evolution showed a loose correlation with LOX activity. Alcohol dehydrogenase specific activity and the concentrations of ethanol and of acetaldehyde plus ethyl acetate showed fluctuating patterns of change, with the evolution of these three variables showing similarity, particularly evident in the tunnel-dried grapes. Carotenoids declined significantly, to increase slightly at the end of the experiment in both samples, with the decline more rapid in the control grapes. Traditional, uncontrolled conditions, did not permit constant dehydration, and provoked a rapid stress to the berries (10% of weight loss). Controlled conditions permitted uniform dehydration, postponed water stress, giving a higher quality product without loss of berries.     

多功能集成保鲜包装设计在‘巨峰’葡萄中的应用

以‘巨峰’葡萄为实验对象,自制分别由两片和三片功能膜组成的双功能集成包装（dual-functional integrated packaging,DFIP）和三功能集成包装（triple-functional integrated packaging,TFIP）,将葡萄进行DFIP和TFIP包装,以没有任何包装的葡萄为对照,研究其在常温（25 ℃）贮藏条件下的品质变化。通过商业价值综合分数评价,DFIP和TFIP中的葡萄分别可贮存4 d和8 d,对照组只能贮存2 d。与对照组相比,DFIP和TFIP可有效维持葡萄硬度、可溶性固形物质量分数与VC含量,降低葡萄水分损失率。而且,TFIP中缓释的1-甲基环丙烯可减缓果梗的褐变。这表明多功能集成保鲜包装有利于延长葡萄的货架期。     

Study of Spray System Applications of Edible Coating Suspensions Based on Hydrocolloids Containing Cellulose Nanofibers on Grape Surface (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vitis vinifera</Emphasis> L.)

An edible coating is a useful technology to preserve fruit quality by covering them with a protective layer which improves the appearance and provides a semipermeable barrier for gases and water vapor transfer, allowing extension of their shelf life. In this study, edible coatings based on hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, k-carrageenan, glycerol, and cellulose nanofibers were formulated. The operational conditions of the spray system were studied to obtain a coating with optimal adhesion on grape (Vitis vinifera L.) surface. Furthermore, the physico-chemical properties of grapes covered with edible coatings were evaluated during refrigerated storage. A full factorial 2³ experimental design was applied, where liquid suspension flow (1–5 L h^?1), air pressure (50–200 kPa), and height of impact (0.3–0.5 m) were evaluated as independent variables, whereas the percentage of coating and thickness of coating was the response variables. Both mechanical and physico-chemical properties were evaluated during 41 days in both coated and uncoated grapes as shelf life criteria. Throughout the storage time, noticeable changes in pH and total soluble solids were not found in grapes covered with edible coatings and they showed the highest stability for the evaluated mechanical properties. Moreover, coated grapes showed final weight loss and water vapor permeability values of approximately 30 and 34% lower, respectively, than uncoated grapes, suggesting a shelf life extension.