影响天然混合红螺菌产氢因素的实验研究

研究了以葡萄糖为基质利用天然混合红螺菌生产氢气的影响因素。结果表明，天然混合红螺菌产氢必须在光照、厌氧的条件下进行，在实验范围内较高光强度对天然混合红螺菌的产氢比较有利，并提出天然混合红螺菌产氢的最佳产氢工艺条件，即温度为32℃-40℃，pH值为5—8，接种量为5％～15％。添加有机氮源可使产氢量大幅度提高，天然混合红螺菌在最佳产氢工艺条件下以1％的葡萄糖为基质时的最大产氢量为1．62L／L，具有较好的工程应用前景。     

光合产氢混合菌群的碳源代谢实验研究

以红螺菌科光合产氢混合菌群为研究对象,通过血清瓶培养实验,研究不同碳源对光合细菌生长和产氢过程的影响。结果表明:光合细菌能有效利用乙酸和丁酸快速增殖和产氢,其中以乙酸最佳,促使光合产氢混合菌群增殖的最佳乙酸浓度为80mmol/L,最佳产氢浓度为40mmol/L。光合产氢混合菌群利用乳酸增殖产氢的能力较低,而乙醇则对其表现为抑制效应。     

HAU-M1光合产氢细菌的生理特征和产氢特性分析

从有机污泥中富集得到HAU-M1光合产氢细菌菌群,其主要包括深红红螺菌、荚膜红假单胞菌、沼泽红假单胞菌、类球红细菌、荚膜红细菌等5种光合细菌,且质量分数分别为27%、25%、28%、9%、11%,采用Curve Expert软件拟合得到不同生长条件下HAU-M1光合产氢细菌的生长效率方程及以猪粪污水耦合1%葡萄糖为底物产氢的Gompertz方程。结果表明:当温度为30℃,光照强度为2080 lx,p H值为6.8,接种量为45%时,HAU-M1光合产氢细菌的生长效率最高,最大可能产氢量为1388 m L/L,最大可能产氢速率为27.3 m L/(L·h),产氢延迟期为13.2 h。     

超微玉米秸秆的沉降稳定性及产氢能力研究

以红螺菌科光合细菌为实验菌种,以超微玉米秸秆为产氢底物,研究超微玉米秸秆的沉降稳定性及产氢能力,结果表明超微粉碎时间越长,颗粒度越小,超微玉米秸秆的比重和沉降速度越大,且超微粉碎技术可增大光合细菌和玉米秸秆的接触面积,提高光合细菌的产氢能力,但粉碎粒度太小,超微秸秆内部具有较强的凝聚作用,玉米秸秆的稳定性降低,超微玉米秸秆沉积于反应器底部,难以及时被分解利用,最佳粉碎时间60~80 min。     

光合细菌小分子酸醇产氢试验研究

以光合产氢混合菌群为研究对象,研究了光合细菌在乙酸、乙醇、乳酸、丁酸几种小分子脂肪酸条件下菌体的生长和产氢特性,详细考察了乙酸和丁酸对光合产氢细菌生长和产氢的影响.研究发现,乙酸、丁酸既是光合细菌良好的生长碳源,也是高效氢供体,光合细菌在乙酸和丁酸条件下产氢率分别达到2.05和2.81molH2/mol.光合细菌以乙酸和丁酸产氢时,乙酸和丁酸的最佳添加浓度均为40mmol/L;光合细菌在乳酸条件下有较高的生长活性,但乳酸并不是光合细菌高效氢供体,光合细菌在乳酸条件下产氢活性较低;乙醇既不是光合细菌良好生长碳源,也不是高效氢供体,乙醇对光合细菌的生长和产氢均有较强的抑制作用.     

NH_4~+对混合菌种的生长及光合产氢的影响

针对NH4+浓度对混合菌种的生长与光合产氢的影响进行了试验研究.通过对3种生长模型的对比,确定了修正的Compertz方程作为描述混合菌种光合生长的模型.结果表明NH4+对混合菌种的最大菌浊度影响不大.通过pH值的控制与不控制时不同NH4+浓度的对比产氢试验,发现不控制pH值时,NH4+对混合菌种光合产氢的抑制作用显著;而控制pH=7.0时,2.8mmol/L的NH4+浓度比无NH4+时的产氢率高、产氢速率快,而后随着NH4+浓度的继续增大,产氢率不断减少.这表明控制pH时,适当低浓度的NH4+可以提高混合菌种的光合产氢率以及产氢速率.无论是否控制pH值,只有NH4+被菌体的生长所消耗掉,才开始产氢,这表明NH4+对产氢的抑制作用在一定范围内是可恢复的.同时通过混合菌种与纯菌株Rh.Palustris Z02的对比试验发现,无论对于生长还是产氢,NH4+对混合菌种的影响均小于对纯菌株Rh.Palustris Z02的影响.     

光合细菌混合菌群HAU-M1产氢动力学实验研究

研究光合细菌混合菌群以葡萄糖为底物,光合产氢过程中的生长和产氢动力学特性,分析混合菌群利用葡萄糖产氢过程中的基质降解规律及代谢产物的生成规律。研究结果表明:光合细菌混合菌群以葡萄糖为底物产氢时,150 mmol/L的葡萄糖添加量是最佳添加浓度,产氢过程存在代谢产酸的过程,产氢高峰期葡萄糖主要代谢产物为乙酸,此时产气速率大;产氢末期葡萄糖主要代谢产物为丁酸,此时产气速率较低。建立基于Monod方程的光合细菌混合菌群产氢过程中的生长动力学模型,模型可较好地描述混合菌群产氢过程中生长延滞期和对数增长期菌体的生长变化规律,最大比生长速率μmax为0.214 h~(-1),饱和常数KS为8.257。建立光合细菌混合菌群产氢过程中的底物消耗动力学模型,模型可较好地描述混合菌群产氢过程中产氢延滞期和产氢高峰期的葡萄糖降解规律,细胞得率系数YX/S为0.352 g/mol,维持系数m为0.85。     

莱茵衣藻和根瘤菌共培养提高产氢条件的优化

将莱茵衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)以不同比例与日本慢生大豆根瘤菌(Bradyrhizobium japonicum)混合,在不同光照条件下进行产氢培养,以确定产氢的最优条件和探索产氢提高的机理。结果表明:藻菌共培养的最优产氢条件为25℃、光照200μE/(m~2·s)、生长至饱和期的菌和藻体积比为1∶80,产氢量最大,约为272μmol/(mg Chl),是对照组的17.0倍。藻菌共培养提高产氢量的主要原因是体系中O_2浓度的降低使氢化酶活性提高以及衣藻生物量的增加。     

二价铁系离子对混合菌种光合产氢的影响

针对不同浓度的Fe2+、Co2'和Ni2+对混合菌种的光合产氢与生长的影响进行实验研究.结果表明适当浓度的二价铁系离子对产氢及生长具有一定促进作用.Fe2+、Co2+和Ni2+最佳产氢浓度分别为9.00、0.45和0.10wnol/L,而对产氢的影响作用大小顺序为:Fe2+>Ni2+>Co2+.二价铁系离子在适当浓度范围内可提高生长速率,其中Co2+对生长的促进作用最大.由于pH值影响二价铁系离子对产氢酶活性的作用,针对Fe2+浓度在不同初始pH值时对混合菌种光合产氢的影响进行实验研究.结果表明当pH=7.0时,Fe2+ 浓度的变化对产氢的影响最显著.而在本试验范围内,随着pH值偏离7.0,Fe2+浓度的变化对产氢的影响逐渐减小.     

光照波长对HAU-M1光合菌群产氢影响的研究

以菌体干重、比产氢速率、pH值和葡萄糖浓度等为主要实验指标,研究不同波长光源对HAU-M1光合菌群生长及光发酵产氢的影响,并用产氢动力学对光合菌群产氢进行分析.结果表明:相同光照强度下,相对于连续全光谱,492～622 nm波长光照能促进光合菌群生长及产氢;492～577 nm波长下菌群生长及产氢效果最佳,菌体干重达到...     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.