双轴联动系统广义预测交叉耦合位置控制

在双轴联动系统中,减小轮廓误差和提高轨迹跟踪的能力是位置控制的主要目标.为提高轨迹跟踪的稳态精度和动态性能,本文提出了双轴广义预测交叉耦合控制策略(generalized predictive cross-coupling control,GPCCC).首先将广义预测算法应用于双轴联动控制中,根据已知轨迹进行多步预测、滚动优化和反馈校正来提高双轴控制性能,其次采用交叉耦合结构将轮廓误差作为反馈量来修正广义预测控制的给定轨迹.最后,通过两台永磁同步电机驱动的双轴联动系统完成实验,实验效果证明了所提出的控制策略在保证轨迹跟踪精度的同时,可以有效提高动态响应速度,尤其在轨迹转折点处,相比于传统PID交叉耦合结构,可以明显减小轮廓误差.     

Control of the motion of a disk rolling on a plane curve

This work deals with the control of the motion of a disk rolling without slipping on a curve located in the horizontal plane. The disk’s motion is driven by a pedalling torque and by using two overhead rotors. In addition, the case where the disk rolls on a plane curve with its plane vertical to the (X,Y)-plane, is discussed.     

Velocity control of a cylindrical rolling robot by shape changing

A rolling robot is developed that possesses an elliptically shaped outer surface with the ability to change shape as it rolls, resulting in a gravity-powered torque imbalance that accelerates or brakes the robot’s motion. Angular position and velocity are measured onboard and used as feedback control to trigger and define shape change actuation. Goal of the control is to direct the robot to follow a given step angular velocity profile. An equation of motion for the rolling robot is derived and solved numerically, and simulations are compared to velocity data from roll trials of the actual robot. Results show that when the robot is given a set of advantageous initial conditions, it is able to accelerate from rest, maintain constant average velocity, and brake its motion in order to follow a desired velocity profile with significant accuracy.     

Tracking control of a rolling disk

The tracking control of a disk rolling without slipping on the horizontal (X, Y)-plane is considered. The motion of the disk can be controlled via a tilting torque and a pedaling torque. The concept of path controllability of the disk is introduced and then used to calculate control laws such that the disk tracks a given path in the (X, Y)-plane     

A disk expansion segmentation method for ultrasonic breast lesions

Automatically extracting lesion boundaries in ultrasound images is difficult due to the variance in shape and interference from speckle noise. An effective scheme of removing speckle noise can facilitate the segmentation of ultrasonic breast lesions, which can be performed with an iterative disk expansion method. In this study, a disk expansion segmentation method is proposed to semi-automatically find lesion contours in ultrasonic breast image. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, the simulations with seven types of cysts, three in vitro phantom images and 10 clinical breast images are introduced. The mean normalized true positive area overlap between simulated contours and contours obtained by the proposed method is over 85% in simulation results. A strong correlation exists between physicians’ manual delineations and detected contours in clinical breast images. In addition, the method is also verified to be able to simultaneously contour multiple lesions in a single image. In comparison with the conventional active contour model, our proposed method does not require any initial seed within a lesion and thus, it is more convenient and applicable.     

Directional control of the motion of a rolling disk by using a rotor fixed in the disk's plane

This work deals with the stabilization and control of a system which is composed of a disk rolling on a plane, and a circular rotor plate fixed in the disk's plane. The disk's motion is controlled by the above-mentioned rotor, a “tillting moment” and a pedalling moment. It is shown here that by applying a kind of inverse dynamics control, the motion of the disk is stabilized about a given angle, while simultaneously controlling its speed and direction in such a manner that the point of contact between the disk and the horizontal plane will be able, during a given time interval [0, t_f], to move from a given point. r_A to a another given point r_B, both of them fixed in the plane.     

卷读对加速读磁盘过程的特性分析

卷读是优化磁盘访问的一种有效方法。本文提出了简单卷读和优化卷读两种方法，并对其性能进行了定量的分析和比较，其分析结论表明ＯＲＲ方法最好，它不但有最快的读盘速度，而且能有效发挥高性能磁盘的潜能。     

Object-level structured contour map extraction

A new approach is proposed to extract an object-level structured contour map from the junctions in a 2D image. Local junction structures are paired in order to initialize and globally constrain the contour extraction process. An original optimization method is applied to detect and describe the contours in respect of their inherent shape and structure. Any given contour is described using a proper number of constant-curvature primitives according to the complexity of its shape. The contour map produced is represented as a graph. The characterized contours correspond to the edges of the graph and their topological structure is described by the junctions at the vertices. An elaborated experimental evaluation illustrates the capabilities of the proposed approach in demanding situations.     

人体行为动作的形状轮廓特征提取及识别

将傅里叶变换与边缘小波矩描述子相结合,提出一种人体行为动作的识别方法。凹凸复杂图像的质心到轮廓为非单一直线,据此,给出一种多段定向距离轮廓描述矩阵,实现轮廓特征的提取。分别对2类人体和4种行为动作进行仿真实验,结果表明,边缘小波矩描述子能较好地体现人体行为动作的形状轮廓局部特征,具有较高的识别率。     

An Inexact Newton-CG-Type Active Contour Approach for the Minimization of the Mumford-Shah Functional

The problem of segmentation of a given gray scale image by minimization of the Mumford-Shah functional is considered. The minimization problem is formulated as a shape optimization problem where the contour which separates homogeneous regions is the (geometric) optimization variable. Expressions for first and second order shape sensitivities are derived using the speed method from classical shape sensitivity calculus. Second order information (the shape Hessian of the cost functional) is used to set up a Newton-type algorithm, where a preconditioning operator is applied to the gradient direction to obtain a better descent direction. The issue of positive definiteness of the shape Hessian is addressed in a heuristic way. It is suggested to use a positive definite approximation of the shape Hessian as a preconditioner for the gradient direction. The descent vector field is used as speed vector field in the level set formulation for the propagating contour. The implementation of the algorithm is discussed in some detail. Numerical experiments comparing gradient and Newton-type flows for different images are presented.     

基于免疫遗传算法的冷连轧机轧制参数优化方法

板厚、板形精度是衡量冷轧板带产品的二个主 要质量指标，本文以板厚板形为综合目标函数，首次采用智能优化方法——免疫遗传算法对 冷连轧机轧制参数进行优化．算例分析表明了该方法的有效性，取得了良好的效果，为冷连 轧机组轧制规程的优化设计提供了一种新的尝试．     

一种新的FAST-Snake目标跟踪方法

提出一种新的FAST-Snake目标跟踪方法,利用改进的FAST角点特征匹配来估计目标轮廓在帧间的全局仿射变换,将投影轮廓点作为Snake模型的初始化轮廓.为提高跟踪实时性,在Snake能量模型中定义了先验约束能,并用限定搜索方向的贪婪算法（Greedy algorithm）实现局部轮廓优化.实验包括三维目标数据库及真实场景视频,验证了提出方法的均方误差（Means quare error,MSE）及收敛速度评估均优于对比算法,并具备对复杂运动及局部遮挡的适应能力.     

基于形状匹配的卡通运动捕捉

提出一种对传统的卡通动画进行运动捕捉的方法．不同于以前基于骨架模型或者关键形状表示的方法,用整体仿射运动和局部非仿射变形的组合来表示卡通人物的运动,用卡通人物的轮廓表示它的形状;然后直接对相邻的关键帧进行形状匹配,将恢复的运动参数映射到一个目标人物上,使其具有与原来人物相同的运动方式．文中不使用先验模型,通过形状匹配来获取和映射卡通人物的运动,并通过实验验证了该方法的可行性．     

A framework for spatiotemporal control in the tracking of visual contours

There has been a great deal of research interest in contour tracking over the last five years. This article combines themes from tracking theory—elastic models and stochastic filtering—with the notion of affine invariance to synthesize a substantially new and demonstrably effective framework for contour tracking.A mechanism is developed for incorporating a shape template into a contour tracker via an affine invariant coupling. In that way the tracker becomes selective for shape and therefore able to ignore background clutter. Affine invariance ensures that the effect of varying viewpoint is accommodated. Use of a standard statistical filtering framework allows uncertainties to be treated systematically, which accommodates object flexibility and un-modeled distortions such as the deformation of a silhouette under motion.The statistical framework also facilitates a further development. In place of heuristically determined spatial scale for feature search, both spatial scale and temporal memory are controlled automatically and in a way that is responsive to the tracking process. Typically, the tracker operates initially in a coarse scale/short memory mode while it searches for a feature. Then spatial scale diminishes to allow more precise localization while memory (temporal scale) lengths to take advantage of motion coherence. All system parameters are determined by natural assumptions and desired tracking performance, leaving none to be fixed heuristically.Versions of the tracker have been implemented at video rate, both on SUN 4 and in parallel, using a network of 11 transputers. The theoretically established properties of automatic control of spatiotemporal scale and of affine invariance are demonstrated using the implemented tracker.     

Stabilization and control of the motion of a rolling disk by using two overhead rotors

This work deals with the stabilization and control of a system which is composed of a disk rolling on a plane, a controlled slender rod that is pivoted through its center of mass about the disk's center and two overhead rotors with their axes fixed in the upper part of the rod (see Figures 1 and 2). The rod is controlled in such a manner that it is always aligned along the line passing through the points O and C, where O denotes the center of the disk and C denotes the point of contact between the disk and the plane. The upper rotor rotates in a plane that passes through the disk's axis and the rod, whereas the lower rotor rotates in a plane that is perpendicular to the rod (see Figures 1 and 2). By using a kind of inverse dynamics control a control strategy is proposed under which the disk's inclination is stabilized about its vertical position and the disk's motion is able asymptotically to track any given smooth ground trajectory.     

An active contour model with shape regulation scheme

This paper presents an active method for locating target objects in images, which is aimed at improving the performance of detecting object boundaries by enhancing the behavioral characteristics of an active contour. The proposed active contour model simulates a mechanical system consisting of two main parts: the first is a rigid fixture, called the 'core', specifying the expected shape of target boundaries, while the second is an elastic rod attached to the rigid fixture. The elastic rod deforms or moves relative to the rigid core according to the classical laws of the mechanical system. When the initial contour is applied to an image data, it is attracted near the dominant image features, but tries to keep its home shape and simultaneously make the deformation smooth if a deformation is more natural for force equilibrium. This mechanism significantly improves the performance of detecting object boundaries in the presence of some disturbing image features. The active contour is scale invariant, thereby significantly relieving the difficulty in selecting proper values for the model parameters. The values for the model parameters can be selected to make the contour have the desired behaviors around the equilibrium position through the analysis of the vibration mode of the mechanical system. The performance of the proposed method is validated through a series of experiments, which include detection of heavily degraded objects, tracking of objects under non-rigid motion and comparisons with the original snake models.     

Using incremental subspace and contour template for object tracking

Object tracking in the presence of appearance variation and occlusion is a hot topic in research, many algorithms were proposed in recent years. Early contour tracking algorithms used particle filter in a high dimensional space. In practice, contour points can move independently, hence contour deformation forms a high dimensional deformation space. As a result, the application of particle filter is calculation expensive. In this paper, we address the problem of tracking contour in complex environments by involving subspace and a contour template. Specifically, our algorithm tracks the global motion and the local contour deformation separately. We track the global motion by weighted distance to subspace, which is adaptive to the complex environment variation by incremental learning, and then use contour model to track local deformation and evolve the contour to the edge points. The experimental results show that our method can track object contour undergoing partially occlusion and shape deforming, which verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.     

Deformable Contour Method: A Constrained Optimization Approach

In this paper, a class of deformable contour methods using a constrained optimization approach of minimizing a contour energy function satisfying an interior homogeneity constraint is proposed. The class is defined by any positive potential function describing the contour interior characterization. An evolutionary strategy is used to derive the algorithm. A similarity threshold T _v can be used to determine the interior size and shape of the contour. Sensitivity and significance of T _v and (a spreadness measure) are also discussed and shown. Experiments on noisy images and the convergence to a minimum energy gap contour are included. The developed method has been applied to a variety of medical images from CT abdominal section, MRI image slices of brain, brain tumor, a pig heart ultrasound image sequence to visual blood cell images. As the results show, the algorithm can be adapted to a broad range of medical images containing objects with vague, complex and/or irregular shape boundary, inhomogeneous and noisy interior, and contour with small gaps.