高温磨粒条件下氟橡胶圈摩擦特性研究

为研究井下高温与磨粒环境对氟橡胶(FKM)密封性能的影响,对氟橡胶圈进行100～200℃的高温处理,同时以304不锈钢和氟橡胶为摩擦副,在高温及无磨粒和有磨粒条件下开展氟橡胶摩擦特性研究,并使用扫描电镜(SEM)观察橡胶表面的磨痕,使用光镜观测不锈钢表面的磨痕。结果表明:随着氟橡胶试件处理温度的增加,其摩擦因数变化范围随之减小;在有磨粒条件下,随着氟橡胶处理温度的增加,橡胶表面的磨痕由划痕为主转变为凹坑为主,304不锈钢表面的磨痕由以犁沟为主转变为凹坑为主,这是因为,氟橡胶处理温度增加,橡胶表面硬度等性能发生了不同变化,摩擦过程中使磨粒发生不同程度的破裂,且使磨粒的主要运动形式发生改变,因而在氟橡胶和304不锈钢表面产生了不同的磨痕。     

原油介质中FKM/NBR混炼胶磨损行为研究

在MPV-600型磨粒磨损试验机上研究相同硬度的氟橡胶和丁腈橡胶及其配比为5∶5和2∶8的混炼胶试样在原油介质润滑条件下的磨损行为,分析在不同载荷、转速下混炼橡胶与金属摩擦副的动态摩擦磨损特性,以期得到性能优异的FKM/NBR混炼胶用于螺杆泵定子。利用体式显微镜观察橡胶试样的磨损形貌,初步分析其磨损机制。结果表明:在原油润滑条件下配比为2∶8的混炼胶具有较低的磨损量和较小的稳态摩擦因数,其磨损量略高于氟橡胶;在原油润滑条件下丁腈橡胶的磨损机制是以磨粒磨损为主,而混炼胶和氟橡胶则以疲劳磨损为主。     

原油介质中FKM/NBR共混胶的耐油性与耐磨性

采油用螺杆泵定子衬套通常选用丁腈橡胶(NBR),其磨损失效是影响螺杆泵工作寿命的主要原因。为提高丁腈橡胶的耐磨性能,采用橡胶共混技术制备硬度相同的丁腈橡胶(NBR)和氟橡胶(FKM)共混胶(配比分别为2∶8、5∶5、8∶2),研究共混胶在50和70℃下,在原油介质中浸泡72 h的耐油性,并在MLS-225磨粒磨损试验机考察共混胶的耐磨性。浸泡实验表明:NBR的质量变化率在0.47%~1.32%之间,FKM的质量变化率在1.15%~1.35%之间;不同配比的共混胶的质量变化率在0.48%~1.72%之间,表明NBR的耐油性在较低温度下最好,随温度的升高橡胶的耐油性有下降的趋势。磨损实验表明氟橡胶和丁腈橡胶配比为2∶8的共混胶的耐磨性能较好。     

往复轴封氟橡胶O型圈微动摩擦学特性

在UMT多功能摩擦磨损试验机上,以氟橡胶(Fluorine rubber,FKM)O型圈/不锈钢平面配副为研究对象,研究了不同接触载荷和位移幅值下FKM O型圈的微动摩擦学特性。在动力学特性分析的基础上对磨痕表面形貌进行扫描电镜及表面成分分析,研究FKM O型圈在微动作用下的运行行为、磨损机理及其损伤演变规律。结果表明:随着位移幅值的增加,FKM依次运行于部分滑移区(Partial slip regime,PSR)、混合区(Mixed fretting regime,MFR)和滑移区(Slip regime,SR);接触载荷明显地改变了微动的运行区域,载荷越大MFR的范围增大,且微动越不易进入MFR和SR;与扭动微动相似,FKM弹性体混合区的判定需要结合F_t-D曲线和磨痕形貌的演变过程;在不同的微动运行区域,FKM的损伤特征及摩擦因数(F_t/F_n)演变明显不同。在PSR,FKM表面损伤较轻微;在MFR及其附近,FKM的材料损伤表现为裂纹的萌生与扩展、表面剥落和点蚀以及局部的磨损;在SR,FKM磨损表面表现出橡胶材料特有的花纹磨损特征;此外,在MFR和SR的磨损表面,FKM发生了明显的摩擦氧化。     

低温橡胶密封件摩擦磨损性能试验

橡胶密封件作为阀门产品的重要零部件,橡胶密封件的摩擦磨损性能直接影响其密封性和阀门产品寿命可靠性。针对低温橡胶硫化密封件进行密封力仿真确定,开展相关摩擦磨损试验。在干摩擦与脂润滑条件下,利用摩擦磨损试验机,测试不同摩擦配副之间的摩擦磨损性能,获得接触面表面形貌以及不同橡胶密封副之间的摩擦磨损量。结果表明:性能表现最佳的橡胶材料为氢化丁腈橡胶HNBR5080和耐磨丁腈橡胶A-4-1-J18。实验数据可为后续的阀门产品设计提供技术支撑。     

摩擦配副材料对TC4钛合金微动磨损行为的影响

为合理选用接触副材料以减缓钛合金的微动失效,采用SRV-IV微动摩擦磨损试验机,研究不同载荷条件下,摩擦配副材料GCr15和Si_3N_4对TC4钛合金微动磨损行为的影响。结果表明:较低载荷下选择高硬度的Si_3N_4陶瓷作为摩擦配副更理想,而高载荷下选择GCr15钢作为摩擦配副更理想;TC4钛合金与GCr15钢对磨的磨损机制为磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损,磨损率随载荷增大而减小;Si_3N_4/TC4组成的摩擦副对摩过程中,磨屑的形成过程伴随有硅的水化物产生,使形成的磨屑黏性增加,载荷较小时磨屑易粘结形成致密的第三体层覆盖在TC4钛合金表面,起润滑、承载和隔离摩擦副的作用,降低材料的磨损率;载荷较大时,第三体层在磨粒磨损和黏着磨损作用下从TC4钛合金表面脱落,摩擦副直接接触,磨损率升高。     

潜油螺杆泵定子橡胶摩擦磨损行为研究

采用MPV-600型微机控磨粒磨损试验机考察了潜油螺杆泵定子丁腈橡胶(NBR)和氟橡胶(FPM)与转子45#钢配副在干摩擦条件下的磨损行为,并用扫描电子显微镜-X射线能量散射分析(SEM-EDXA)法对橡胶的磨痕表面形貌、元素含量进行分析。结果表明:两种橡胶在低载荷条件下的干摩擦磨损主要是以滞后摩擦为主,而较高载荷时NBR的磨损机制表现为粘着磨损;橡胶磨损的物理过程为微切削作用产生的微观分子断裂,随着载荷的增大,宏观分层剥落逐渐起主导作用;干摩擦过程中橡胶分子链发生断裂形成大分子自由基,大分子自由基异构化并发生氧化反应。     

磨粒磨损的磨粒接触热分析

针对磨粒磨损机制,采用球形磨粒模型和分形磨粒2种模型,利用有限元软件ANSYS分析磨粒磨损的滑动过程,探讨磨粒与磨损表面接触区內的温度变化、热应力分布及其随表层深度的变化情况,并对2种模型的分析结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明:球形磨粒模型中磨粒温度较高,接触体温度较低,磨粒与磨损表面温差较大,磨粒与表面接触处的Mises应力和剪应力分布比较分散;而分形磨粒模型中接触体温度较低,磨粒温度更低,磨粒与磨损表面温差较小,磨粒与表面接触处的Mises应力和剪应力分布比较集中,并且应力最大值比球形磨粒模型的大。     

轿车后轮轴承磨粒磨损失效特性与产生机理

通过对 2 0 0余套早期失效的轿车后轮轴承失效统计分析发现 ,磨粒磨损及烧伤是后轮轴承主要的失效形式 ,该失效形式占所有轴承失效率的 6 0 %。根据轿车后桥半轴的结构、后轮轴承装配状况、及轿车后轮的动力学特性 ,本文提出了轿车后轮发生磨粒磨损及烧伤损坏的失效模型 :(1)在惯性载荷作用下 ,轴承内圈与轴颈接触部位的切向蠕动形成粘着磨损颗粒 ;(2 )半轴轴端螺纹防松键槽侵入轴颈与轴承内孔配合段 ,导致键槽锐边在轴承内孔刮研 ,产生切削微屑 ;(3)蠕动及刮研作用产生的磨损颗粒进入轴承滚道表面 ,与滚动体形成三体磨粒磨损。(4)在制动鼓的维修过程中 ,磨损颗粒的异常侵入 ,同样会导致轴承发生磨粒磨损失效。本文提出 ,防止轿车后轮轴承发生早期磨粒磨损失效的有效途径是 :(1)尽量避免与轴承配合的轴颈圆柱表面受到结构或工艺性的损害。(2 )提高轴颈与轴承内孔表面的光洁度和配合精度 ,以降低蠕动造成的磨损颗粒大小和数量。(3)通过密封等防范措施 ,防止磨损颗粒的侵入。     

人牙釉质的磨损机制研究

以钛合金为对摩材料,考察了人牙釉质在人工唾液介质中的滑动磨损进程,结合微观分析,研究了牙釉质的磨损机制。结果表明:在摩擦过程中,随着釉质表面发生脆性剥落,磨损从两体接触磨损转变为三体磨粒磨损,磨损加剧;随着接触时间增长,硬质磨屑尺寸变小,磨损率降低,进入稳定磨损阶段。牙釉质磨损为机械磨损过程,釉质表面基本无摩擦化学作用。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

ANGULAR DISTORTION ALLOWABLE VALUE AND ASSESS METHOD OF WELD ON COKE TOWER

A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mm×28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.