Partial discharge characteristics of inverter-fed motor coil samples under ac and surge voltage conditions

This work investigates the partial discharge (PD) characteristics of twisted pair samples for inverter-fed motor coil under ac and surge voltage conditions. It also discusses the difference in the PD inception characteristics of a twisted pair under 60-Hz voltage and surge voltages with a steep wave front. The PDIV under ac voltage was measured and was found to agree well with the theoretical value using electric field analysis and Paschen's law. The PDIV under surge voltage was measured for different repetition rates and the PDIV for 60-pps repetition was found to be lower than those for 6 pps and for the single shot, which suggested that the electrical insulation performance would be influenced by the repetition rate. The PDIV under surge voltages was 1.5 to 1.8 and 2.3 to 2.7 times higher than those under AC voltage application for the used and virgin samples, respectively.     

Impulse partial discharge characteristics and their mechanisms under non-uniform electric field in N/sub 2//SF/sub 6/ gas mixtures

We have investigated impulse partial discharge (PD) and breakdown (BD) characteristics of a needle-plane gap in N/sub 2//SF/sub 6/ gas mixtures under positive lightning impulse voltage application, and discussed their physical mechanisms. The 50% probability PD inception voltage (PDIV/sub 50/), leader discharge onset voltage (LOV) and BD voltage (BDV/sub 50/) were measured and analyzed as a function of gas pressure and SF/sub 6/ content. Experimental results revealed the stepwise propagation process of the impulse PD and enabled us to classify the impulse PD in N/sub 2//SF/sub 6/ gas mixtures into two types, the streamer discharge and the leader discharge. We also discussed the impulse PD propagation mechanisms in terms of PD parameters such as propagation length, time interval and current pulse magnitude, and suggested a sequential relationship in the PD propagation process under non-uniform electric field.     

振荡冲击电压下典型绝缘模型局部放电解析(英文)

The aim of this paper was to give an overview on partial discharges under oscillating impulse voltage.Three models(void in solid,needle-plate in air and oil) were presented,which describe the stochastic discharge process and represent internal discharges in solids and corona in air or silicon oil.Moreover,an air cored Rogowski coil and a sampling resistor for partial discharge(PD) measurement were developed and introduced in this paper.PD inception and extinction voltages(PDIV,PDEV) under single oscillating impulse voltage and AC voltage were investigated with different test samples.Experimental results firstly revealed that the PD inception voltage(PDIV) decreased with increasing applied voltage;secondly the PD inception voltage for three different insulating materials,showed an escalating trend with increasing frequency of the applied voltage.It was proven that the characteristics of PD under oscillating impulse voltage were identical to the features under AC voltage,which could be measured with the phase resolved partial discharge analysis(PRPDA) technique.Based on the reorganization and analysis of PDs under oscillating impulse voltage,the information about insulation defects was extracted from the measured data and used for estimating the risk of insulation failure of the equipment.     

标准操作冲击电压下220 kV GIS中典型缺陷局部放电特征

通过在实验室搭建的冲击电压下220 kV GIS局部放电测试系统,研究了在220 kV GIS母线段中设置典型缺陷在标准操作冲击电压下局部放电特性。大量试验表明,在标准操作冲击电压下,局部放电具有较工频具有显著性差异。局部放电从PDIV开始就表现出较高的放电脉冲幅值、放电次数以及更宽的放电区域范围,此趋势随着施加电压的上升而越明显,且负极性的放电概率要高于正极性下的放电。     

Streamer propagation under impulse voltage in long point-plane oilgaps

A 67 mm point-plane gap immersed in transformer oil, at atmospheric pressure, stressed with a 1/180 μs impulse, has been studied by recording gap current and light emission. Time-resolved images were obtained by use of an image converter camera. Minimum breakdown voltages were twice as high for negative as for positive points. All streamers at these and higher voltages were supersonic, with negative streamer velocities ⩽50 km/s. The speed of the positive streamer gradually increased to 19 km/s with increasing voltage, where it saturated. At high stresses the propagating positive streamer has been observed to switch to a faster mode which propagates with speeds in the 65 to 200 km/s range. Positive streamers were bush shaped to 2× the minimum breakdown voltage, the branching diminishing with increased voltage. Negative streamers were coarsely bush shaped or usually tree shaped. For both polarities, light emission consisted of a background light, with superposed pulses corresponding to 15 ns wide current pulses of up to 10 A. The pulses are caused by very bright, brief re-illuminations of single streamer channels. The tips of positive streamers are considerably more luminous than the channels, indicating that electron multiplication may take place at the tips. A model of the streamers as being plasma filled channels may explain the re-illuminations     

振荡冲击及交流电压下绝缘子表面金属微粒放电特性研究

近年来由于绝缘子沿面放电引起的绝缘故障较为多见,冲击耐压及冲击下局部放电检测是绝缘考核和诊断的有效手段。文中采用IEC 60060-3推荐的振荡型雷电及操作冲击和工频交流电压,针对110 k V气体绝缘组合开关设备(GIS)真型绝缘子金属微粒缺陷模型进行了局部放电特性研究。在工频交流(AC)电压下,局部放电起始电压和闪络电压的差值小于2种振荡型冲击电压,其随气压增大而增加;在冲击电压下,局部放电大多发生在振荡周期的上升沿处,在电压波谷处会出现相反极性的局部放电脉冲;金属颗粒位置对放电量、放电重复率等影响较大。结论表明,相比于工频交流电压,GIS绝缘子表面金属颗粒缺陷在外施电压为振荡型冲击电压时易产生局部放电,说明了振荡型冲击电压局部放电检测具有较高缺陷检出能力。     

Flashover phenomena in positive rod-to-plane air gaps under impulse and DC voltages

Discharge phenomena in positive rod-to-plane air gaps under lightning impulse and dc voltages were investigated. Under impulse voltages, the 50 percent flashover voltages agree with the 50 percent corona inception voltages only in a gap shorter than a certain value d_c which increases with the rod diameter φ. The 50 percent flashover voltage at d_c rises at a rate of about 14 kV/cm with d_c in the range of d_c < 2.8 cm (φ ? 1.5 cm), and then it rises at a rate of about 5 kV/cm. Experimental results show that the flashover process in the former region (termed the Gp process) is different from that in the latter region (the Lp process). Under dc voltages, the critical gap length, at which the first corona may lead to flashover without any succeeding streamer corona, corresponds to d_c under impulse voltage. In a gap shorter than d_c flashover occurs through the Gp process (φ ? 1 cm) or Lp process (φ ≥ 2 cm), but in gap longer than d_c flashover may occur through another process which cannot be seen under impulse voltages. In this paper, those flashover characteristics and processes are described on the basis of experimental results and photographic observations with an image converter camera.     

The electrical breakdown characteristics of oil-paper insulationunder steep front impulse voltages

Disconnecting switch operations in gas insulated equipment cause transient voltages with risetimes as steep as 5 to 20 nanoseconds and magnitudes as high as 2.5 pu. There is very little information on the effect of these transients on oil-paper insulated equipment. There have been reports, however of transformer and bushing failures caused by these transients. The electrical breakdown characteristics of oil-paper insulation under steep front impulse were studied in this project, which was co-sponsored by the Canadian Electrical Association and BC Hydro. V ₅₀ (50% breakdown probability voltage) breakdown data was obtained with steep front (10 ns/2500 μs), lightning and switching impulse waveforms. Insulation breakdown voltage vs breakdown time (V-t) data and multiple impulse breakdown data were obtained with the steep front impulse waveform. The V₅₀ results showed that the breakdown strengths were lower for steep front impulses than for lightning impulses. The multiple impulse breakdown results showed that oil-paper insulation breakdown strength can be lower than 100 kV/mm. These results are alarming, since they suggest that oil-paper insulated equipment subjected to steep front transients will fail at voltages below the lightning impulse design level (BIL). The volt-time data had a discontinuity. The breakdown process at risetimes below about 50 ns was different from the breakdown process at risetimes above 50 ns     

Dielectric characteristics of oil‐filled transformer in the presence of nonstandard lightning surge waveforms

To achieve a rational insulation design for transformers, it is important to evaluate dielectric strength against surges actually impinging on equipment on‐site. This paper deals with the breakdown voltage characteristics of an oil gap under nonstandard lightning surge waveforms combined with oscillatory voltages. It is found that the breakdown voltages of the oil gap under nonstandard impulse waveforms are higher than standard lightning impulse voltages. The results can be ascribed to V–t characteristics of the oil gap in short‐time impulse voltage ranges. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 146(3): 39–45, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10229     

Insulation characteristics of SF6 gas for nonstandard impulse voltage polarity reversal pulse waveforms

Evaluation of insulation strength for lightning surge that actually enters into substations is important in estimating insulation reliability of gas‐insulated equipment. The standard lightning impulse voltage (1.2/50 µs) is used for factory tests. However, the actual lightning surge waveforms in substations are complex and are usually superimposed with various oscillations. Insulation characteristics of SF₆ gas as a function of such complex voltages have not been sufficiently clarified. This paper deals with gap breakdown characteristics in SF₆ gas under submicrosecond pulses. Breakdown voltages are lower under a polarity reversal condition than under a monopolarity condition. The cause of this difference is discussed while observing discharge propagation using an image converter camera. The electrode size effect is also discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 146(4): 18–25, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10246     

The effects of steep-front, short-duration impulses on powerdistribution components

A line-type pulser has been developed to test the effects of steep-front, short-duration (SFSD) pulses on distribution components. The risetime is 50-100 ns and the pulse duration is on the order of 300 ns. Terminators often shattered or punctured rather than flashing over. The insulator flashover voltage is approximately 1.5 times CFO for standard lightning impulses. Arresters exhibit an inductive character, with the SFSD peak voltage at 10 kA approximately 4-5 times the 8-pulse×20-μs 10 kA discharge voltage. Polyethylene insulated cable has a characteristic degradation in which failure voltage decreases with number of SFSD pulses     

V-t characteristics of SF6 gas during lightning surges

The waveform of a standard lightning impulse differs greatly from those of actual lightning surges acting on GIS. This raises the problem of the equivalence of the standard lightning impulse. This report describes the effect of voltage waveforms on insulating performance in an SF₆ gas gap subjected to fast oscillating impulse voltages simulating actual lightning surges, and the evaluation of V-t characteristics by applying the equal area criterion. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 119(4): 1–11, 1997     

变压器绕组轻微变形ns级脉冲响应分析法

ns级脉冲响应分析法能够瞬时测取变压器绕组全频段下的响应特性,为促进它的实际应用,采用波前为5ns、脉宽为50ns的脉冲电压波作为激励信号,通过提高采样频率和采样点数,分频段去噪以获取具有较高频谱上限和精度的脉冲响应曲线。针对频响法对变压器绕组的轻微变形不灵敏的缺点,对5kV温升变压器和500kV电力变压器的高压绕组进行了不同程度的模拟轻微变形实验,并将频响法和ns级脉冲响应分析法的检测结果作了对比。实验结果证明该方法比频响法测试速度更快,精度更高,测取的频谱上限可达数十MHz。具有较高的灵敏度和重复性,能有效检测各种变压器绕组的轻微形变。     

Impulse partial discharge and breakdown characteristics of rod–plane gaps in air and N2 gases

In response to growing environmental concerns, we attempted to develop switchgear without using SF₆ gas. In our research, we used compressed air and pure N₂ as an electrical insulation gas, because of their low global warming potential. In this paper, we examined the impulse breakdown and impulse partial discharge characteristics under various conditions related to nonuniformity of the electric field. The experimental results show that the breakdown voltage (BDV) of air is higher than that of pure N₂ gas under highly nonuniform field conditions in the rod–plane gap. On the other hand, the discharge inception voltage of air and N₂ were almost the same. Furthermore, first partial discharge (PD), leader discharge, and its transition to the breakdown were successfully observed through the measurement of discharge current and light emissions under impulse voltage application. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 148(3): 36–43, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.10277     

交直流复合电压下油中局部放电的起始过程

换流变阀侧绕组同时承受交流、直流、交直流叠加、极性反转等多种特殊电压形式,其许用场强却未得到同等关注。因此,采用针-板、板-板典型电极模型和脉冲电流法及宽频带电流传感器检测法,研究了变压器油在交流、直流、交直流复合电压条件下的局部放电起始过程;总结了该起始电压随电压类型变化的规律曲线,为换流变许用场强的提出奠定了基础。试验结果表明:针-板电极模型下局放起始电压基本只与交流、直流、复合电压的幅值有关,而与电压类型、复合电压分量所占比例无明显关系;板-板电极模型中,复合电压下交流局部放电起始电压受直流分量的影响很小。通过高速摄像仪记录复合电压下局部放电引发击穿的全过程并估算出了放电增长速率约为1.8km/s;利用扫描电镜观测放电通道表面形貌特征,进而采用表面能谱分析法检测其主要元素含量由高至低依次为C、O、Cu、Si。最后通过复合电压下油中局部放电产生随机分布气泡的仿真模型算出,气泡使局部放电场强严重畸变,不均匀系数f达1.6。     

Electroluminescence in polyethylene subjected to impulse voltages

Electroluminescence (EL) from HDPE (high-density polyethylene) films subjected to repetitive rectangular-shaped impulse voltages has been investigated at electric fields <80 kV/mm in order to clarify the temporal behavior of carriers injected into the polymer. EL emission was distinctly observed during the voltage rise and fall phases. During the voltage plateau and the zero voltage phases, the EL intensity did not instantly decrease to zero but a very weak EL emission lasted for at least 3 ms. The number of EL pulses was determined by the amplitude of the impulse voltage, whereas the EL intensity strongly depended on the temporal variation rate of the voltage. The total number of EL pulses during both phases of the voltage rise and fall was almost equal. The EL spectra did not depend on the phase and the amplitude of the impulse voltage. The above behavior of EL emission can be explained qualitatively by the electron-hole recombination in the metal-polymer interface region and showed the picture of temporal behavior of carriers, carrier injection and transport, in the interface region for the field relaxation at the interface     

Electrical breakdown characteristics of nitrogen and air at cryogenic temperature in a quasi‐uniform electric field

The breakdown voltages of the longer‐gap configurations in gaseous nitrogen and air that are necessary in designing superconducting electrical power apparatuses are measured at temperatures of 293 and 93 K. The quasi‐uniform electric field made by a sphere‐to‐sphere electrode with a diameter of 150 mm and a gap length of about 10 to 100 mm is used in the measurement of the breakdown voltages. When 50‐Hz ac and dc voltages are applied to the sphere‐to‐sphere gap, the breakdown voltages in nitrogen and air obey Paschen's law even at cryogenic temperatures (93 K). When a 1.4/50‐μs lightning impulse voltage is applied to the gap, the 50% breakdown voltage of nitrogen also obeys Paschen's law under UV irradiation of the cathode electrode. However, the breakdown voltage in air at 93 K is higher in the case of lightning impulse voltage applications, and the delay from impulse voltage application to breakdown occurrence is apparently longer at 93 K than at 293 K. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 132(4): 28–33, 2000     

High‐frequency voltage oscillation in transformer windings and electrical breakdown properties of interturn insulation immersed in oil at VFT voltage

Switching operations in gas insulated switchgear (GIS) can generate very fast transient overvoltages (VFTO) which propagate in the GIS with little attenuation. When a transformer is directly connected to the GIS through a gas/oil bushing, the VFTO can enter the transformer and excite the voltage oscillation in the windings. In the paper, we firstly show a resonance phenomenon due to the superposition of the traveling waves which was found in the experiments using the coil windings of a 500 kV transformer. The fundamental resonance frequency ranged at about 2 MHz, and its voltage at the interturn (turn‐to‐turn) of the coil could reach 0.25 times of the applied voltage in the worst case. Secondly, the electrical breakdown properties of interturn insulation in oil were studied, applying the unipolar and bipolar voltages with 2 MHz oscillatory frequency. The breakdown voltages at the unipolar and bipolar VFT oscillatory stresses were about 1.25 and 1.40 times higher than that at the standard lighting impulse, respectively. We discuss the experimental breakdown stresses with the ones estimated from the analysis of VFTO in the transformer windings and also show the methods to cope with the VFTO. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 132(4): 45–52, 2000     

Partial discharge inception and propagation characteristics of magnet wire for inverter-fed motor under surge voltage application

In inverter-fed motor coils, surge voltages with the rise time of several tens or hundreds of nano-second may cause partial discharge (PD) and degradation of electrical insulation performance of the inverter-fed motor coils. This paper discusses PD inception characteristics as well as PD propagation characteristics after PD inception for magnet wire of inverter-fed motor under surge voltage application. Experimental results firstly revealed that PD inception voltage (PDIV) decreased with the increase in the length of enamel-coated wire, which was evaluated in terms of the stressed wire contact length under surge voltage application, i.e. size effect. We proposed a regression line for the size effect on PDIV for the electrical insulation design of inverter-fed motor coils. Secondly, PD propagation characteristics were also investigated under the higher voltage application, and their mechanisms were discussed in terms of generation probability of initial electrons, space charge behavior in the wedge-shaped air gap, charging on the enamel surface and so on     

Modeling PD inception voltage of epoxy resin post insulators usingan adaptive neural network

One of the parameters used to characterize the partial discharge (PD) behavior is its inception voltage. The partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) should always be higher than the operating voltage to ensure that PD does not occur at or near operating voltage. Under these circumstances, other PD parameters such as apparent charge, energy dissipation need not be considered. This paper deals with modeling of PDIV of epoxy-resin post insulators using a neural network (NN). The PDIV is obtained experimentally for various shapes and sizes of post insulators, with a working voltage in the range of 3.3 to 33 kV. The electrode spacing d and creepage length l are the key parameters employed for the present modeling. An adaptively trained multilayer NN is employed for the modeling. Detailed studies are carried out to optimize the NN parameters for minimum error. The model results obtained closely follow the experimental data indicating the effectiveness of NN as an efficient tool in estimation of PDIV of epoxy-resin postinsulators