线路型避雷器的应用

输电线路跳闸原因约有60％是因为雷击输电线路引起的,所以,采用线路型避雷器降低线路的雷击跳闸率是很有必要的。为此,对线路型避雷器分类作了介绍,并对各类线路型避雷器原理及应用作了详尽的介绍分析。从已安装了线路型避雷器的输电线路运行情况来看,线路型避雷器在输电线路防雷及变电站防止雷电侵入波方面发挥了重要的作用。     

Effect of lightning overvoltages on low-voltage power distribution lines due to direct lightning hits to overhead ground wire

Overhead ground wires and surge arresters have been installed to protect high-voltage power distribution lines and apparatus from overvoltages induced by nearby lightning strokes. The effects of surge arresters for protection of high-voltage distribution lines against direct lightning strokes have already been investigated using the digital simulation program EMTP (Electromagnetic Transients Program). With regard to the protection of low-voltage distribution lines from overvoltages induced by lightning strokes, experimental analyses using a scale model line have been reported. This paper reports on the comparison between the experimental analyses and EMTP simulation of power distribution lines, including low-voltage lines, and the validity of EMTP simulation. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the overvoltages on low-voltage power distribution lines against direct lightning strokes to overhead ground wire using the digital simulation.     

220kV线路多重雷击导致两侧开关断口绝缘击穿分析

介绍220 kV线路雷击故障、两侧变电设备受损及断路器内部故障的发现、处理过程,结合线路故障查巡、雷电参数、过电压及继电保护动作时序分析,确定线路两侧开关雷电侵入波同时受损原因。指出因较短线路遭受多重雷击,造成开关断口内、外绝缘不能承受侵入波及其反射波的叠加作用而击穿,灭弧室瓷套在内、外部电弧持续热效应下可能发生爆炸。建议开展110、220 kV SF6断路器雷电冲击、反极性工频联合电压试验,并在强雷地区变电站110、220 kV架空出线侧加装避雷器保护。     

Suppression of lightning-induced overvoltages by distribution line surge arresters

The primary aim of surge arresters in power distribution lines is to protect lines and equipment from the voltage induced by nearby lightning strokes. To further improve power systems, methods to protect distribution lines against direct lightning strokes are still needed. An effective measure against direct lightning strokes is to increase the number of arresters. However, if the surge current is too large, some surge arresters absorb energy in excess of their capability and may break; this leads to a line fault. To evaluate the protective effect of the surge arresters against direct lightning strokes to overhead ground wire, the authors measured both the voltage across the surge arresters and the energy absorbed by them using a full-scale model line and a 12 MV impulse generator. The results were compared with simulation results by EMTP. There have been no previous studies making a comparison of this kind.     

Distribution arrester outages caused by lightning backflow current flowing from customer's facility into power distribution lines

Direct lightning strokes are considered to be a main cause of damage to surge arresters on power distribution lines. Recently, lightning performance of distribution lines has been observed using still cameras, and lightning‐caused distribution outages on hilltop areas on the coast of the Sea of Japan have been investigated. This research has shown a possibility that lightning backflow current flowing from customer facilities into distribution lines causes damage to surge arresters on the distribution lines. We have investigated the lightning backflow current flowing from customer facilities into distribution lines as a cause of damage to surge arresters. The main results are as follows: (1) The electric charge of the backflow current flowing into distribution lines is more than 60% of that of the lightning stroke current. (2) If the grounding resistance of the customer's facility is not low, the failure rates of a surge arrester caused by backflow current due to winter lightning is more than 90% of that caused by direct lightning strokes. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 126(3): 9–20, 1999     

35kV输电线路避雷器的雷电放电电流和吸收能量

在建立输电线路防雷计算模型的基础上,用电磁暂态计算程序对有、无避雷线的35 kV输电线路避雷器的雷电放电电流和吸收的雷电放电能量进行了计算。具体计算了不同幅值的雷电流作用下,不同冲击接地电阻时,线路上避雷器的放电电流和吸收的比能量,讨论了雷电流、接地电阻对放电电流和比能量的影响,并对分别装在有、无避雷线的输电线路上的避雷器的放电电流和比能量进行了纵向比较分析。     

同塔多回输电线路几种防雷击跳闸措施的评估

相比于单回线路,同塔线路容易遭受雷电绕击和反击,严重威胁电网安全。评估同塔多回输电线路几种防雷击跳闸措施,包括降低杆塔接地电阻、加强线路绝缘水平、架设耦合地线和加装线路避雷器等,并提出上述防雷措施的配置原则:采取降阻措施改善接地,采用不平衡高绝缘方式,将耦合地线架设在塔顶,以及根据线路雷击跳闸的具体情况和线路杆塔特点选择性地安装线路避雷器。     

Observation of lightning phenomena on distribution lines using composite techniques

For the rationalization of lightning protection design of distribution lines, it is important to clarify the behavior of distribution lines when direct or nearby lightning occurs. Because of the lower insulation level than for transmission lines, in studies on lightning protection design of distribution lines, not only direct lightning strokes but also induced voltages caused by nearby strokes must be taken into account. Thus, it is necessary to grasp the frequency of occurrence on lightning phenomena around distribution lines. For this aim, lightning phenomena on TEPCO's distribution lines in use had been continuously observed for 6 years (1996 to 2001). The observation was carried out in a composite way, using still cameras and sensor for acquisition of lightning surge waveform data. Through the observation, new phenomena about lightning performance on distribution lines in the field became apparent. In some cases, in spite of a direct strike to the line, flashover did not occur. This fact means that the distribution line has a certain level of lightning resistance. Moreover, it was confirmed that AC following current generated between both ends of insulator disappeared naturally. These results are interesting discoveries that can be useful in estimating the fault ratio precisely. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 157(1): 10–19, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( http://www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20164     

输电线行波测距中雷击与短路故障的识别

掌握超高压、高压输电线路上雷电冲击发生的位置和频次等信息,对输电线路的防雷保护及系统运行水平的提高具有重要的理论和现实意义,故而利用现有可检测与定位线路雷击的行波测距装置,提出了一种基于小波包能量谱和暂态行波特征分析的雷击与短路故障识别方法。通过对500kV输电线路的非故障性雷击、故障性雷击以及普通短路故障的仿真研究,提取出电流行波信号的特征和信号各频段的能量分布规律,结合这些特征和规律提出了对3种暂态过程进行识别和分类的具体算法。EMTDC仿真验证了该算法的正确性。     

基于ATP-EMTP对配电网雷击过电压的仿真研究

阐述了雷电流模型、配电网各元件计算模型、绝缘子串闪络机理,采用电磁暂态仿真软件ATP-EMTP 建立仿真计算模型,比较分析杆塔冲击接地电阻对线路耐雷水平的影响,以及线路避雷器不同安装方案对线路耐雷水平的改善效果。仿真计算结果表明：雷击过电压容易导致绝缘子闪络,通过安装线路避雷器、降低杆塔接地电阻有效地提高了10 kV配电线路耐雷水平,改善了线路耐受过电压的能力。     

Study concerning production of lightning overvoltages on low‐voltage power distribution lines

In order to study lightning problems of low‐voltage power distribution lines, lightning overvoltage waveforms were observed inside the homes of customers. The cause of lightning overvoltages was examined from observation of striking points by still cameras. Lightning overvoltages of 62 waveforms were recorded by observation over a period of about 3 1/2 years. Observed waveforms can be classified into three types of single polarity (positive or negative), both polarities (which change from positive to negative or negative to positive), and pulsive waveform. The causes of these lightning overvoltages which were estimated from striking points are shown as follows: (1) Induced lightning overvoltages on low‐voltage distribution lines. (2)   Electric potential rise due to discharge of surge arresters or current of overhead ground wire. (3)   Shift of lightning overvoltages from high‐voltage side of transformer to low‐voltage side, which is due to electromagnetic induction. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 130(4): 66–75, 2000     

浅议220 kV韶郭线安装氧化锌避雷器后的运行效果

韶关电厂至郭塘变电站的２２０ｋＶ输变电线路大部分杆塔地处粤北山区,雷电活动强烈,常发生雷击跳闸故障。为此,选择在韶郭线雷电易击段安装氧化锌避雷器的方法,来提高线路的防雷性能。通过雷电定位系统的分析比较,安装氧化锌避雷器后,线路跳闸次数明显下降,事实证明这种方法的防雷效果较好。     

Study on Lightning Protection Measures for Distribution Lines and Customer Equipment against Back Flow Lightning Current from Radio Communication Station

Recently, with the expansion of communication network areas, the number of radio communication stations built in the neighborhood of customer houses has increased. If lightning strikes a communication radio tower, part of the lightning current flows into the distribution line and into customer houses. This may cause the failure of distribution lines or customer equipment. To protect distribution lines and customer equipment from lightning faults, it is necessary to analyze the surge phenomena in distribution lines and customer equipment and take appropriate protection measures. In this study, we examined the effect of lightning protection measures for distribution lines and customer equipment against lightning strikes to a communication tower. First, using an actual‐scale test distribution line, we measured the lightning current flowing into distribution lines and customer equipment. Second, we quantitatively examined the effect of lightning protection measures by lighting surge analysis while changing each parameter. From the experimental and analytical results, we show that the proposed protection measures can reduce the lightning current flowing into distribution lines and customer equipment.     

延安地区配电网架空输电线路防雷方案研究

研究了延安供电公司配电网易受雷击架空输电线路防雷改造方案。通过加装线路避雷器前后耐雷水平计算和EMTP仿真研究,论证了延安地区配电网架空输电线路隔1塔装1组避雷器方案的防雷效果,证明该方案在10kv线路上的应用效果良好,而在35kV线路上的应用效果不佳。     

Lightning protection of distribution lines

This paper reports a study of distribution line lightning performance, using computer simulations of lightning overvoltages. The results of previous investigations are extended with a detailed model of induced voltages from nearby strokes, coupled into a realistic power system model. The paper also considers the energy duty of distribution-class surge arresters exposed to direct strokes. The principal result is that widely separated pole-top arresters can effectively protect a distribution line from induced-voltage flashovers. This means that nearby lightning strokes need not be a significant lightning performance problem for most distribution lines     

采用避雷器防止10kV架空绝缘导线雷击断线

在绝缘导线应用于配电线路的建设中,10 kV架空线路雷击断线事故是影响安全供电的大问题.通过分析架空绝缘导线雷击断线的机理,介绍安装线路型金属氧化物避雷器可有效限制雷电过电压对配电线路的危害,减少绝缘导线配电线路的雷击断线事故,保证配电线路的安全运行,指出安装线路型避雷器这一防雷技术存在的问题,并分析了线路型避雷器的安装密度和保护效果.     

基于ATP的35kV架空线路耐雷水平研究

针对某矿区35 kV架空线路4号-8号杆塔之间线路易受雷击、杆塔接地电阻值超标的问题,通过对雷电流、架空线以及避雷器进行建模,对杆塔和绝缘子进行选型,确定了架空线阻抗、绝缘子串50％闪络电压、雷电波通道阻抗等参数,运用电磁暂态分析工具ATP对该端架空线路的耐雷水平进行仿真分析,定量分析了未装设避雷器情况下接地电阻改善前后杆塔的耐雷水平,在此基础上对该线路段装设避雷器的组数和安装位置进行仿真分析,结果为在4号-8号杆塔之间的5号和6号杆塔安装两种避雷器能最大程度地提高耐雷水平.     

Performance of MOV arresters during very close, direct lightningstrikes to a power distribution system

In 1996, at the International Center for Lightning Research and Testing (ICLRT) at Camp Blanding, Florida, the responses of MOV arresters in an unenergized test distribution system, composed of an overhead line, underground cable, and padmount transformer with a resistive load, were measured during very close, direct lightning strikes to the overhead line. Arresters were installed on the overhead line at two locations 50 m apart (on either side of the strike point) and at the primary of the padmount transformer which was connected to the line via the underground cable. We obtained arrester data for this test configuration from two lightning flashes (containing a total of five strokes) which were artificially initiated from a natural thunderstorm, using the rocket-and-wire technique. We present the simultaneously-recorded arrester discharge current and voltage waveforms from one lightning stroke for one of the two arresters on the line and for the arrester at the transformer primary. Additionally, we estimate the energy absorbed by the arrester on the line as a function of time for the first 4 ms of the lightning event. The records presented are representative of those for all five strokes     

东莞电网输电线路防雷运行分析及对策

统计和分析东莞电网2005—2008年期间输电线路雷击跳闸情况,提出把易击线路和杆塔作为今后防雷的重要对象。指出雷击跳闸率偏高的原因:落雷密度大;输电线路现行防雷设计标准满足不了线路实际防雷需求,线路设计缺乏因地制宜导致产生线路防雷设计缺陷。为此,提出修改输电线路防雷设计标准、应用绝缘子防雷保护间隙和平衡高绝缘防雷技术、提高接地电阻运行目标应不超过10Ω、加强雷击跳闸信息的统计分析等防雷对策。     

多导体配电线路感应雷过电压分析

为分析多导体架空线负载感应雷过电压及架空地线屏蔽特性,利用傅里叶变换计算雷电流的频谱分布,根据求多导体传输线负载响应的BLT方程,在频域内求其外电磁场激励下的电报方程,计算多导体配电线路感应雷过电压的频域响应,再根据傅里叶反变换求得负载端的暂态响应。配电线路感应雷过电压特性及架空地线屏蔽作用的分析结果表明,线路垂直排列时,感应雷在负载端引起的差模干扰较大,大地电导率越小架空地线的屏蔽作用越好。