青稞挤压改性处理及青稞面条的试验研究

以青稞粉为原料,采用挤压改性方法加工青稞预糊化粉,研究改性前后青稞粉的品质变化,不同配比青稞预糊化粉的粉质特性及改性操作条件对青稞面条品质特性的影响规律,为青稞面条产品的研发提供实践基础。结果表明,改性处理后,青稞内部形成细致多孔的海绵体,大分子营养物质被降解,淀粉稳定性增强;面条蒸煮损失率与淀粉的糊化程度间具有相关性。在适宜加工条件下制备的青稞预糊化粉,可以制作出青稞含量达60%,煮熟增重率为77.0%,蒸煮损失率为12.0%的青稞面条产品。     

青稞面条品质改良的研究

试验以碳酸钠、氯化钠、黄原胶作为面条改良剂,探求青稞面条品质改良的最佳工艺参数。以青稞粉和标准小麦粉为主要原料,青稞粉添加量为40%,并加入5.4%谷朊粉以补充青稞粉中缺失的面筋蛋白。通过对成品面条蒸煮特性、质构特性的测定及感官品质的评定,最终确定添加0.3%碳酸钠、1.0%氯化钠、0.3%黄原胶时的青稞面条品质最佳。     

小麦淀粉与面条品质的关系

正面条在我国作为主要食品之一,其品质与加工该面条的面粉中的淀粉等质量和数量有着一定的关系。1淀粉与面条品质淀粉是小麦籽粒中最主要的成分,约占其干重的54%～72%,赋予面条弹性。从制面适宜性角度看,与面条加工品质相关的是小麦籽粒淀粉粒的软硬。澳大利亚及日本小麦等食感评价高的小麦淀粉粒全部为软质。表示淀粉软硬的指标之一是直链淀粉和支链淀粉的比值,直链淀粉含量低、糊化温度低、破损粘度高及容易糊化的为软质,反之为硬质。     

小麦胚乳中直链淀粉含量分布及其对面条品质的影响

在同一生产线上对同一品种小麦按加工系统取制面粉样品,测定各粉样的直链淀粉含量;选择部分样品在其中添加整个粉路中最具代表性的系统面粉制成的谷朊粉,使各样品蛋白质含量相等、质量接近,在这种的前提下,研究直链淀粉含量对面条品质的影响。研究结果表明,小麦胚乳中,越接近皮层的部位,直链淀粉含量越低;越接近麦心的部位直链淀粉含量越高。小麦胚乳中的淀粉总量与面条品质无明显的相关性,而直链淀粉及支链淀粉含量对面条品质影响较大。直链淀粉含量与面条感官评价的表观状态、适口性、韧性、黏性、光滑性、食味及总评分都呈极显著负相关;与面条的煮制特性的干物质吸水率、蛋白质损失率和干物质损失率呈极显著正相关;而与面条质构仪TPA测定参数的黏合性、硬度和咀嚼性呈极显著负相关。     

青藏高原地区青稞品种基本品质现状分析

为给青稞深入研究提供一定参考依据,对青藏高原不同地区的青稞材料的淀粉、蛋白、脂肪、膳食纤维等含量进行测定。结果表明,藏区青稞淀粉含量差异较大,在45.4%~71.10%之间变化,平均值为57.56%;蛋白质含量的变幅在8.69%~16.27%之间,平均为11.46%;脂肪含量的平均值为2.01%,变幅为0.86%~9.83%。整个西藏高原青稞中支链淀粉含量平均为36.60%,直链淀粉含量平均值为20.96%,其中支链淀粉占总淀粉的百分比为63.42%。青稞中总膳食纤维含量12.34%~19.47%,平均16.93%左右。     

青稞淀粉的提取工艺优化研究

为了获得更好的青稞淀粉提取效果,以青稞面粉为原料,研究其淀粉的提取工艺条件。以青稞淀粉的提取率为评价标准,在单因素实验的基础上,通过L9(33)正交试验优化设计确定了利用氢氧化钠从青稞面粉中提取淀粉的最佳工艺条件,即氢氧化钠浸提时间为4 h、氢氧化钠质量浓度为0.5%、固液比为1∶5(g/mL)。在此提取工艺下,青稞淀粉的提取率可达到49.43%。     

小麦籽粒淀粉理化特性与面条品质关系研究

研究中国小麦的淀粉理化特性及其与面条品质的关系．为优质面条小麦品种的选育提供依据。测定了全国11个省市育成品种和高代品系的294份面粉样品和29份引进品种面粉的淀粉理化特性和面条品质,对其相关性进行了统计分析。结果是中国小麦品种直链淀粉含量的遗传资源相对丰富,面粉膨胀势偏低,淀粉糊化特性与国外品种相近,面条品质表现较好（平均评分85．27分）。直链淀粉含量、膨胀势和糊化峰值粘度与面条品质高度相关,     

小麦蛋白质和面条品质的关系

正面条是我国传统的面食品之一,目前手工制作面条的工艺已趋落后,绝大多数为大规模商业化生产。面条品质与加工该面条的面粉中的蛋白质等质量和数量关系密切。1蛋白质与面条品质面粉中的许多成分与面条的食用品质都有着不可分割的联系,其中尤以蛋白质和淀粉的影响最大。小麦面粉中蛋白质含量的变异范围较大,一般在9%～17%之间。虽然蛋白质的含量比淀粉低得多,但它对面条品质却有非常重要的作用。蛋白质吸水形成的面筋赋予小麦面团独特的物理特性,并使小麦食品成为最受人们欢迎的佳肴。一般而言,蛋白质含量与面条的白度等外观品质呈显著负相关。蛋白质含量过高,面筋强度过强,不适于机器加工(回缩严重),面条表面粗糙,白度下降,干燥后面条容易弯曲,     

普鲁兰酶协同α-葡萄糖苷酶降低青稞快消化淀粉含量酶解工艺优化

以青稞粉为原料,通过普鲁兰酶协同α-葡萄糖苷酶降低青稞快消化淀粉（RDS）含量。通过单因素试验和响应面试验确定降低青稞快消化淀粉含量的最优酶解工艺条件,并测定α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制率评价其体外降糖活性。结果表明,最佳酶解工艺条件为：普鲁兰酶添加量200 U/g、α-葡萄糖苷酶添加量80 U/g、料液比1∶15(g∶mL)、酶解时间3 h、酶解温度55℃。在此优化条件下,青稞粉快消化淀粉含量为54.95%,比未处理过的青稞快消化淀粉含量降低了20.22%。体外降糖活性测定结果表明,与原粉相比,酶解粉的α-淀粉酶和α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制率分别增加了68.1%和50.4%,表明经过双酶协同酶解后,青稞淀粉的体外降血糖活性明显提高。     

醋酸酯淀粉对面粉加工特性及馒头品质的影响

为解决馒头在贮藏中变硬、老化快、口感差等问题,在面粉中添加醋酸酯淀粉,该文研究醋酸酯淀粉对面粉粉质、拉伸、白度、湿面筋含量、湿面筋指数、降落数值等加工特性及馒头品质的影响。结果表明,在面粉中添加0.5%～2%的醋酸酯淀粉,面粉的粉质变化较小,面团的拉伸指标降低幅度较大,面粉白度变化较小,面粉湿面筋含量略微增加,湿面筋指数增加幅度较大,面粉降落数值略微降低;通过感官评价及质构仪测定,醋酸酯淀粉在添加量为1%时馒头品质最好。     

青稞低GI挤压面条制作工艺优化及营养与抗氧化活性分析

为了提高青稞低血糖生成指数(Glycemic Index,GI)挤压面条品质,以青稞粉为主要原料,比较了青稞生粉与熟粉制作低GI挤压面条的品质,优化了挤压法制作青稞低GI值挤压面条的工艺条件及配方,考察了冷冻老化技术对其品质的影响,评价了青稞低GI值面条的营养品质及抗氧化活性。分析得到青稞生粉制作的低GI值挤压面条的品质较优;以青稞生粉为原料制作低GI值挤压面条的工艺参数为青稞粉含水量45%,pH 7.0,青稞粉粒度80目;在此优化条件下,采用单因素及正交实验优化了青稞低GI值挤压面条的配方,以青稞生粉为基础,豌豆粉添加量为20%、荞麦粉添加量5%、藜麦粉添加量为5%,在-18℃冷冻时间15 h制作的青稞挤压面条煮熟后无断条,感官评价达93.65分,GI值为42.73,具有较高的营养价值和多酚含量与抗氧化活性。     

微生物发酵对青稞挂面理化及感官特性的影响

为探究不同菌种发酵对青稞挂面理化及感官特性的影响,采用植物乳杆菌、酵母菌及复合菌种(m(酵母菌)︰m(乳酸菌)=1︰1)分别发酵青稞制成青稞粉,并与小麦粉混合压制成挂面,以挂面的理化及感官特性为指标,确定适宜发酵方式及工艺。与植物乳杆菌发酵和复合菌种发酵相比,酵母发酵青稞面条断条率低,吸水率高,蒸煮时间长,感官品质好,说明酵母发酵能更好地改善青稞挂面理化及感官特性。通过单因素试验及正交试验优化后的酵母发酵青稞的工艺参数为发酵时间6 h、发酵温度32℃、接种量0.8%。     

The enrichment of Asian noodles with fiber‐rich fractions derived from roller milling of hull‐less barley

Fiber‐rich fractions (FRF) derived from roller milling of waxy (W) and high amylose (HA) starch hull‐less barley genotypes were evaluated for suitability as functional ingredients in fresh and dried white salted (WSN) and fresh yellow alkaline (YAN) noodles. FRF‐W and FRF‐HA both contained over 300 g kg⁻¹ dietary fiber, and over 200 g kg⁻¹ of β‐glucans. Replacement of 250 g kg⁻¹ Canada Prairie Spring White (cv AC Vista) wheat patent flour with the FRF posed no problems in noodle processing, although water absorption had to be substantially increased. All three noodle types enriched with the FRF were significantly darker and contained more brown specks than the wheat flour control noodles. The presence of the FRF reduced cooking time of fresh YAN and WSN by ∼50%. The addition of FRF improved cooked YAN texture, as evidenced by increased firmness and resistance to compression. FRF‐enriched fresh WSN were comparable to the wheat flour control noodles for those parameters, whereas enrichment of dry WSN by FRF imparted less firmness and less chewiness. FRF‐enriched fresh YAN and WSN offer consumer convenience due to shorter cooking time, improved nutritional quality and acceptable cooking quality. These features might make FRF‐enriched noodles sufficiently attractive to health‐conscious consumers to overcome the negative effects of color and appearance Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of starch and non-starch components on water migration,microstructure, starch retrogradation and texture of flat rice noodles made from different rice varieties

Effects of starch and non-starch components on rice noodle quality, water migration during rehydration, texture, microstructure and starch retrogradation of dried rice flour and rice starch noodles made from five rice varieties with similar high amylose contents were examined. Rice noodle qualities depended mainly on starch properties and to a lesser extent on the presence of non-starch components. Elongation of rice flour noodles was lower than rice starch noodles due to the presence of non-starch components that interrupted the starch network. Non-starch components reduced cooking loss of flour noodles in some varieties. Water migration in rice flour noodles with a looser microstructure was faster than in rice starch noodles. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging revealed different water migration speeds in rice flour noodles among varieties, related to noodle microstructure and retrogradation properties. For production of good quality rice noodles, manufacturers should consider not only amylose content but also non-starch components.     

Physicochemical properties of flour recovered from broken rice noodles during production

Flour recovered from broken rice noodles was evaluated by microscopy, X‐ray diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry, in vitro starch digestibility, pasting and gel texture analyses. Rice noodle making processes destroyed the granular and crystalline structures of rice flour (RF), but the process‐induced recrystallised amylopectin and amylose‐lipid complexes were observed. Higher level of resistant starch in broken rice noodle flour (BRNF) was due to the retrograded amylose, which formed during noodle making. The absence of pasting temperature and low pasting viscosity of BRNF were distinct from those of RF, whereas gel textures of both flours were similar. BRNF‐added rice noodles showed lower hardness, but the other cooking and texture qualities were close to the one without BRNF. Up to 17% of BRNF could be incorporated into composite rice noodle making. This study thus provided an approach to the management and utilisation of food processing wastes.     

大麦粉改善生鲜湿面的品质特性

通过添加不同比例的大麦粉(10%~60%)配成大麦-小麦混合粉,研究大麦-小麦混合粉的糊化特性和面团的流变学特性以及生鲜湿面的色泽、蒸煮损失率、断条率、质构特性。结果表明,当大麦粉添加量30%时混合粉的峰值黏度、崩解值、最终黏度和回生值升高幅度最大,升幅分别为50 cP、42 cP、39.66 cP、31.67 cP;生鲜湿面的硬度、内聚性和回复性分别升高了23.77%、6.85%、8.64%;拉断力和拉伸距离分别降低了13.80%、70.22%;在大麦粉添加量40%时,生鲜湿面的蒸煮损失率和断条率分别提高了37.36%、10.83%。随大麦粉的添加比例升高,面团弹性模量、黏性模量增大,tanδ值降低;面片的亮度显著下降。综合考虑,大麦全粉添加比例小于30%时,混合粉仍具有较好的加工特性,生鲜湿面的整体品质可被接受,更高比例的加入会导致生鲜湿面蒸煮损失率和硬度显著升高。     

不同品种马铃薯加工鲜湿面条的适宜性比较研究

为探讨不同品种马铃薯加工鲜湿面条的适宜性,从流变学特性、烹调特性、质构特性等方面分析了13个马铃薯主栽培品种全粉原料对鲜湿面条产品品质的影响,并研究了马铃薯全粉糊化特性与鲜湿面条品质的相关性.研究结果表明:13个马铃薯品种中布尔班克全粉在糊化过程中具有较高的膨胀度、耐剪切能力、热稳定性、硬度、凝胶强度、峰值时间和糊化温度,由其制作的面团筋力最强,且鲜湿面条产品烹调特性、质构特性等指标优于其他品种,因此认为,13个主栽培品种中布尔班克适宜加工为马铃薯鲜湿面条.相关性分析表明,马铃薯全粉的峰值黏度与鲜湿面条品质显著相关,可以作为筛选加工鲜湿面条的马铃薯品种的重要指标.本研究旨在为马铃薯鲜湿面条品质评价和加工鲜湿面条的马铃薯专用品种的筛选提供理论依据.     

薯类粉条中与淀粉相关的结构性质研究

为了解薯类淀粉粉条结构特点,选取3种木薯淀粉(SC9、SC205、LMC),3种淮山淀粉(GY2、SFY、MPY)和1种红薯淀粉(XSSP)制成的粉条为研究对象,对其色泽、微观样貌、结晶结构进行测定和比较。结果表明,各粉条的色泽、微观样貌、结晶结构差异显著。星树红薯粉条色泽最好,而双峰淮山粉条色泽较暗。淮山粉条和红薯粉条存在部分还未完全糊化的淀粉颗粒,呈现出清晰的团粒结构,木薯粉条的糊化程度最高,淀粉的团粒结构已基本消失,SC9木薯粉条可以看到均匀完整的网络结构。粉条的结晶结构均遭到破坏,不同品种薯类粉条的有序结构与无序结构比例有明显差异。     

添加淀粉对马铃薯米粉品质的影响

研究3种常用淀粉对马铃薯米粉品质的影响,为马铃薯米粉加工提供参考依据。分别将0%、5%、10%、15%、20%和25%的玉米、小麦和马铃薯淀粉添加到马铃薯全粉占比30%的米粉中,测定米粉蒸煮、色差、质构和拉伸性能指标的变化。结果:添加不同淀粉使得米粉的含水量显著减小(p<0.05);玉米、小麦以及5%~20%马铃薯淀粉可使米粉透射比显著增大(p<0.05);10%玉米淀粉能使碘蓝值显著增大(p<0.05);添加10%玉米、5%小麦以及5%~20%马铃薯淀粉,能使吐浆值显著减小(p<0.05);但3种淀粉对断条率影响均不显著。添加10%玉米、10%小麦和5%马铃薯淀粉能使米粉亮度L*显著减小(p<0.05),色度值a*和b*亦发生不同改变。5%~15%玉米淀粉可有效改善米粉硬度、峰值负载,但添加量达到20%时峰值负载形变量显著减小(p<0.05);小麦淀粉可改善弹性,添加10%~15%可有效改善硬度,15%和20%可改善峰值负载和咀嚼性;马铃薯淀粉可提高米粉硬度,但添加量达20%时米粉变得黏连。在实际生产中建议玉米和小麦淀粉添加量分别为5%和10%。     

Use of heat-moisture treated maize starch to modify the properties of wheat flour and the quality of noodles

Waxy, normal and high-amylose maize starches were subjected to heat-moisture treatment (HMT) and then added to wheat flour (WF) in different ratios (1%, 5% and 10%). The properties of blends and their cooked noodles were studied to investigate the effects of HMT starches. The incorporation of HMT starch in WF led to an increase in swelling power, peak viscosity and breakdown and to a decrease in setback, thus inhibiting retrogradation, hence enhancing resultant noodle softness. Compared to the same addition ratio of native starch to WF, HMT starch led to higher tensile strength and extensibility in resultant noodles. WF with added HMT starch had higher resistant starch than with native starch. This study showed that addition of HMT maize starch has potential to bring nutritional benefits. However, it is necessary to select the proper blending ratio and amylose content of starch to add, in consideration of its effect on noodle quality.