峰值温度和降温速率对TC4钛合金焊接热影响区组织与性能的影响

目的 通过Gleeble 540热模拟试验机模拟TC4钛合金的热影响区,探讨不同热循环条件下TC4钛合金组织性能的演变规律,为钛合金激光焊接工艺的优化提供指导。方法 利用Gleeble 540热模拟试验机对TC4钛合金焊接热影响区进行模拟试验,采用金相显微镜和扫描电镜观察不同热模拟参数下TC4钛合金的显微组织,运用数字式显微硬度计和拉伸试验机对热模拟试样进行硬度和拉伸测试。结果 当峰值温度低于相变温度时,热影响区组织呈块状α相,这种片层较厚且为块状组织的存在使硬度显著提高,拉伸强度大幅下降;当峰值温度升至完全相变温度以上时,热影响区组织逐渐转变为大量的针状α''马氏体,硬度和拉伸强度逐渐提高。当峰值温度为1 100 ℃时,抗拉强度显著高于母材拉伸强度,达到1 248 MPa。降温速率的增大导致针状α''马氏体增多,长针状马氏体破碎形成网篮状马氏体组织,虽然热影响区的硬度没有明显变化,但是拉伸强度略有降低。结论 在TC4钛合金实际焊接中,确保峰值温度高于钛合金组织的完全相变温度,可提高钛合金激光焊接接头的力学性能。     

基于正交试验的TC4钛合金激光焊工艺优化研究

目的 探究激光功率、焊接速度、离焦量对TC4钛合金激光焊接接头宏观形貌、微观组织及力学性能的影响。方法 通过正交试验方法,研究激光功率、焊接速度、离焦量对接头拉伸性能的影响,并将这3个工艺参数转换为热输入,进一步研究热输入对接头形貌、组织及力学性能的影响。结果 当热输入低于95 J/mm时,焊接接头上下熔宽比较大,焊缝截面呈“V”形;当热输入高于250 J/mm时,接头组织晶粒粗大,甚至出现气孔、错边等冶金缺陷;当热输入为125 J/mm时,焊缝成形美观,焊接接头上下熔宽比接近1,焊缝截面呈“H”形。焊缝区组织主要由原始α相、β相及冷却阶段生成的αʹ相组成,随着热输入的增大,β相柱状晶尺寸逐渐粗化,αʹ针状马氏体相尺寸也相应增大。此外,焊接速度和离焦量对拉伸性能有显著影响,拉伸性能随着热输入的增大呈现先升高后降低的趋势,断口呈韧性断裂特征。当热输入为125 J/mm时,拉伸性能达到最佳,断裂位置发生在母材区,抗拉强度为1 010 MPa,断后延伸率为9.82%;焊缝区中心区域显微硬度高于热影响区及母材区显微硬度。结论 当热输入为125 J/mm时,在TC4钛合金激光焊下,可获得成形美观、性能优良的焊接接头。     

超窄间隙激光焊接TC4钛合金接头组织及性能研究

以TA2为焊丝,采用超窄间隙激光焊接方法焊接了10 mm的TC4钛合金板,间隙为2 mm。利用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)和拉伸试验机分析了TC4钛合金接头的组织与性能。结果表明,选取合适的工艺可以实现TC4钛合金超窄间隙激光填丝焊接,获得无缺陷的焊接接头。接头由母材、热影响区、熔合区、焊缝组成,界线清晰。其中热影响区为网篮状组织,焊缝由大β晶粒组成,大晶粒内部为杂乱的α+α′相针状组织,热影响区晶粒明显细化。由于超窄间隙的啮合效应,接头最大抗拉强度为893 MPa,达到母材的84.7%,断裂位置在焊缝中心。焊缝区和热影响区的显微硬度高于母材,且在热影响区的显微硬度最大,接头整体显微硬度呈马鞍状分布。     

焊后热处理对高氧TC4/TC17钛合金线性摩擦焊接头组织及性能的影响

对高氧TC4/TC17钛合金线性摩擦焊接头进行热处理,研究了不同热处理温度对异质钛合金线性摩擦焊接头显微组织及力学性能的影响.结果表明:异质钛合金线性摩擦焊接头焊缝区在TC17侧形成亚稳定β相,在高氧TC4侧形成针状马氏体相.经过热处理后,板条状α相在晶界处析出,针状α相在晶粒内部析出,并且残余α相在保温过程中发生分解,随着热处理温度的升高,析出相逐渐长大.接头焊缝及热力影响区显微硬度在热处理后显著增加.裂纹尖端张开位移(Crack tip opening displacement,CTOD)试验结果表明:接头断裂韧性薄弱区域在焊缝区及TC17侧热力影响区,热处理温度的升高可以明显提高接头薄弱区域的断裂韧性.     

钛合金激光焊及其接头的显微组织与力学性能

采用光纤激光器对3.5 mm厚TC4合金板材进行焊接,并对焊接接头的显微组织与力学性能进行分析测试,确定了试验条件下的最佳激光焊参数。结果表明,焊缝熔合区组织主要为针状α′马氏体及少量β相,热影响区由α相及少量α′马氏体组成;接头区域的显微硬度在熔合区变化平缓,而热影响区的硬度下降明显。在激光功率为4.0 kW、焊接速度为3.0 m/min时,获得接头的力学性能最佳,焊缝强度与母材本身的强度接近。接头拉伸断口表面存在大量韧窝,呈明显的韧性断裂特征。     

Ti60/TC17电子束焊接接头的组织及显微硬度

对Ti60/TC17异种材料进行电子束焊接,研究接头成型特点、焊缝组织、热影响区组织及显微硬度。结果表明:Ti60/TC17电子束焊接接头的焊缝组织为对称生长的枝晶状组织;Ti60侧热影响区与焊缝有明显分界,组织为针状α相;TC17侧热影响区为细小的粒状α相。焊缝的显微硬度低于母材的显微硬度。     

40mm厚TC4钛合金窄间隙激光填丝焊接头组织及性能

利用窄间隙激光填丝焊接工艺完成了40 mm厚TC4钛合金的焊接,通过OM、SEM、EDS、XRD、EBSD等测试方法对接头各区域进行微观组织和结构分析,并测试了其力学性能.结果表明,焊缝截面整体成形良好,无明显未熔合与气孔缺陷.接头三个区域的显微组织相同:焊缝柱状晶内部分布着密集排列的针状α'马氏体和弥散分布的颗粒状的αg相,同一β晶粒内部α'择优取向,大角度晶界比例较高.焊缝中心各区都是典型的α'+β双相结构.热影响区为过渡态组织,越靠近焊缝侧,其组织形态与焊缝处越相似,焊接过程中Al元素向热影响区发生了扩散.焊接接头焊缝区整体硬度高于母材,盖面区最高,平均值约为380HV.接头的抗拉强度最大值为954 MPa,拉伸试样均断在母材,断口为韧性断裂,接头各区室温冲击性能均低于母材.     

TC4钛合金热丝钨极氩弧焊接头组织性能研究

对TC4钛合金热丝钨极氩弧焊(hot-wire-TIG)焊接接头组织与性能进行研究,采用金相显微镜观察焊接接头各区域的微观组织特点,并对接头显微硬度和力学性能进行了测定。结果表明,钛合金热丝TIG焊接接头内部无焊接缺陷,焊缝性能优良;焊缝为典型的铸造组织,由粗大的柱状晶和少量等轴晶组成,晶粒内部可以看到细长的针状α′相;热影响区形成粗大的等轴晶粒,其组织主要有细针状α相和残余β相构成;焊接接头的抗拉强度均值为924 MPa,与母材相当;热丝TIG焊缝冲击功较母材提升明显,基本达到母材的1.5倍以上,最大达到66 J;焊缝冷弯角度达到指标要求。     

TC4钛合金线性摩擦焊接头的组织与硬度分析

采用线性摩擦焊焊接TC4钛合金,对焊态下接头的显微组织及硬度进行了分析与测试。结果表明：焊接接头可分为母材区、热机影响区和焊核区。热机影响区组织由母材至焊核区依次为等轴α相和层片状（α＋β）相沿受力方向被拉长组织、纤维状组织中伴有等轴状α和层片状（α＋β）再结晶晶粒、针状α’和少量的α再结晶组织。焊核区组织为针状α’,而且纵向由中心至边缘组织逐渐粗大。垂直于焊缝方向由母材过渡到焊缝中心硬度逐渐由360HV增大到390HV左右,焊核区纵向硬度由中心向边缘逐渐减小到330HV左右。     

33mm厚TC4锻件电子束焊接接头组织与性能

对33 mm厚TC4锻件进行了电子束焊接试验,在合适的工艺参数下得到了无内部缺陷、正反面成形良好的接头。室温下对该接头的显微组织、显微硬度和力学性能进行了测试。结果显示,焊缝处、热影响区组织主要是由β转变基体和α'形成的马氏体组织,焊缝处晶粒粗大,热影响区处马氏体细小分布不均;焊缝处硬度略低于母材处硬度,接头整体硬度分布均匀,无明显弱化区域;接头焊缝处屈服强度略低于母材,抗拉强度达到956 MPa,焊缝处冲击值KV2达到56 J,焊缝具有良好的韧性。     

Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹脆性断裂的最小J_2准则

实际工程的结构中,裂纹多处于复合型状态,因此复合型裂纹断裂的理论研究有着更为重要的理论意义和实用价值。本文以Ⅰ-Ⅱ复合型裂纹为研究对象,将偏应力张量的第二不变量2J作为判定依据,预测了裂纹起裂的角度以及开裂荷载,并与一些实验数据进行了比较,符合得也较好。计算结果进一步表明了在裂纹起裂引起的应变能转化过程中,起主要作用的是形状改变比能这一事实,由此得出了另一个结论是在裂纹尖端,平行于裂纹方向的应力级数展开式中非奇异项对裂纹的开裂角度以及开裂荷载是有影响的。     

Three-dimensional numerical investigation of brittle bond fracture

A fracture mechanics based analysis of interface bond failure is presented. The bond edge is regarded as an interface crack front loaded under combined mode 1, 2 and 3 loading, and results are obtained for the critical stress for initiation of bond failure and the location along the bond edge where failure is initiated. A numerical procedure is formulated to study the propagation of the interface crack following initiation. Assuming that the crack propagates at the interface, a criterion for propagation is formulated, and it is shown that the crack front shape predicted is consistent with the basic interface fracture mechanics assuming quasi-static crack propagation. Results for the bond strength are presented for different fracture criteria and different bond shapes.     

A new method to estimate the plane strain fracture toughness of materials

Although the testing method for fracture toughness K_IC has been implemented for decades, the strict specimen size requirements make it difficult to get the accurate K_IC for the high‐toughness materials. In this study, different specimen sizes of high‐strength steels were adopted in fracture toughness testing. Through the observations on the fracture surfaces of the K_IC specimen, it is shown that the fracture energy can be divided into 2 distinct parts: (1) the energy for flat fracture and (2) the energy for shear fracture. According to the energy criterion, the K_IC values can be acquired by small‐size specimens through derivation. The results reveal that the estimated toughness value is consistent with the experimental data. The new method would be widely applied to predict the fracture toughness of metallic materials with small‐size specimens.     

Calibration procedures for a computational model of ductile fracture

A recent extension of the Gurson constitutive model of damage and failure of ductile structural alloys accounts for localization and crack formation under shearing as well as tension. When properly calibrated against a basic set of experiments, this model has the potential to predict the emergence and propagation of cracks over a wide range of stress states. This paper addresses procedures for calibrating the damage parameters of the extended constitutive model. The procedures are demonstrated for DH36 steel using data from three tests: (i) tension of a round bar, (ii) mode I cracking in a compact tension specimen, and (iii) shear localization and mode II cracking in a shear-off specimen. The computational model is then used to study the emergence of the cup-cone fracture mode in the neck of a round tensile bar. Ductility of a notched round bar provides additional validation.     

On the failure of cracks under mixed-mode loads

Fracture of plates containing a crack under mixed-mode, I and II, loading conditions is investigated. Fracture mechanisms are first examined from fracture surface morphology to correlate with the macroscopic fracture behavior. Two distinct features are observed and they are typical of shear and tensile types of failure. From this correlation, a fracture criterion based on the competition of the attainment of a tensile fracturing stress σ_{_C} and a shear fracturing stress τ_{_C} at a fixed distance around the crack tip is proposed. Material ductility is incorporated using τ_{_C}/σ_{_C} determined from classical material failure theories. The type of fracture is predicted by comparing τ_{_max}/σ_{_max} at r=r_{_C} for a given mixed mode loading to the material ductility_{τ_C/σ_C} , i.e. τ_{_max}/σ_{_max})<(τ_{_C} /σ_{_C}) for tensile type of fracture and (τ_{_max}/σ_{_max}) r (τ_{_C}/ σ_{_C}) for shear type of fracture. It is found that, for typical engineering structural metals with certain ductility, (1) crack propagation initiates according to the maximum hoop stress criterion when the the mode mixity is near mode I and according to the maximum shear stress criterion when the mode mixity is near mode II, and (2) the transition of the failure from tensile to shear type can be predicted by the proposed criterion. For brittle materials the maximum hoop (opening) stress always reaches the tensile fracturing stress before the maximum shear stress reaches the shear fracturing stress of the material at a crack tip. Therefore, specimens made of brittle materials tend to fail under the maximum hoop stress criterion, as demonstrated by Erdogan and Sih (1963) and others. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同形态铁素体试样低温断裂行为的研究

采用热模拟方法,模拟不同形态的针状铁素体、板条状铁素体和魏氏组织的试样,测定试样的断裂参量,发现不同形态伯铁素体具有不同的解理断裂应力σｆ,而且韧性高的σｆ也高;断口分析结果也表明,不同的铁素体具有不同的断口特征。低温下解理断裂的发生满足两个条件;切应力达到临界的切应力;正应力达到解理断裂应力。     

Discrete fractal fracture mechanics

A modification of the classical theory of brittle fracture of solids is offered by relating discrete nature of crack propagation to the fractal geometry of the crack. The new model incorporates all previously considered theories of fracture processes, in particular the Griffith [Griffith AA. The phenomenon of rupture and flow in solids. Philos Trans Roy Soc Lond 1921;A221:163-398] theory, its contemporary extension known as LEFM and the most recently developed Quantized Fracture Mechanics (QFM) by Pugno and Ruoff [Pugno N, Ruoff RS. Quantized fracture mechanics. Philos Mag 2004;84(27):2829-45]. Using an equivalent smooth blunt crack for a given fractal crack, we find that assuming that radius of curvature of the blunt crack is a material property, the crack roughens while propagating. In other words, fractal dimension at the crack tip is a monotonically increasing function of the nominal crack length, i.e., the presence of the Mirror-Mist-Hackle phenomenon is analytically demonstrated.     

Evaluation of the fracture toughness properties of polytetrafluoroethylene

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (Dupont Tradename Teflon) is a common polymer with many structural applications including sheet, gaskets, bearing pads, piston rings and diaphragms. The interest here developed because this polymer is being considered as the major component of a newly proposed `reactive' material with a possible application as a projectile to replace common inertial projectiles. Little mechanical property data is available on this material since it is commonly used only as a coating material with the dominant properties being its low friction coefficient and high application temperature. Previous work (Joyce, 2003) on commercially available sheet PTFE material has demonstrated the applicability of the normalization method of ASTM E1820 (1999), the elastic-plastic fracture toughness standard to develop fracture toughness properties of this material over a range of test temperatures and loading rates. Additional work on the aluminum filled `reactive' derivative of the basic PTFE polymer (Joyce and Joyce, 2004) has also recently been completed. In this work, standard ASTM E1820 fracture toughness specimens machined from sintered pucks of PTFE were tested at four test temperatures and at a range of test rates to determine the J _Ic and J resistance curve characteristics of the PTFE material. The major results are that while crack extension is difficult at standard laboratory loading rates at ambient (21 °C) temperature or above, for temperatures slightly below ambient or for elevated loading rates, a rapid degradation of fracture resistance occurs and cracking occurs in a ductile or even nearly brittle manner.     

Prediction of the Brittle Fracture Toughness of Neutron-Irradiated Reactor Pressure-Vessel Steels. Part 1

The irradiation effect on the temperature dependence of the brittle fracture toughness of reactor pressure-vessel steels is simulated using the probabilistic model for the fracture-toughness prediction, which was proposed by the authors earlier. The paper analyzes the irradiation effect on the parameters controlling the plastic deformation and brittle fracture of reactor pressure-vessel steels. We consider the mechanisms of microcrack nucleation in nonirradiated, irradiated, and post-irradiation-annealed reactor pressure-vessel steels.     

Fracture resistance of 8 mol% yttria stabilized zirconia

Anin situ technique for the assessment of fracture resistance employing double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens was developed in the present study. The side-grooved DCB specimens were loaded with pure bending moments in a specially designed and fabricated test fixture which went inside the specimen chamber of a scanning electron microscope. The study as conducted on a 8 mol% fully stabilized cubic phase yttria (Y₂O₃) stabilized zirconia (YSZ) ceramic. The powder processed sheets were sintered at 1600°C for 2 h in a zirconia tube furnace. The mode I applied energy release rate, G_I was determined for both pure YSZ and treated YSZ. Two sets of experiments were conducted for the complete characterization of the ceramics. Three fracture toughness values were determined for the pure and treated ceramics, viz. (i) at the onset of the crack initiation,G _ic, (ii) at the arrest of a subcritical crack, G_ia and (iii) at the onset of the fast fracture,G _if. Two analyses of the experimental data were carried out, viz. method of extrapolation and statistical analysis. In case of the pure YSZ, a transgranular mode of the stable crack growth was identified to be predominant. The porous coating treatment appeared to have positive effects as the crack initiation resistance increased due to electrode layers. The stable crack growth behaviours of the ceramics were investigated by monitoring the crack growth velocity as a function of appliedG values. The results obtained were of direct significance in designing and fabrication of SOFC stacks.