Development of 500 kV DC PPLP-insulated oil-filled submarine cable

This paper outlines the development of a 500 kV DC oil-filled submarine cable capable of transmitting 2800 MW with ±500 kV 2800 A bipole system. Polypropylene laminated paper (PPLP) was employed as the insulation material, which is the world's first application to DC cables. The conductor size is 3000 mm², which is the largest size for submarine cables ever put into practical use. Through various fundamental and prototype tests, the cable proved to have excellent electrical characteristics for DC voltage as well as transient overvoltage. The cable and accessories are undergoing a long-term accelerated aging test as the final confirmation of their reliability and stability     

Long-term reliability testing of 500 kV DC PPLP-insulatedoil-filled cable and accessories

This paper describes the results of a long-term reliability test of a newly developed 500 kV DC oil-filled cable and accessories that transmit up to 2800 MW. This is the largest capacity ever used for submarine cables. The test line was 500 m and consist of submarine cables, land cables and several kinds of accessories. An optical fiber sensor was first installed in the oil duct of the cable to measure the conductor temperature directly under application of DC voltage. From 1994 to 1996, the authors carried out an accelerated electrical and thermal aging test equivalent to 40 years, a load cycle test, a polarity reversal test and a transient overloading current test. Satisfactory breakdown strength was confirmed in the residual test which followed the long-term test. These results have been instrumental to the decision to construct 500 kV DC commercial submarine cable lines     

500 kV交流海底电缆过电压保护与绝缘配合研究

海底电缆造价昂贵、施工检修较为复杂,一旦出现故障,后果严重。而过电压导致的绝缘老化和绝缘击穿是造成电缆故障的重要因素,因此有必要对海底电缆的过电压进行研究。基于镇海—舟山500 kV交流海底电缆工程,建立海底电缆过电压ATP仿真计算模型,对海底电缆系统的暂时过电压、操作过电压和雷电过电压进行了分析和计算,给出了保护措施,并基于计算结果研究了海底电缆的绝缘配合。     

Development of 500-kV XLPE cables

A 500-kV XLPE insulated cable with an insulation thickness of 27 mm has been developed for long-distance transmission lines. Basic studies on the 500-kV XLPE cable have shown that contaminants in the insulation may determine electrical performance. This hypothesis is justified by the good correlation obtained between statistical estimations of the size of the largest contaminant in the insulation and electrical characteristics of full-size cables. Voltage-withstand and long-term tests have confirmed design values for minimum breakdown stress, ac and impulse voltage, and degradation coefficients. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 118 (1): 28–40, 1997     

海南联网工程500kV交流海底电缆雷电侵入波过电压研究

海底电缆雷电侵入波过电压问题对于南方主网与海南电网联网工程的设计、运行和管理具有重要影响。基于EMTP/ATP软件,对海南联网工程进线段架空线遭受雷电绕击及反击时海底电缆的过电压水平进行了计算分析,得到了该工程500 kV海底电缆的雷电耐受电压值,提出了提高电缆安全裕度的措施和建议。研究成果可为海底电缆雷电冲击水平的确定及电缆设计、运行提供参考。     

Space change behavior in full scale ±250 kV dc XLPE cables

Space charge in full size ±250 kV dc cables was measured using a pulse-electroacoustic method. Two newly developed types of dc XLPE cables with 20 mm thick insulation were subjected to measurements at a dc voltage of 500 kV, keeping the conductor temperature either at room temperature or at 85°C. Qualitative analyses of the space charge distribution and the quantitative analysis of the electric fields in the vicinity of semicon interfaces were made. It was shown that the field in the vicinity of the inner semiconductor tends to increase by 10 to 40% when the polarity of the applied voltage was switched, in the case when the conductor was kept at 85°C. However, the distortion of the electric field was significantly smaller than that expected with conventional XLPE cables. As a result, dc cables are considered to have stable dc characteristics from the viewpoint of space charge behavior. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 124(2): 16–28, 1998     

Practical Application of ±250‐kV DC‐XLPE Cable for Hokkaido–Honshu HVDC Link

The long‐term dc properties of DC‐XLPE insulation materials, which have been developed for dc use, were investigated. It was found that the lifetime of DC‐XLPE under dc voltage application is extended by the addition of nano‐sized filler. The time dependence of the space charge distribution at 50 kV/mm was observed for 7 days. Almost no accumulation of space charge in DC‐XLPE was found. The 250‐kV DC‐XLPE cables and accessories were manufactured and subjected to a type test and PQ test for use in the Hokkaido–Honshu dc link facility owned by the Electric Power Development Co., Ltd. These tests were performed under conditions that included a polarity reversal test for line commutated converter (LCC) systems as recommended in CIGRE TB 219. The test temperature was 90 °C. The type test and PQ test were successfully completed. The DC‐XLPE cable and accessories were installed in summer 2012 for the Hokkaido–Honshu dc link. After the installation of the dc extruded cable system, a dc high‐voltage test at 362.5 kV (=1.45 PU) for 15 min was successfully completed in accordance with CIGRE TB 219. This dc extruded cable system was put into operation in December 2012 as the world's highest‐voltage extruded dc cable in service and the world's first dc extruded cable for a LCC system including polarity reversal operation.     

中国交联聚乙烯绝缘高压直流电缆发展的三级跳: 从160 kV到200 kV再到320 kV

自2012年起,先后有±160 kV、±200 kV及 ±320 kV 交联聚乙烯（XLPE）绝缘的高压直流电缆投入了柔性直流输电工程应用或进入现场敷设。它们分别是：2013年12月投入运行的南澳三端柔性直流输电工程,采用37 km的±160 kV直流海底和直流陆地电缆,用于连接南澳岛大型风场与陆地电网;2014年6月投入运行的舟山±200 kV多端柔性直流输电工程,海底电缆总长度达到294 km;正在建设的厦门±320 kV柔性直流输电工程,电缆总长度21 km,计划于2015年12月投入运行。以上三项柔性直流输电工程的成功建设与运行,也使中国的挤出绝缘高压直流电缆在电压等级上实现了三级跳式的跨越。本文介绍了XLPE绝缘高压直流电缆研发过程中针对材料特性、空间电荷分布、脱气及测试方法等方面的研究成果。并简要介绍了三个电压等级电缆现有柔性直流工程中的应用情况。     

交流500kV海底电力电缆结构设计

以南方主网与海南电网联网跨越琼州海峡500 kV海底电力电缆工程为例,介绍了交流500 kV海底电缆的形式、导体、绝缘、铅护套、加强层、铠装层的设计原则和思路。     

Development and design of DC‐GIS

In order to realize a reliable, compact, and economical converter station for HVDC transmission, applications of gas insulated switchgear (GIS) for dc transmission lines are considered. The characteristics of dc gas insulation differ from those of ac. The behavior of metallic particles left in the enclosure is one of the largest differences. The accumulation of electrical charges on solid insulators is another essential factor in designing a DC‐GIS. Also, degradation of metal oxide arrester blocks under dc stress must be deliberated. Based on the fundamental studies, we developed the components of ± 500‐kV DC‐GIS. Electrical and mechanical performances of these components have been tested and proven to be satisfactory. Finally these components have been assembled into a full DC‐GIS and subjected to a long‐term voltage endurance test. In this paper, the design philosophy of ± 500‐kV DC‐GIS, details of the components, and the test results are described. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 129(2): 51–61, 1999     

Some factors for the space charge formation in polyethylene

Information on space-charge behavior in thick insulated samples aids in understanding the dc characteristics of polymer-insulated dc cables. The pulsed electroacoustic method is used to investigate several space charge formation factors in 2 mm-thick polyethylene (PE). The following results were obtained. For measurement factors: (1) A polymeric semiconducting electrode provides a more accurate measurement than does a metal electrode as a result of better matching of acoustic impedance with PE. (2) Within a dc electrical stress range of several tens kV/mm, the space charge distributions under and after dc voltage application are almost the same; this is due to a comparatively long time of space-charge decay. (3) The space-charge distribution of a plate sample agrees with that of a cable sample having the same insulation thickness. For insulating material factors: (1) The amount of space charge in crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) is much larger than that in low-density PE (base of XLPE). The space charge of XLPE continues to increase even after dc voltage application (24 h); that of LDPE reaches equilibrium with a few hours. (2) The aforementioned space charge difference between XLPE and LDPE is assumed to be caused by ionic impurities in XLPE, not by the additives themselves (acetophenon and cumylalcohol as byproducts of cross linking and antioxidant).     

500 kV充油海底电缆运行状态综合在线监测系统研究

海南联网系统500 kV海底电缆运行环境复杂多变,会直接影响到海底电缆的运行状态.为了有效掌握海南联网系统三相31 km海底电缆的运行状态,研究充油海底电缆运行状态综合在线监测技术至关重要.文中根据海底电缆实际运行监测要求,结合充油海底电缆捆绑通信光缆的这一特殊结构,开展了基于布里渊光时域分析的分布式光纤温度传感技术研究,建立了基于IEC 60287热路模型的充油海底电缆的温度热场分布的热路模型,研制了500 kV充油海底电缆运行状态综合在线监测系统,完成了系统的现场安装及挂网运行.该系统能实时监测海底电缆的温度、油流以及油压等运行参数,通过海底电缆温度、油流以及油压历史数据分析,表明系统可实时监测海底电缆的运行状态及稳定可靠运行.     

500kV交联聚乙烯绝缘电缆绝缘结构研究

本文叙述交联聚乙烯 (XL PE)绝缘电缆绝缘统计设计方法。论述我国研制开发 5 0 0 k V XL PE电缆的绝缘结构采用绝缘统计设计方法的合理性。叙述我国 5 0 0 k V XL PE电缆的绝缘水平要求。论述对照日本已经运行的 5 0 0 k V XL PE电缆的绝缘结构参数和绝缘质量控制要求 ,采用绝缘统计设计方法 ,按相同可靠性原则作为我国 5 0 0 k V XL PE电缆确定电缆绝缘厚度和绝缘质量控制要求的基础是合理的。本文提出不同导体截面 5 0 0 k V XL PE电缆的推荐绝缘厚度。     

500 kV充油海底电缆导体温度分布式光纤传感监测及应用

依据海南联网系统500 kV海底电缆捆绑特殊海底光缆的实际情况,通过分布式光纤传感技术结合经有限元仿真模型优化的IEC60287热路模型的方法可以监测海底电缆内部的温度分布。在实验室中搭建岸上模拟实验平台,利用中压电缆捆绑光纤的结构进行捆绑电缆岸上模拟实验。同时,将经验证的温度监测方法应用于海南联网系统500 kV海底电缆,以C相空气段为例监测捆绑电缆光单元的温度。采用有限元仿真计算电缆表面的温度,根据电缆表面的温度基于热路模型推导出对应的导体温度,得到电缆导体在实际运行过程中的温度变化。岸上模拟实验测量的导体温度与数值计算得到导体温度的误差低于1.77%, 验证了海底电缆导体温度监测方法的准确性。     

适用于柔性直流电网的500 kV级直流电缆与架空线路并联运行控制及保护策略

高压直流电缆是跨海长距离输电和新能源并网的重要装备,高电压等级、高通流能力的直流电缆还处于研发阶段。为推进高压直流电缆研发,考验长期运行性能,依托国内某±500 kV柔性直流电网工程建立了直流电缆综合试验站。该柔性直流工程线路主要采用架空线,试验站位于其中一个换流站单极出线处,采用直流电缆与架空线路并联运行方式,其运行控制和保护配合复杂、可靠性要求极高,尚无工程经验可循。针对500 kV级直流电缆试验段与架空线路并联切换运行的接线方式,提出了试验站直流电缆监视和投入退出控制策略、故障保护策略以及过负荷运行控制保护策略。仿真试验结果证明,所提策略可保证直流电缆接入柔性直流电网后可靠运行。     

Insulation recovery characteristics of 500 kV class dc insulator assemblies after arc extinction

The insulation recovery characteristics of 500‐kV‐class dc insulator assemblies were measured. Switching impulse voltage was applied to a tension insulator assembly and three kinds of suspension insulator assemblies (V‐, Y‐, and I‐arranged) following arc extinction. Arc current ranged from 400 A to 4000 A and arc duration from 0.1 s to 0.4 s.

• (1) All insulator assemblies show slow insulation recovery after arc extinction up to an impulse withstand voltage of 100 to 200 kV. The insulation recovery rates increase near the impulse withstand voltage of 500 kV.
• (2) At arc current of 400 to 4000 A, for a duration of 0.1 s, the recovery rate for all insulator assemblies decreases with increases in arc current. This is believed to be due to the increases in the postarc gas temperature caused by the increased arc current.
• (3) When the arc duration is increased from 0.1 s to 0.2 s at a current of 4000 A, the insulation recovery of the V‐ and Y‐arranged assemblies is delayed by 0.05 s. This is believed to be due to the increases in the temperature of postarc gas caused by the longer arc duration.
• (4) By measuring the insulation recovery characteristics of the tension insulator assembly and three kinds of suspension insulator assemblies with an arc current of 4000 A and an arc duration of 0.1 s, the minimum value of nonvoltage time for a 500‐kV dc transmission line is calculated to be 0.17 s. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 129(3): 29–39, 1999

     

电力电缆技术的发展与研究动向

电力电缆广泛应用于城市电网中,经历了从充油电缆(OF电缆)、钢管电缆到交联聚乙烯电缆(XLPE电缆)的发展过程。XLPE电缆与其他电缆相比,有不需要供油、供气设备、防火性能好、安装维护简单等优良性能,被越来越多的国家所采用。电力电缆的安全运行关系到城市电网的安全可靠性,逐渐受到了各国的高度重视。提高高压电缆路径通道的管理水平、安全运行以及输送能力,其关键技术的研究非常重要。笔者叙述了电力电缆及其附件相关技术的研究状况和今后的发展趋势,得出提高城市电网的可靠性和安全性,降低运行成本是今后的发展趋势。     

厦门220kV春围Ⅱ路海底电缆工程概述

厦门220 kV春围Ⅱ路海底电缆首次在国内使用了大截面(2 500 mm2)、高电压(220 kV)等级的自容式充油聚丙烯薄膜木纤维复合纸(PPLP)绝缘复合光纤电缆.介绍了该海底电缆的选型思路、电缆结构以及用于海底电缆敷设的自行设计的退扭系统,对海底电缆光纤测温、油压监测、海域视频监视等辅助系统进行了阐述.     

海南联网工程海底电缆的选择

针对海南联网工程“交流500 kV、初期联网规模600 MW”联网方案,基于海底电缆的特殊性,简单分析了跨海电缆的型式选择。在此基础上,结合海南联网工程的系统条件,分析及校核计算了不同绝缘材料海底电缆的截面选择、电缆载流量、高抗配置方案及它们的技术经济比较。结果表明,短路电流及电压损耗方面对电缆选择基本不会产生影响;海底电缆选用800 mm2截面时,牛皮纸和PPLP两种绝缘电缆的长期容许电流均可满足联网规模的要求,且前者电气性能优于后者,故其采购价格高出一定范围是可以接受的,具体视电价水平而定。具体工程中的电缆选择问题还应视电缆具体参数及性能而定。     

±160 kV直流XLPE海底电缆载流特性仿真及试验

南澳岛±160 k V多端柔性直流输电工程在我国首次采用了高电压、大长度的挤包绝缘直流电缆系统,而目前在国内尚无此电压等级直流电缆工程的运行及维护经验,因此亟需对交联聚乙烯(XLPE)直流电缆的载流特性展开研究,从而为直流电缆线路运行限值的控制以及在线监测系统的定制提供技术支持。通过研究不同敷设环境下直流电缆的散热原理,采用专业有限元软件COMSOL Multiphysics建立了带保护套管埋地敷设方式下±160 k V直流XLPE海底电缆的温度场模型,用以模拟其温度分布和计算其载流量;通过在试验场地开展静态载流试验,对仿真模型的可靠性进行了验证;对试验结果进行讨论,分析得出了直流海缆的载流特性。