光纤瞬态电场传感器的研究

为了对高压变电站内因开关操作而产生的空间瞬态电场进行有效的测量,研制了一套光纤瞬态电场传感器.采用球形探头将空间瞬态电场变换为瞬态电压,由置于探头内部的微型光发射机通过光纤把瞬态电压信号传输到远端的光接收机,解决了强电磁干扰环境内的瞬态电场的测量问题.     

基于PWM的三维大气电场传感器驱动电机的转速控制

为实现所设计的空中三维大气电场传感器的屏蔽转子稳定可靠的旋转,提出了以意法半导体公司第二代ARM微控制器STM32F103RC为核心集成电路的MCU(Micro Control Unit)电机控制系统。该系统由无刷直流电机构成的动力驱动系统、微控制器构成的中央控制系统、无线收发装置构成的无线收发系统,以及三维电场传感器、电子罗盘、陀螺仪、GPS等传感器构成的传感器测量系统组成。采用脉冲宽度调制(PWM)信号控制无刷直流电机驱动模块,通过编程模拟相应的旋转速度。实验结果表明,空中三维大气电场传感器的屏蔽转子能实现稳定旋转。     

微型集成光波导电场传感器的设计

针对现有测量手段对时域脉冲电场测量的不足,利用铌酸锂晶体的电光效应,设计了一种集成了光波导与锥形天线的新型电场传感器。采用退火质子交换技术与溅射法制备的集成光波导电场传感器体积为仅为 70 mm×15 mm×15 mm。对该传感器的频响特性与时域动态范围进行测试,实验结果表明：传感器带宽为100 kHz至10 GHz,可测量电场范围为6.67 kV/m~133.33 kV/m,线性拟合相关系数为0.98535。与直接感应式电场传感器与电光直调电场传感器相比,集成光波导电场传感器体积更小,无需供电,无金属干扰,带宽宽,更适用于瞬态电磁场的测量。     

有源电光调制式高功率瞬态电场传感器的研制

瞬态电场防护及应用技术的研究离不开瞬态电场测试系统;文中基于有源电光调制法,研制了一种高功率瞬态电场传感器;通过建立该传感器的等效电路模型,并借助CST仿真建模,分别从频域和时域角度分析了传感器的接收特性,并得到了一致的结果;最后利用脉冲噪声模拟器和吉赫兹横电磁波小室对研制的传感器性能进行了测试;结果表明:接收天线为单极子天线,天线负载采用高阻时响应电压与被测电场场强成正比;研制的传感器带宽为10kHz～314MHz,可用于纳秒级高功率瞬态电场的时域测试。     

基于旋转谐振结构的单芯片二维电场传感器

提出并研制了一种二维电场检测传感芯片,将四个电场测量微型单元和旋转式驱动微结构集成在3. 5 mm ×3. 5 mm的敏感结构上,实现了单芯片的电场二维测量.介绍了传感器的工作原理、敏感结构的设计,以及基于绝缘体上硅( SOI)工艺的单芯片微型二维电场传感器制备工艺技术.成功研制出传感器原理样机,研究了微型二维电场传感器的标定方法,开发了用于电场二维标定的测试装置,并在室温常压下对传感器进行了二维标定.实验结果表明:该传感器能够有效减小电场的轴间耦合干扰,测量误差优于7. 04%,线性度可达到1. 25%.     

中国微米纳米_基于电场的快速暂态过电压测量

提出了一种基于电场的VFTO测量方法,以实现气体绝缘变电站(Gas Insulated Substations GIS)开关操作引起的快速暂态过电压(Very Fast Transient Overvoltage VFTO)的测量.通过MEMS电场传感器测量GIS母线周围的电场,进行大量试验确定电场强度与母线电压的线性关系,并对传感器进行标定,实现VFTO的测量.从理论上对GIS变电站不同负载的VFTO建模并进行仿真数值计算;使用扫频法、方波响应法对电场传感器的响应特征进行了测试,高频截止频率>134 MHz;在实验室内进行了高幅值电压测量实验,在云南电网公司超高压试验研究基地进行GIS变电站现场VFTO测量实验,结果表明利用电场传感器能够进行快速暂态过电压的测量.     

基于高阶滤波的闪电电场测量与波形校正

为提高对闪电辐射电场瞬态高频分量的探测能力,抑制环境工频噪声影响,本文设计了一种基于高阶滤波的闪电电场测量系统,对于高频通带内信号,其灵敏度为12.11 V/(m/V),最小可以识别0.1 V/m的脉冲电场信号,对工频噪声的抑制可达41 dB.另一方面,为克服高阶滤波作用带来的测量电场低频失真问题,提出了一种直接根据传感器电路参数构造系统函数的波形校正方法,对失真的低频信号进行补偿.通过模拟数值和实测数据的验证分析可知,利用提出的高阶快天线测量系统以及重构方法,既可以观测得到微弱的闪电电场变化事件,又能够在一定程度上补偿波形的低频失真成分,可应用于多站闪电定位以及雷电放电参数的反演估计.     

基于PXI平台的MEMS电场传感器自动测试系统的设计

针对MEMS电场传感器的传统测试系统复杂、测试效率低和兼容性差等问题,设计了一种新型电场传感器自动测试系统。该系统基于高度集成的NI PXI平台,采用LabVIEW图形化编程语言,构成了传感器自动测试系统虚拟仪器框架。系统采用集散控制理念,将控制器与操作站分离,实现了对标准电场发生装置的控制、传感器微弱信号的采集与处理、数据的分析与存储等;并且基于数字化相关解调技术,实现了电场传感器对直流电场和交流电场的高精度标定测试。通过实验验证了测试系统工作的稳定,传感器的测试精度小于1%。     

电容式交变电场传感器与工频电场检测试验研究

介绍了交变电场传感器的设计方法,并进行了原理分析和理论推导,在此基础上进行了电场测量装置的制作,使用该装置在500 kV输电线下、变电站内的220 kV开关间隔与标准仪器进行了对比测量,结果证明使用该传感器的电场测量装置在1 kV/m以上场强范围内具有较好的线性度,测量数值与PMM8053仪器相比较具有较大的相关度,并具有较好抗干扰能力和稳定性,适合于电力系统工频电场长时间监测。     

微型折叠式三维电场传感器

提出一种基于柔性衬底和三维组装方法的新型三维电场传感器.利用柔性衬底的折叠,构建一种互相垂直的新型三维电场传感器,研究了测量空间电场时的耦合,提出解耦算法,标定灵敏度矩阵,实现了空间电场三个方向分量的准确测量;通过一系列的温湿度实验研究了三维结构的形变,证明了三维电场传感器结构稳定可靠.实验结果表明:所研制的三维电场传感器不仅能消除耦合干扰,实现空间电场分量的准确测量,测量误差在3.61％以内;而且通过新的三维组装方法,大大减少了三维电场传感器的质量、体积,折叠工艺简化了三维传感器的组装,有利于批量化生产.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).