没食子酸时间温度指示器的制备及性能研究

目的 基于没食子酸(Gallic Acid,GA)的特性,制备可以通过调节pH值改变活化能的时间温度指示器(Time Temperature Indicator,TTI),以期为新型TTI的开发提供参考。方法 制备不同GA浓度、pH值的GA TTI,在恒温条件下储藏,探究GA浓度和pH值对TTI颜色变化的影响。测定制备TTI的吸光度值,构建TTI颜色响应的温度动力学模型,并确定其动力学参数和活化能。结果 GA浓度为0.02 mol/L时TTI对温度最为敏感,故制备出GA浓度为0.02 mol/L,pH值为6.5、7.0、7.5、8.0的4种TTI。pH值为6.5时,TTI从无色变为黄褐色;pH值为7.0时,TTI从无色变为草绿色;pH值为7.5和8.0时,TTI从无色变为蓝绿色。利用吸光度计算出的4种TTI的活化能分别为85.99、44.93、29.57、25.03 kJ/mol。结论 不同pH值的GA TTI颜色变化明显,且GA TTI活化能有一个较大的范围,适用食品类型广泛,有潜力作为一种新型TTI。     

微生物型鲜牛奶时间温度指示器

目的为了准确表征鲜牛奶的新鲜度,制备一种微生物型时间-温度指示器。方法选择瑞士乳杆菌菌种作为微生物基础,采用SPG膜乳化技术制备微生物微胶囊,按照微生物胶囊与固体基质的不同比例制作3种固体微生物时间-温度指示器,以色差值为变化参数研究其动力学特性,并与应用的鲜牛奶在恒温及变温条件下进行匹配试验。结果 3种不同比例时间-温度指示器的活化能与鲜牛奶的活化能差值在25 kJ/mol之内,其中当微胶囊质量与固体基质体积之比(g/mL)为1∶2时,在变温条件下两者的等效温度差值为2.1℃,TTI预测食品货架期终点的误差为3%。结论在恒温和变温等2种条件下时,制备的微生物型TTI可以精准实现鲜牛奶货架期的可视化。     

胶态金纳米型时间-温度指示器性能研究

目的 探究基于金纳米颗粒的时间温度指示器（Time-temperature indicator, TTI）的变色机理及不同制备参数对其动力学参数的影响,为其在食品上的实际应用提供参考依据。方法 以明胶与氯金酸的还原反应为基础制备胶态金纳米型时间-温度指示器。通过紫外-可见分光光度计对TTI的吸光度进行测定,并将其与时间进行非线性拟合。采用单因素实验探讨制备参数对反应速率、变色寿命和活化能的影响。结果 TTI体系中生成的金纳米颗粒使得TTI呈现紫红色,金纳米颗粒数量的增加导致TTI的颜色变深。明胶用量减少而明胶-氯金酸质量比不变,以及明胶用量不变而明胶-氯金酸质量比增大的情况下,TTI体系的反应速率变慢,变色寿命延长。明胶-氯金酸质量比决定了TTI体系的活化能。TTI的活化能的范围为77.89～84.58 kJ/mol。结论 TTI具有监测因脂肪氧化而变质食品的潜能,通过调节TTI的制备参数可改变其变色寿命以匹配不同货架期的食品。     

微生物型时间‒温度指示器(TTI)研究进展

目的 介绍微生物型时间–温度指示器(Time Temperature Indicator,TTI)在食品智能包装中的研究进展,为TTI在食品品质监测上的应用提供一定的参考和理论依据。方法 概述微生物型TTI在食品智能包装中的研究进展,微生物TTI的组成,包括TTI微生物、培养基和pH指示剂;总结微生物TTI基于总色差(ΔE)和可滴定酸度(TA)的响应机制,以及微生物TTI模型的建立,并分析其应用和发展趋势。结论 大量的文献证明微生物TTI是可用于监测食品贮藏运输过程中温度历史的有效工具,有广阔的发展前景。     

固态酶型时间温度指示器性能研究

目的以糖化酶、淀粉为主要原料,研制一种激活方便的固态酶型时间-温度指示器。方法对糖化酶进行微胶囊化处理,以糖化酶反应体系为基础,研究不同因素对指示器色差值的影响,确定在4℃条件下,时间在5~6 d的指示器配比。结果确定了固态酶型TTI的反应配方,通过测定其在不同温度下的反应速率,得到了7组TTI体系的活化能,其活化能值分别为106.68,98.47,87.66,89.73,106.74,97.51和87.99 k J/mol。结论得到可用于4℃条件下的时间温度指示器的7组配方,根据其活化能的不同,可用于指示不同产品的货架期。     

固定化糖化酶型时间-温度指示器在酸奶质量检测上的应用

研究了固定化糖化酶型时间-温度指示器(TTI)的动力学性能和反应终点,并求得了TTI的活化能;同时研究了酸奶的活化能和货架期寿命。根据TTI与食品的活化能以及反应终点的匹配原则,在恒温及变温条件下进行匹配实验。结果表明,在恒温和变温2种条件下,1#TTI的活化能都满足与酸奶的匹配要求,并且反应终点误差在15%以内,能够比较准确地监测酸奶品质变化,从而预测酸奶的寿命。     

不同pH值对Eu_2Zr_2O_7/ZrO_2(3Y)粉体活化能的影响

用反向共沉淀法合成Eu_2Zr_2O_7/ZrO_2(3Y)复相粒子;用XRD、DTA-TG、SEM表征物相变化及粒子形貌;分析了不同pH值下制备粉体的合成动力学。结果表明,两相体积比V(Eu_2Zr_2O_7)∶V(ZrO_2(3Y))=15∶85,初始溶液浓度0.1 mol/L,体系温度0℃,滴定速率2 mL/min,pH值=11,经1 100℃煅烧2.5h时,获得的Eu_2Zr_2O_7/ZrO_2(3Y)粒子形貌近似球形、粒径约35nm。由Doyle-Ozawa和Kissinger法分别计算的pH值=11和12的样品物相变化各阶段的表观活化能平均值分别为59.66,100,310.53kJ/mol和73.99,126.91,356.74kJ/mol;晶粒生长活化能分别为18.96和23.90kJ/mol,前者比后者小了4.94kJ/mol,可见具有较高的烧结活性。     

固定化淀粉酶时间-温度指示剂性能的研究

目的研究淀粉酶型时间-温度指示剂(TTI)及酶经固定化后体系稳定性。方法以淀粉酶反应体系为基础,确定在时间为4~5 d内,温度为4℃的条件下指示剂最佳配比,再应用固定化酶技术,观察固定化酶的凝固性,测定其酶活性能以及应用于TTI中的吸光值随时间变化曲线。结果确定了淀粉酶型TTI体系配方,酶经固定后酶活有所下降,但吸光值变化更平稳。结论得到了应用于4℃时的时间-温度指示剂最佳酶固定化条件,以糊精(质量浓度为40 g/L)和碘(质量分数为0.1%)为底物,琼脂固定化酶液(质量分数为3%)为反应物,该条件下得到最适pH值为6.0,最适温度为55℃,此时指示剂稳定性最佳,体系颜色变化与时间最理想。     

混合锆类粉体对高模量碳纤维表面改性的研究

混合锆类粉体是含有锆元素的无机陶瓷材料。采用溶胶-凝胶法与碳热还原法制备得到了ZrO₂、ZrB₂、ZrC、ZrN混合锆类陶瓷粉体，并利用连续上浆工艺将其涂覆到碳纤维表面。采用X射线衍射仪对锆类粉体进行了结构与组分的分析。通过扫描电子显微镜、热重测试研究了混合锆类粉体的加入对碳纤维表面形貌、耐热性能的影响。结果表明，实验条件下制备混合锆类粉体的最佳原料配比是n(Zr)∶n(B)∶n(C)=1∶2.5∶12,粉体的最佳烧结温度为1600℃,此时粉体中ZrB₂含量相对最多；高模碳纤维经过10%粉体上浆改性后，碳纤维的起始氧化温度从675.1℃升高到了717.9℃,氧化反应的表观活化能从76.41kJ/mol升高到115.43kJ/mol。     

一种酶型时间温度指示器的研究

食品保质期是食品质量安全的一个重要方面,而温度对于食品质量变化的影响较大却难以控制,使得食品保质期的可信度有所下降。时间温度指示器(TTI)的研发可以很好地解决这一难题,可以对食品流通环境中的关键影响因素进行监控、记录,通过时间温度累积效应来指示食品的安全程度。TTI在国外已被广泛用在大型超市及物流监控系统中,而我国对TTI的研究尚显薄弱。本文利用碱性脂肪酶-底物反应体系开发了一种时间温度指示器,建立了时间-温度-响应值模型,并对其应用形式、动力学参数进行了初步的研究,得出响应的活化能在52~56k J/mol,该体系有望用作检测环境温度的指示卡。     

凝固科学技术与材料

从凝固科学与实践发展的角度介绍了当前凝固材料体系的基本框架和凝固科学主要发展阶段的基本理论。作为材料科学与工程的基本组成，凝固科学技术正在现代科学理论的基础上针对传统材料的改性提高和新材料的发展需求，以控形、控构、控性为目标开展优质铸件的定向、晶体生长、快凝、深过冷及各种新型和超常领域凝固过程的研究，并介绍了其中某些方面和展望了可能的发展趋势。     

Development and challenges of planning and scheduling for petroleum and petrochemical production

Production planning and scheduling are becoming the core of production management, which support the decision of a petrochemical company. The optimization of production planning and scheduling is attempted by every refinery because it gains additional profit and stabilizes the daily production. The optimization problem considered in industry and academic research is of different levels of realism and complexity, thus increasing the gap. Operation research with mathematical programming is a conventional approach used to address the planning and scheduling problem. Additionally, modeling the processes, objectives, and constraints and developing the optimization algorithms are significant for industry and research. This paper introduces the perspective of production planning and scheduling from the development viewpoint.     

江澳两地高校文创设计的协同研究与商业实践

目的 探索江门世遗文化的传承、发展和转化的新思路,践行国家在《粤港澳大湾区发展规划》纲要中要求江门承担与港澳地区文化创意合作与开发任务的分工。方法 与澳门高校紧密合作,开展专业培训课程,以开平碉楼为例,从人文视角开展设计研究,梳理开平碉楼的文化脉络,把世遗文化的元素和其背后的文化融入文创产品中,提升文创产品的附加值,推动当地文创产业结构的变革。结果 两地高校构建了稳定的科研团队,开设长期有效的设计培训课程,与景区建立了研究协作关系,帮助景区构建了一套产销研的商业模式。结论 以跨区域高校合作为平台,以文创产品为抓手,依托江澳两地的资源优势,可以构建江门世遗文化全新的品牌形象,最终推动开平世遗文化的活化。     

Error and uncertainty in modeling and simulation

This article develops a general framework for identifying error and uncertainty in computational simulations that deal with the numerical solution of a set of partial differential equations (PDEs). A comprehensive, new view of the general phases of modeling and simulation is proposed, consisting of the following phases: conceptual modeling of the physical system, mathematical modeling of the conceptual model, discretization and algorithm selection for the mathematical model, computer programming of the discrete model, numerical solution of the computer program model, and representation of the numerical solution. Our view incorporates the modeling and simulation phases that are recognized in the systems engineering and operations research communities, but it adds phases that are specific to the numerical solution of PDEs. In each of these phases, general sources of uncertainty, both aleatory and epistemic, and error are identified. Our general framework is applicable to any numerical discretization procedure for solving ODEs or PDEs. To demonstrate this framework, we describe a system-level example: the flight of an unguided, rocket-boosted, aircraft-launched missile. This example is discussed in detail at each of the six phases of modeling and simulation. Two alternative models of the flight dynamics are considered, along with aleatory uncertainty of the initial mass of the missile and epistemic uncertainty in the thrust of the rocket motor. We also investigate the interaction of modeling uncertainties and numerical integration error in the solution of the ordinary differential equations for the flight dynamics.     

Density and viscosity of tetralin and trans-decalin

New measurements are reported for the density and viscosity of tetralin and trans-decalin. The density was determined from room temperature to 60°C for tetralin and to 95°C for trans-decalin. The kinematic viscosity was measured up to temperatures slightly above 100°C. Our results improve upon the values recommended by the American Petroleum Institute for these liquids.     

The Candela and Photometric and Radiometric Measurements

The national measurement system for photometric and radiometric quantities is presently based upon techniques that make these quantities traceable to a high-accuracy cryogenic radiometer. The redefinition of the candela in 1979 provided the opportunity for national measurement laboratories to base their photometric measurements on optical detector technology rather than on the emission from high-temperature blackbody optical sources. The ensuing technical developments of the past 20 years, including the significant improvements in cryogenic radiometer performance, have provided the opportunity to place the fundamental maintenance of photometric quantities upon absolute detector based technology as was allowed by the 1979 redefinition. Additionally, the development of improved photodetectors has had a significant impact on the methodology in most of the radiometric measurement areas. This paper will review the status of the NIST implementation of the technical changes mandated by the 1979 redefinition of the candela and its effect upon the maintenance and dissemination of optical radiation measurements.     

Creation and motion of dislocations and fracture in metal and silicon crystals

By making a step on one surface ( ) of a rectangular small paralellepiped copper crystal, dislocations could be created by the molecular dynamic method. The dislocation created was not a complete edge dislocation but a pair of Heidenreich-Shockley partial dislocations. Each time a dislocation was created, the stress on the surface was released. Small copper crystals having a notch were pulled (until fracture), compressed and buckled by use of the molecular dynamic method. An embedded atom potential was used to represent the interaction between atoms. Dislocations were created near the tip of the notch. A very sharp yield stress was observed. The results of high speed deformations of pure silicon small crystals using the molecular dynamics are presented. The results suggest that plastic deformation may be possible for the silicon with a high speed deformation even at room temperature. Another small size single crystal, the same size and the same surfaces, was compressed using molecular dynamic method. The surfaces are {110}, {112} and {111}. The compressed direction was [111]. It was found that silicon crystals are possible to be compressed with a high speed deformation. This may suggest that silicon may be plastically deformed with high speed deformation.     

SMC／BMC的回收与再利用

SMC／BMC废弃物对工业及环境造成了很大影响，指出了SMC／BMC回收再利用的紧迫性。通过对目前国际上SMC／BMC回收再利用的3种典型途径优缺点的对比，参照国外SMC／BMC回收再利用的先进方法，对我国SMC／BMC回收再利用提供了可行的建议．