营运驾驶员情绪状态对驾驶风格的影响

目的探索营运驾驶员情绪状态对驾驶风格的影响。方法采用多维度驾驶风格量表(MDSI-C)和驾驶员情绪状态量表(DPMS)对165名营运驾驶员进行测量。结果 MDSI-C感觉寻求、愤怒、焦虑和分心4个维度的性别差异显著(t=-3.021,-4.259,3.550,5.531,P<0.01)。紧张与感觉寻求、分心和焦虑维度得分呈正相关(r=0.251~0.436,P<0.01)。愤怒与MDSI-C所有维度得分呈正相关(r=0.163~0.353,P<0.05)。抑郁与感觉寻求和冒险维度得分呈正相关(r=0.243,0.158,P<0.05)。精力与感觉寻求和愤怒维度得分呈正相关(r=0.208,0.194,P<0.05)。回归分析发现:驾驶员各人口学因素和DPMS各维度,可以分别解释冒险型、愤怒型和焦虑型驾驶风格19.4%、36.3%和29.3%的变异。结论驾驶员长期情绪愤怒或紧张对驾驶风格有不良影响,影响驾驶安全。     

中德驾驶员驾驶愤怒行为比较

目的采用中文版与德文版Driving Angry Scale（DAS）对中国大陆与德国驾驶员进行施测,比较中德两国驾驶员驾驶愤怒水平的差异。方法将DAS分别翻译为中文与德文,通过纸质问卷发放以及网络调查的方式对259名中国大陆的驾驶员与472名德国驾驶员的愤怒驾驶水平进行测量。结果中国驾驶员的驾驶愤怒概念与13项目6维度模型拟合较好,德国驾驶员的驾驶愤怒概念则与14项目6维度模型拟合较好;中国驾驶员总的驾驶愤怒水平要显著低于德国驾驶员,且中国被试随着年龄的增加,驾驶愤怒水平也在增加;德国驾驶员的驾驶愤怒水平则是随着年龄的增加而减少,且随着驾龄增加而减少。结论中国驾驶员的＂驾驶愤怒＂概念与原6维度模型有较大差别,而德国驾驶员的＂驾驶愤怒＂概念组成则与原先的6维度模型差别不大。     

驾驶过程中手机使用的补偿式行为

驾驶员在驾车过程中使用手机会造成驾驶分心,研究驾驶中的补偿行为有助于降低驾驶分心造成的危害。通过模拟驾驶探究驾驶行为和生理指标在是否使用手机、不同路段复杂程度、不同驾驶员类型中的差异,从而使驾驶员注意到驾驶中使用手机的危害并及时采取措施,弥补驾驶分心带来的危害。研究结果表明,使用手机主效应在各项指标中均呈现显著影响(P<0.001),驾驶员类型主效应在阅读短信行为中的踩刹车持续时间上存在显著影响(P<0.01),使用手机与驾驶员类型交互作用在接听电话行为的心率、阅读短信行为中的平均速度、踩刹车持续时间和心率上存在显著影响(P<0.05)。比起接听免提电话,阅读短信时采取补偿行为的幅度更大(P<0.05);驾驶员比学员采取补偿行为的幅度更大(P<0.05)。     

驾驶风格研究现状与展望

驾驶风格指驾驶员在日常生活中习惯性的驾驶方式.本文对这一领域的研究进行了回顾和归纳,指出了驾驶风格的概念、影响因素及主要测量方法（多维度驾驶风格量表和驾驶风格问卷）;并针对当前研究的不足,提出了未来研究的3个方向：（1）拓展驾驶风格研究的广度和深度;（2）重视驾驶风格测量的应用;（3）加快驾驶风格的本土化研究.     

认知分心对驾驶安全的影响及调节因素

驾驶员认知分心是指驾驶员的心智偏离首要驾驶任务。手机通话、与乘客交谈、分析GPS导航信息以及做白日梦等活动都会导致认知分心。本文概述了认知分心对驾驶安全造成的潜在负面影响,分析了驾驶员特质、驾驶任务要求、次要任务要求以及自我调节因素对认知分心的调节作用,最后展望了对驾驶员认知分心的监测、预防和改善措施。     

多维度驾驶风格量表的修订及初步应用

目的:检验修订版多维度驾驶风格量表在我国驾驶员测量中的信度、效度和适用性。方法:采用"滚雪球"方法在全国20个大中城市先后分两次选取总共655名驾驶员参加本次研究,样本分为两部分。结果:样本1的测量结果显示:修订后的驾驶风格量表由24个题目组成,分为5个因素,累计贡献率为54.27%。量表各因素与总分的相关系数在0.60~0.77之间,均P0.001。量表总的内部一致性系数为0.86,各个因素的内部一致性系数在0.70~0.82之间。样本2的测量结果验证了修订版驾驶风格量表的结构有效性和适用性。结论:修订版驾驶风格量表具有良好的信度和效度,可以作为今后进一步研究的测量工具。     

道路安全的家庭氛围量表的修订及信效度检验

目的检验修订版道路安全的家庭氛围量表在我国驾驶员测量中的信度和效度。方法使用修订版道路安全的家庭氛围量表和驾驶风格量表,对321名驾驶员进行测量。结果修订后的道路安全的家庭氛围量表由36个题目组成,分为反馈、无安全承诺、榜样、监控、限制、沟通6个维度,累计方差解释率为58.84%。量表总的内部一致性系数是0.92,量表各因素与总分的相关系数在0.52~0.86之间,且相关显著。量表各维度与驾驶风格量表各维度之间的相关显著,说明量表的相容效度较好。结论修订后的道路安全的家庭氛围量表信效度良好,可以用来测量我国驾驶员对道路安全的家庭氛围的认知。     

驾驶安全态度量表的修订及信效度检验

目的检验修订版驾驶安全态度量表在我国驾驶员中的信度、效度和适用性。方法采用修订版安全态度量表和驾驶行为量表对202名驾驶员进行了测量,得到最终量表。结果修订版驾驶安全态度量表由18个题目组成,分为道路畅通与规则遵守、超速驾驶、激情驾驶三个维度,可以解释驾驶安全态度63.24%的变异。量表各因素与总分的相关系数在0.606~0.759之间,P0.001。量表总的内部一致性系数是0.928,各维度内部一致性系数在0.876~0.884之间。三个维度均与驾驶行为量表中的亲社会驾驶行为维度呈显著负相关、与攻击性驾驶行为维度呈显著正相关。结论修订版驾驶安全态度量表信效度良好,可以用来测量我国驾驶员的驾驶安全态度。     

驾驶行为量表(中国版)的制订及信效度检验

目的检验中文版驾驶行为量表(Driving Behavior Scale,DBS)在国内驾驶员群体中的信度、效度和适用性。方法采用中文版驾驶行为量表对360名驾驶员进行了测量,获得328份有效问卷,通过项目分析和因素分析,形成最终中文版量表。结果量表共有21个题目,分为3个维度:过度的安全/谨慎行为、驾驶功能缺陷和敌意/攻击行为。累计方差解释率为62.48%。量表的内部一致性系数为0.86,各个因素的内部一致性系数在0.81-0.93之间,P均0.001。修订后中文版驾驶行为量表各维度与驾驶安全态度量表各维度之间显著相关。这说明该量表的相容效度良好。结论最终中文版驾驶行为量表信效度良好,能够可靠而有效的测量国内焦虑驾驶行为。     

驾驶员自我效能感量表的修订及其信效度检验

目的检验中文驾驶员自我效能感量表在我国驾驶员群体中的信度、效度和适用性。方法使用中文版驾驶员自我效能感量表和驾驶风格量表对448名驾驶员进行测量。结果修订后的驾驶员自我效能感量表由10个题目组成,累计方差解释率为53.35%。修订后量表总的内部一致性信度为0.883。量表总分与驾驶风格量表各维度之间相关显著,表明量表的结构效度较好。量表总分与驾驶员过去一年中的交通违规次数、交通事故次数之间相关显著,表明量表的外部效度较好。结论修订后的驾驶员自我效能感量表由10个题目组成,量表的信效度较好,适合中国驾驶员应用。     

Personality and attitudes as predictors of risky driving among older drivers

Although there are several studies on the effects of personality and attitudes on risky driving among young drivers, related research in older drivers is scarce. The present study assessed a model of personality-attitudes-risky driving in a large sample of active older drivers. A cross-sectional design was used, and structured and anonymous questionnaires were completed by 485 older Italian drivers (Mean age = 68.1, SD = 6.2, 61.2% males). The measures included personality traits, attitudes toward traffic safety, risky driving (errors, lapses, and traffic violations), and self-reported crash involvement and number of issued traffic tickets in the last 12 months. Structural equation modeling showed that personality traits predicted both directly and indirectly traffic violations, errors, and lapses. More positive attitudes toward traffic safety negatively predicted risky driving. In turn, risky driving was positively related to self-reported crash involvement and higher number of issued traffic tickets. Our findings suggest that theoretical models developed to account for risky driving of younger drivers may also apply in the older drivers, and accordingly be used to inform safe driving interventions for this age group.     

Driving styles and their associations with personality and motivation

The associations between driving styles and the Big-Five personality factors and perceived costs and benefits of driving were examined in order to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of driving styles. Questionnaires tapping driving style, personality traits, motivations for driving, and background variables were completed by 320 drivers (150 men and 170 women). The results show that each driving style is associated with a unique set of sociodemographic, personality, and motivational factors. The reckless and angry styles were both endorsed more by men than women, by younger drivers, and by those displaying higher levels of Extroversion and thrill seeking, and lower levels of Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. However, whereas the reckless style was also predicted by the perceived costs of driving-related distress, as well as higher perceived risk to life among those with higher education, the angry style was also predicted by perceptions of both control and annoyance among more educated drivers. The anxious style was endorsed more by women, and by drivers lower on Conscientiousness and higher on Neuroticism. Individuals reporting this style regard driving as a cause of distress and annoyance, and, depending on their level of education, perceive it as entailing more risk to life and as a potential damage to their self-image (higher education), or as providing more opportunities for impression management (lower education). The careful driving style was endorsed more by women, and associated with higher Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness, along with higher pleasure (especially among younger drivers), but lower thrill seeking and worries about damage to self-esteem. The discussion focuses on the importance of looking at driving styles and their predictors holistically in order to design practical interventions suited to different profiles of drivers.     

驾驶员风险驾驶行为及影响因素分析

为探究中国驾驶员风险驾驶行为产生的原因及其影响因素,利用修正的曼彻斯特DBQ问卷对349名中国驾驶员进行了问卷调查。经过探索性因素分析(EFA)得到了4因子结构模型,分别命名为认知错误、违规行为、无意失误和记忆力流失,并利用验证性因素分析(CFA)对该模型进行了验证。研究了性别与驾驶行为的关系,结果表明男性驾驶员更容易发生违规行为,而女性驾驶员发生无意失误行为的频率较男性驾驶员偏高。通过变量间的相关性分析,研究了驾驶员的统计学信息、4因子以及交通事故之间的关系,构建了基于Logistic回归的交通事故预测模型,研究表明违规行为和年龄是影响交通事故的重要参数。     

The contribution of perceived parental and familial characteristics to attitudes toward accompanied driving among young drivers

One of the main requirements of the graduated driving licensing system in Israel is that new drivers be accompanied by an experienced driver (usually one of their parents) for the first three months after receipt of their license. The current series of studies examined the associations between young drivers’ attitudes toward accompanied driving (ATAD) and their perception of their parents’ driving styles and parenting modes, as well as dynamic of their family. Young drivers completed questionnaires assessing their ATAD, and either perceived parental driving style (Study 1, n = 100), perceived parenting style (Study 2, n = 120), or perceived family dynamic (Study 3, n = 254). The results indicated significant associations between the young drivers’ ATAD of tension, relatedness, avoidance, disapproval, and anxiety, and their own perceptions of the characteristic driving styles of their parents (risky, anxious, angry, and careful). They also indicated significant relationship between youngsters’ ATAD and their perceptions of their parents’ parenting modes (responsive, demanding, and autonomy-granting). Finally, the results indicated significant negative associations between ATAD of tension, avoidance, disapproval, and anxiety, and family cohesion and adaptability, and a positive association between these two and relatedness. The results are discussed in respect to the relationship between the parental model and the young drivers’ ATAD in particular, and risk management in general, and practical implications of these results are offered.     

Predicting risky and angry driving as a function of gender

The present study was designed to examine putative risk factors of driving anger, traffic citations, and traffic-related injuries as a function of gender. Participants included 785 (65% men) drivers identified by the Washington State Department of Licensing. Just over half of participants (55%) were identified as high-risk drivers based on multiple traffic violations, whereas 45% were recruited from a random sample of drivers. Participants completed a mailed survey assessing indicators of risky driving and risk factors including sensation seeking, stressful events, negative affect, tobacco use, and drinking behavior. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to evaluate risky driving outcomes as a function of theoretically prioritized risk factors and to evaluate gender as a moderator. Overall, men reported more traffic citations and injuries, but did not differ from women in reported driving anger. All putative risk factors were associated with one or more indicators of risky driving. Moderation results revealed that the positive relationship between drinking frequency and driving anger was stronger for women. In contrast, typical number of drinks consumed was negatively associated with driving anger, which was also more evident for women. In addition, the positive association between sensation seeking and number of traffic citations was stronger among women.     

Error specific restrictions for older drivers: promoting continued independence and public safety

OBJECTIVES: To describe a population of older drivers with driving restrictions, their most common restrictions, and to compare restricted drivers to their safe and unsafe counterparts. Safe drivers are those who do not commit hazardous errors or traffic violations. Unsafe drivers are those who commit hazardous errors and/or traffic violations that place them in hazardous situations. Restricted drivers are those who have committed traffic or rule violations only under certain driving conditions. DESIGN: A retrospective, cross-sectional study with mixed methodology. SETTING: A clinical driving evaluation program within an academic geriatrics department. PARTICIPANTS: Drivers age 60+ (N=108) referred for clinical driving evaluation and who consented to allow their data to be used for research purposes. INTERVENTION: Drivers performing at an intermediate level driving fitness were issued error specific driving restrictions. MEASUREMENT: Driving evaluation included clock drawing test (CDT), mini-mental status exam (MMSE), Trailmaking, geriatric depression scale (GDS), and simulated driving. RESULTS: The three most common restrictions were limited driving distance (N=8), limited driving time (N=8), and daytime only driving (N=8). Safe, restricted, and unsafe drivers significantly differed on MMSE (F[2,104]=10.75, p<0.001), Trailmaking Part B (F[2,76]=9.96, p<0.001), CDT (F[2,98]=29.88, p<0.001), and total number of hazardous errors (F[2,97]=39.06, p<0.001). Tukey's test indicated safe and restricted drivers scored significantly better than unsafe drivers on MMSE (safe: p<0.001; restricted: p=0.008), CDT (p<0.001), and hazardous errors (p<0.001). Restricted and unsafe drivers required significantly more time to complete Trailmaking B than safe drivers (p=0.004). CONCLUSION: Preliminary data indicate restricted drivers perform more like safe than unsafe drivers. Driving simulation is instrumental in discerning error specific limitations and categorizing patients as conditionally safe. This clinical evaluation pilots an effective alternative to premature driving cessation.     

Validation of the Driver’s Angry Thoughts Questionnaire (DATQ) in a Chinese sample

The relationship between driving anger and negative driving outcomes, such as dangerous driving behaviors and traffic violations, has been the topic of several studies, but few studies have explored drivers’ angry thoughts when they encounter anger-provoking situations and the potential consequences of such thoughts. The purpose of this study was to investigate drivers’ angry thoughts behind the wheel and their relationship with dangerous driving behaviors. A total of 303 Chinese drivers completed the Chinese version of the Driver’s Angry Thoughts Questionnaire (DATQ), the Dula Dangerous Driving Index (DDDI) and the Driving Anger Scale (DAS). A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the Chinese DATQ yielded a five-factor solution with 20 items that showed the best goodness of fit for the data. The brief DATQ also showed good reliability and validity. Three forms of aggressive thinking were positively correlated with dangerous driving behaviors, and coping self-instruction was negatively correlated with dangerous driving behaviors and traffic violations. More importantly, aggressive thinking mediated the effect of driving anger on dangerous driving behaviors, indicating the importance of thoughts behind the wheel. These results provide evidence supporting the development of strategies to reduce and prevent aggressive driving and accidents.     

Profiling drunk driving recidivists in Denmark

Drunk drivers are a menace to themselves and to other road users, as drunk driving significantly increases the risk of involvement in road accidents and the probability of severe or fatal injuries. Although injuries and fatalities related to road accidents have decreased in recent decades, the prevalence of drunk driving among drivers killed in road accidents has remained stable, at around 25% or more during the past 10 years. Understanding drunk driving, and in particular, recidivism, is essential for designing effective countermeasures, and accordingly, the present study aims at identifying the differences between non-drunk drivers, drunk driving non-recidivists and drunk driving recidivists with respect to their demographic and socio-economic characteristics, road accident involvement and other traffic and non-traffic-related law violations. This study is based on register-data from Statistics Denmark and includes information from 2008 to 2012 for the entire population, aged 18 or older, of Denmark. The results from univariate and multivariate statistical analyses reveal a five year prevalence of 17% for drunk driving recidivism, and a significant relation between recidivism and the drunk drivers’ gender, age, income, education, receipt of an early retirement pension, household type, and residential area. Moreover, recidivists are found to have a higher involvement in alcohol-related road accidents, as well as other traffic and, in particular, non-traffic-related offences. These findings indicate that drunk driving recidivism is more likely to occur among persons who are in situations of socio-economic disadvantage and marginalisation. Thus, to increase their effectiveness, preventive measures aiming to reduce drunk driving should also address issues related to the general life situations of the drunk driving recidivists that contribute to an increased risk of drunk driving recidivism.     

The effects of positive emotion priming on self-reported reckless driving

Five studies examined the effects of positive emotion priming on the willingness to drive recklessly. In all five, young drivers were exposed to one of the following primes of positive affect: a positive mood story; happy memories; an exciting film; a relaxing film; or thoughts on the meaning in life. Following the prime, the participants were asked to report on their willingness to drive recklessly. The responses were compared to those of groups exposed either to neutral affect, another kind of positive affect, or negative affect priming. In two of the studies, participants were also asked to report on their driving styles (risky, anxious, angry, or careful) as a second dependent variable. Positive affect, especially in the form of arousal, was found to be related to higher willingness to drive recklessly. Although men tended to report higher intentions to drive recklessly, men and women did not react differently to the emotional induction. Most interestingly, positive emotions of a relaxing nature, as well as thinking about the meaning in life, lowered the willingness to engage in risky driving. The discussion emphasizes the importance of looking for new ways to use positive emotions effectively in road safety interventions, and considers the practical implications of the studies.