铝粉活性对双面PERC太阳电池铝浆性能的影响

探究了铝粉活性对铝浆电阻及双面PERC太阳电池开路电压的影响.实验结果表明:高活性的铝粉制备的铝浆具有较低的方阻、接触电阻及线电阻,且铝硅接触电阻率可低至11.5 mΩ?cm2;一定范围内,活性较低的铝粉制备的铝浆具有较高的开路电压,开路电压可达690.774 mV.根据太阳电池的尺寸、钝化膜质量、背面激光开槽面积、主...     

红粘土电阻率影响因素分析及其预测模型构建

电阻率法能有效反映土体物理指标和结构特性，具有高效、便捷、无损等特点。以红粘土孔隙水、含水率及孔隙率为关键因素，开展红粘土电阻率特性及其模型试验研究，考虑到电极面积对测试电阻值的影响，提出了接触电阻的修正公式，并引入结构因子反映孔隙水对红粘土电阻率的影响，建立红粘土电阻率预测模型。结果表明，接触电阻率修正公式能有效减少接触电阻的试验误差；红粘土电阻率、结构因子随着含水率的增加而减小，随着孔隙率的增加而增大，均呈现出幂函数关系；红粘土电阻率影响因素相关性为孔隙水>含水率>孔隙率；以接触电阻、孔隙水、含水率和孔隙率为变量构建的红粘土电阻率预测模型，拟合精度较高，可为评价红粘土物理指标和结构特性提供参考。     

背面局域点接触对PERC太阳电池性能的影响

PERC太阳电池因转换效率高、成本低已逐渐成为替代全铝背场(Al-BSF)太阳电池的最佳选择。PERC太阳电池以背面局域点接触的形式替代了全铝背场,减少了背表面复合速率,增加了背反射性能,从而提升了电池的开路电压和短路电流。由于PERC太阳电池中硅片背面钝化介质膜这一绝缘层的存在,因此需要在硅片背面进行激光开槽,以局域去膜,从而形成铝硅接触区。研究后发现:随着背表面场接触面积的减小,背表面场的钝化面积逐渐增大,使铝硅合金层的表面复合速率大幅减小,短路电流和开路电压获得更高的提升。虽然背表面场的接触面积减小后会产生串联电阻升高、填充因子下降的现象,但通过优化背接触电阻、背电极电阻和铝硅合金层的表面复合速率可以减轻这种现象。未来PERC太阳电池可通过合理匹配开槽线间距和背表面场接触面积,实现低背接触电阻和低背表面复合速率,从而可继续提高电池的电性能。     

太阳能电池背表面钝化的研究

利用PC1D模拟不同少子寿命的电池效率与背表面复合速率的关系,采用氮化硅和及其与二氧化硅薄膜的叠加层作为背面钝化膜,通过丝网印刷的方法形成条形局域背接触和局域背面点接触,条形接触的面积为背表面的25%,背面点接触孔径为250μm,间距2mm。经过RTP处理之后,两种不同的接触方式存在相同的问题,串联电阻大,并联电阻小,而利用腐蚀浆料的方法形成背面点接触,在电性能参数有少许改善。结果表明,在正常的烧结状态下,常规铝浆很难完全穿透氮化硅薄膜及其叠加层背面钝化层。而利用腐蚀浆料的方法形成背面点接触,在电性能参数有少许改善。     

晶体硅太阳电池丝网印刷电极接触电阻及其测量

金属电极与硅的接触电阻是影响太阳电池填充因子和短路电流进而影响光电转换效率的重要因素之一，本文研究了晶体硅太阳电池丝网印刷烧结银电极与硅接触电阻及其测量。判断印刷烧结工艺的好坏。应在保证p／n结特性良好的前提下使接触电阻最小为最佳。     

晶体硅太阳电池接触电阻测量方法

分析传输线模型(TLM)法在接触电阻测量中的缺陷,通过建立金属-半导体界面的电压、电流方程推导出不同电流模式下接触电阻的表达式,在TLM法的基础上提出新的测量方法,可精确测量电极与硅体的比接触电阻率和接触界面的薄层方块电阻,从而准确计算出太阳电池接触电阻。该方法测量方便、计算结果精确,可有效应用于晶体硅太阳电池接触电阻的研究。     

接地电阻和土壤电阻率及隐蔽泄流地网测量的输电杆塔防雷技术

针对传统技术对输电杆塔的防雷诊断只是以测量接地电阻为基础,这种测量方法测量误差大。根据规程要求,提出了一种基于接地电阻和土壤电阻率及隐蔽泄流地网测量的输电杆塔防雷技术。文中接地电阻测量主要基于直线三极法测量,土壤电阻率测量则基于四极法测量,隐蔽泄流地网测量主要通过测量输电杆塔与地网隐蔽导通时两端电流的方式监测。关于接触电阻以及土壤电阻率,通过季节系数修正方式提高准确度。实践表明：基于接地电阻和土壤电阻率及其隐蔽泄流地网测量技术能够精确测量,利于输电杆塔选择合适的防雷技术。     

银粉对硅异质结太阳电池用低温银浆的影响综述

银浆是硅异质结太阳电池的重要材料,更低的体积电阻率和接触电阻、良好的附着力、优良的细线印刷性能及组件栅线抗腐蚀老化是其不断改进的方向。作为导电相,银粉的性能和含量对银浆有着至关重要的影响。该文基于低温固化银浆导电机理以及SHJ电池对银浆性能的追求,综述了银粉的振实密度、形貌、粒径、表面处理剂及其与有机物的适配。进一步探讨了纳米银粉和银包铜粉在SHJ太阳电池用低温银浆中的应用。     

多级离子注入法制备太阳选择性吸收膜

尝试采用离子注入法制备太阳选择性吸收膜层.利用多级离子注入后纵向浓度分布呈梯度分布的原理,对纯铝表面溅射Ti膜后进行了3种方案的多级N离子注入.测试了样品的吸收率和发射率,对各方案制备的样品进行了性能比较,并用x射线衍射仪分析了物相组成,用俄歇扫描系统分析了纵向元素的分布,用弯折法测试了膜层结合力.结果发现,膜层吸收率均在0.94以上,但发射率普遍偏大.太阳选择吸收性最好的样品吸收率a为0.95、发射率e为0.21,膜层中含有TiN0.76、TiN0.6O0.4、TiO、Al2、Ti、Al3、Ti等物相,氮元素在纵向由最表面到铝基体梯度递减,膜层与基底结合力良好.     

银浆组成对硅太阳电池丝网印刷欧姆接触的影响

通过作图的传输线法测定比接触电阻率,定量地研究硅太阳电池正面电极用银导电浆料中银粉颗粒大小和玻璃相组成对银电极/硅表面欧姆接触的影响.结果表明,随着银导电浆料中银粉颗粒尺寸的增大比接触电阻下降,形成较好的欧姆接触;当玻璃相中铅含量增加时,在一定的烧结温度下,比接触电阻率减小.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.