超声波对铝合金熔体的有效细化区域

为了探讨凝固组织的超声细化区域范围,在液相线温度至575℃区间内对铝合金熔体施加超声振动,待铸锭冷却至室温,经腐蚀处理后观察其宏观和微观组织.试验结果表明,在工具杆端面位置处靠近铸锭边缘有一明显的作用区域分界线,分界线两端组织呈现截然不同的特征,端面以下组织均得到了有效的细化,而端面以上组织晶粒粗大,呈枝晶状分布.超声在熔体中产生空化和声流效应,理论计算表明,熔体中的有效空化范围为端面下30mm区域内,超声在熔体中产生的声流效应遍及整个熔体可流动区域,通过声流和空化的双重作用,工具杆端面以下的组织均受到超声的作用,并得到细化.     

Relationship between the cavitation threshold and maximum sonoluminescence intensity

A phenomenological rule establishing a relationship between the cavitation threshold and the maximum intensity of sonoluminescence (SL) induced by ultrasound is formulated on the basis of experimental data for various liquid media. According to this, the maximum SL intensity attained by varying the intensity of ultrasound within broad limits is always greater in a medium characterized by a higher cavitation threshold.     

Sonoluminescence generated by the interaction of two ultrasonic fields with strongly different frequencies

The phenomenon of luminescence under the action of ultrasound (sonoluminescence, SL) was studied in a liquid exposed to the field of a high-frequency (HF, 880 kHz) focusing radiator with simultaneous or preliminary action of a low-frequency (LF, 19.9 kHz) ultrasound on the sample. It is shown that a nonadditive increase in the SL intensity takes place for simultaneously operating radiators and is observed for a long time (up to several hours) after switching off the LF source. This is evidence of a long-term aftereffect of the LF ultrasound on the magnitude of SL induced by the HF oscillations. The possible mechanisms of the observed effect are discussed.     

Local Nanocrystallization in a Cr-Mn-N Austenitic Stainless Steel Caused by Cavitation

Many nanocrystallized areas have been found with transmission electron microscope (TEM) in a Cr-Mn-N austenitic stainless steel after cavitation erosion. It has been found that the nanocrystallized areas were formed in the severe cavitation zone and the grain size was about 25 nm. A possible nanocrystallization mechanism is given.     

Effect of high-intensity ultrasonic irradiation on the modification of solidification microstructure in a Si-rich hypoeutectic Al–Si alloy

Effect of high-intensity ultrasound irradiation in modifying complex solidification microstructure is explored in a high Si containing Al–Si alloy and the origin of microstructural changes explained on the basis of nucleation and growth behaviour. Complete suppression of dendritic growth and dramatic refinement to globular morphology were observed for primary α-Al grains. Strong supportive evidence is presented towards enhanced and prolonged heterogeneous nucleation triggered by cavitation induced increase in the equilibrium melting point and effective dissipation of latent heat at the solidification front. Morphological evolution of eutectic Si and intermetallic particles is found to be dominated by coarsening and spherodisation from strong fluid flow in areas of intense cavitation near the ultrasonic radiator. Outside the region of direct energy transfer, Si particle morphology appears to be controlled predominantly by the imposed cooling conditions. Extremely fine and short Si-platelets observed in the intergranular spaces near the radiator are explained on the basis of probable rapid cooling of final liquid pockets of small volume and large surface area, rather than refinement through ultrasound.     

Self-oscillations in field emission nanowire mechanical resonators: a nanometric dc-ac conversion

We report the observation of self-oscillations in a bottom-up nanoelectromechanical system (NEMS) during field emission driven by a constant applied voltage. An electromechanical model is explored that explains the phenomenon and that can be directly used to develop integrated devices. In this first study, we have already achieved approximately 50% dc/ac (direct to alternating current) conversion. Electrical self-oscillations in NEMS open up a new path for the development of high-speed, autonomous nanoresonators and signal generators and show that field emission (FE) is a powerful tool for building new nanocomponents.     

Cavitation asymmetry in silicon nitride by scanning laser acoustic microscopy

Scanning laser acoustic microscopy (SLAM) was used to visualize creep damage distribution in the gas-pressure-sintered silicon nitride after creep at 1300°C in 4-point bending. SLAM revealed asymmetrical distribution of creep damage beneath the tensile surface and in a narrow zone that spread continuously across the neutral axis toward the compression surface. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of cavities in tensile zone of bending bar. The combination of the homogeneous cavity development in the zone of tensile stresses and formation of the damage zone ahead of main crack was proposed to explain such cavity distribution. Current SLAM observation is a direct evidence of cavitation asymmetry in vitreous bonded ceramics. Such distribution supports the model of simultaneous presence of cavitation and non-cavitation creep mechanisms in silicon nitride and similar ceramics.     

Estimation of the cavitation peak pressure using the Na D-line structure in the sonoluminescence spectra

The sonoluminescence (SL) spectra of an Ar-saturated NaCl solution in the region of the Na D line excited by ultrasound at a frequency of 22 and 44 kHz have been measured at a solution temperature within 5–20°C and the normal and elevated hydrostatic pressure. Based on an analysis of the obtained results in comparison to published data, it is established that variations in the intensity and structure of the Na D line in the SL spectra of NaCl solutions are related to changes in the intensity of the so-called red satellite. Using the measured red satellite intensity, the peak pressure in the cavitation bubbles was estimated at 800–1200 bar depending on the experimental conditions.     

Functional properties of an AC-biased photoresistor

The functional properties of a photoresistor biased by ac voltage have been studied. A method for the Fourier analysis of the photoconductivity kinetics using ac voltage applied to the photoresistor is proposed. It is shown that the response of a photoresistor is proportional to the product of an electric bias signal and an intensity-modulated optical signal.     

振荡流热管汽车散热器传热性能的实验研究

对振荡流热管汽车散热器和管带式铜质汽车散热器进行了实验研究,得到了两种散热器的传热和阻力特性,对比发现振荡流热管汽车散热器具有较好的传热性能,且风阻和水阻均小于管带式铜质汽车散热器,并进行了热平衡误差分析,实验结果对开发新型汽车散热器有一定的指导意义。     

Cooperative cavitation in rubber-toughened polycarbonate

Particle cavitation in the stress-whitened zone ahead of a semicircular notch in polycarbonate blended with a core-shell rubber was characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Cavitation of rubber particles at five locations in the stress-whitened zone was correlated with the local stress and strain history. It was found that cavitation initiated some distance ahead of the notch when a mean stress condition was met. Initially, only a fraction of the particles cavitated and these were randomly distributed. Single cavitated particles grew into cavitated domains by cooperative cavitation of nearby particles until cavitation was arrested when shear yielding of the matrix provided an alternative mechanism for relief of strain energy. Far from the notch, where the stress state approached uniaxial tension, cavitated domains grew into linear arrays of cavitated particles. A mechanism of cooperative crazing in microlayer composites of polycarbonate and styrene/acrylonitrile copolymer was adapted to cooperative cavitation of core-shell rubber particles. It was proposed that cooperative cavitation of nearby particles occurred by impingement of a small plastic zone that formed at the equator of a cavitated particle.     

Electron-photon drag in a superlattice under the action of a strong electric field

An expression for the current that appears due to the charge carrier drag by a monochromatic electromagnetic wave propagating along a semiconductor superlattice (SL) is obtained for the case when the electric field vector of the wave is parallel to the SL vector and a constant bias electric field is applied along the SL axis. The dependence of the drag current on the bais electric field strength has a nonmonotonic (resonant) character and shows that the drag effect changes sign at a sufficiently large bias field strength.     

Soybean Lecithin‐Mediated Nanoporous PLGA Microspheres with Highly Entrapped and Controlled Released BMP‐2 as a Stem Cell Platform

Injectable polymer microsphere‐based stem cell delivery systems have a severe problem that they do not offer a desirable environment for stem cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation because it is difficult to entrap a large number of hydrophilic functional protein molecules into the core of hydrophobic polymer microspheres. In this work, soybean lecithin (SL) is applied to entrap hydrophilic bone morphogenic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) into nanoporous poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA)‐based microspheres by a two‐step method: SL/BMP‐2 complexes preparation and PLGA/SL/BMP‐2 microsphere preparation. The measurements of their physicochemical properties show that PLGA/SL/BMP‐2 microspheres had significantly higher BMP‐2 entrapment efficiency and controlled triphasic BMP‐2 release behavior compared with PLGA/BMP‐2 microspheres. Furthermore, the in vitro and in vivo stem cell behaviors on PLGA/SL/BMP‐2 microspheres are analyzed. Compared with PLGA/BMP‐2 microspheres, PLGA/SL/BMP‐2 microspheres have significantly higher in vitro and in vivo stem cell attachment, proliferation, differentiation, and matrix mineralization abilities. Therefore, injectable nanoporous PLGA/SL/BMP‐2 microspheres can be potentially used as a stem cell platform for bone tissue regeneration. In addition, SL can be potentially used to prepare hydrophilic protein‐loaded hydrophobic polymer microspheres with highly entrapped and controlled release of proteins.     

Reduction of cavitation using pseudorandom signals [therapeutic US]

It is known that the scattering of ultrasound by cavitation bubbles reduces the efficiency of treatment by high-intensity focused ultrasound. In the authors' experiments striving to reduce grating lobe levels of annular arrays they observed less microbubble formation at the focus of the transducer when pseudorandom phase-modulated CW signals were used rather than single-frequency CW signals. To confirm this unexpected result, the authors performed an experiment in a solution of luminol which is known to be a cavitation detector. A 5-cm diameter spherical transducer (1.1 MHz center frequency and 0.6 MHz bandwidth), focused at 197 mm was used. The ratio of the sonoluminescence intensity produced by a single-frequency signal to that produced by a pseudorandom phase-modulated signal increased with the intensity of the applied held and attained a value of nearly 50 for an intensity of 4.6 W cm^-2      

Modification of the comparison method for the moving-source calibration of hydrophones in a shallow sea

The underwater sound field in the vicinity of interference maxima can be approximated locally by a quasi-plane wave. The sensitivity measurement technique discussed in the article calls for measurements to be performed at times when the calibrated and the standard hydrophones reside in the zone of an interference maximum of the sound field generated by a moving radiator. The motion of the latter can be utilized to formulate a simple dynamic algorithm for monitoring the entry of acoustic transducers into the zone of a maximum of the sound field. Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 11, pp. 49–52, November, 1999.     

高压喷嘴空化初生的大涡模拟

考虑瞬时压力脉动对空化初生的影响,采用动态亚格子应力模型对某高压柴油喷嘴内部瞬时流动进行大涡模拟。计算结果表明：喷孔入口分离形成的局部低压区内时均湍流脉动压力可达时均静压的2倍,两相流场时均空泡位置及形态与实验结果十分吻合,并与基于时均静压及湍流脉动压力预测的空化初生区域基本一致。分离剪切层失稳形成柱状涡并激发了转捩过程,在分离转捩区域柱状涡发生扭曲变形并产生强烈的瞬时压力脉动,从而导致了空化。喷孔入口倒角处理使得分离减弱,对分离转捩过程和空化初生具有抑制作用。     

方板阶梯辐射体指向性研究

指向性是衡量辐射体声学性能的重要参数。同相弯曲振动方板阶梯辐射体具有辐射阻抗低、面积大等特点,可广泛应用于大功率气介质超声领域。分别从材料、几何尺寸两个方面对影响辐射体指向性的因素进行了研究。并以材料为钢,边长为50 mm,基底厚度为6 mm,阶梯厚度为10 mm的方板阶梯辐射体(Ⅱ~#)为例,利用有限元将辐射体划分为多个微元,提取各微元位移振幅,计算其指向性。计算结果表明,工作频率一定时,材料对辐射体的指向性没有影响;当辐射体边长与基底厚度的比值较小时,其指向性较尖锐。实验测试与理论计算结果相符,方板阶梯辐射体指向性图案有单一主瓣,其辐射主要集中在主轴方向,形成一个半开角宽度较小的锥形射线束。     

带有强化换热结构的芯片散热器实验研究与数值模拟

超级或大型计算机服务器CPU的冷却散热问题,已经成为计算机高性能发展的瓶颈,受到业内越来越广泛的关注。本文提出了一种用于冷却计算机服务器芯片的散热器,其结构是将镶嵌在散热器底板的热管与翅片组装为一体。利用自建实验台对该散热器以及平板式热管散热器的性能进行了对比实验分析,同时对其热管本体、翅片以及均温板的温度分布进行了数值模拟。这种热管冷凝段得到强化换热的散热器其底板面积相对平板式热管散热器减小了50%,因此具有更好的均温性;在相同的工况下热流密度由24.3 W/cm2增至68.6 W/cm2时,该散热器翅片顶部的平均温度增幅仅为17%。     

轴流泵叶顶泄漏涡空化的数值模拟与可视化实验研究

该文以某一等比例缩放模型泵为研究对象,采用修正的SST k-ω湍流模型和空化模型,对额定工况下轴流泵叶顶泄漏涡空化流进行了数值模拟,并与高速摄影结果进行了对比分析。探讨了叶顶区域泄漏涡空化流场结构,揭示了不同空化数下空化发生位置和空泡形态演变过程。研究结果表明,改进的数值模拟方法准确计算了叶顶区域空化流场的流动结构;轴流泵的初生空化为叶顶间隙空化和叶顶泄漏涡空化,随着空化数σ降低,叶顶泄漏涡卷吸区也出现了剪切层空化;在空化数较小工况下,沿着叶片吸力面在轴向形成空泡云,并在叶片尾缘存在周期性的空泡脱落和爆破过程,破坏了流动稳定性,并诱导产生空化噪声。     

叶轮空蚀状态下离心泵振动特性分析

空蚀是指空化过程中产生的空泡溃灭引起过流表面材料损坏的现象。为研究离心泵叶轮空蚀后的振动信号特征,选用IS-50-160-00单级单吸离心泵为试验对象,基于虚拟仪器技术搭建试验泵系统。测得离心泵空蚀条件下的振动信号,采用均方根(RMS)分析、峭度(K)分析两种统计方法对发生空蚀后的离心泵振动信号的平均能量、冲击波能量进行分析,采用短时傅里叶变换(STFT)分析了振动信号的时频域特性。分析结果表明:空蚀条件下整体来看基座方向和轴向方向振动幅值较大且都是无规则振动,而横向方向和纵向方向上的振动信号振幅相对较小;振动信号的能量随着流量的增大呈现先减小后平稳再增加的趋势,空蚀增加了振动信号的能量值;空蚀加剧了液体对离心泵的冲击使得振动信号峭度值增加,且基座方向峭度值大于3可作为空蚀故障的诊断参考标准;通过时频谱分析可知空蚀发生后流体可能对离心泵存在冲击波及冲击波导致的脉冲信号,且空蚀后产生了高频振动信号,高频带的振动信号可为离心泵空蚀故障诊断提供参考。研究叶轮空蚀后离心泵振动信号的特征有助于及时发现离心泵空蚀故障的发生,从而调整运行参数,以免造成严重后果。