Effect of Ultrasonic Impact on the Microstructure of Welded Joint of 2195 Al–Li Alloy

It is known that an ultrasonic impact during tungsten inert gas welding can refine the grains and improve the mechanical properties of the welded joints of aluminum alloys. However, the influence mechanism of the ultrasonic impact on the microstructures is still unclear. In this research, the effects of the mechanical and ultrasonic impact on the microstructures of the welded joint of 2195 Al–Li alloy are analyzed. It is found that the mechanical impact could not refine the grains, but the ultrasonic impact could refine the grains. The grains become smaller in the weld center with an increase in the ultrasonic amplitude. Possible mechanisms for the grain refinement are discussed. The results show that the small temperature gradient promotes formation of the equiaxed grain and the cavitation promotes heterogeneous nucleation.     

The arc characteristic of ultrasonic assisted TIG welding

Many applications of ultrasonic-assisted methods were used during metal solidification, but they could not be introduced into weld pool. In this paper, a way of ultrasonic assisted TIG welding is introduced. By directly imposed ultrasonic vibration on welding arc, the vibration interacts with arc plasma and passes to the weld pool. Measurement results show that arc pressure is significantly increased with the ultrasonic vibration and the arc pressure distribution models are changed. Bead-on-plate welding tests on SUS304 confirm that this technology can influence the style of metal melting and increase weld penetration depth.     

Mechanism analysis of free formation of backing weld by the pulsed MAG-TIG double arc tandem welding

Because of the presence of lower-level automation and efficiency in the backing welding of medium–thick plates, pulse-metalactive-gas–metal-inert-gas(MAG–MIG) dual-arc welding was applied to backing welding of 24-mm-thick Q235-B plate and the process and mechanism of root welding with back formation were investigated. The heating position of the MAG-arc at the front of the molten pool could be adjusted by using the electromagnetic force between the MAG-arc and the MIG-arc, and part of the arc energy could work on the root face directly. By combining the arc-discharge behaviour and analysis of flow in the molten pool, the shear stress of a tungsten inert gas(TIG) arc to the molten pool could make the liquid metal flow backwards. Thus, the quality of the front and bottom liquid metal were reduced, which favored the balance and stability. Continuous and stable back formation with uniform penetration could be achieved by using the pulse MAG–TIG dual-arc welding technology.     

Vision-based detection of weld pool width in TIG welding of copper-clad aluminum cable

In order to realize automatic control of the width of weld pool, a visual sensor system for the width of weld pool detection is developed. By initiative arc light, the image of copper plate weld pool is taken back of the torch through the process of weakening and filtering arc light. In order to decrease the time of processing video signals, analog circuit is applied in the processing where video signals is magnified, trimmed and processed into binary on the datum of dynamic average value, therefore the waveform of video signals of weld pool is obtained. The method that is used for detecting the width of weld pool is established. Results show that the vision sensing method for real-time detecting weld pool width to copper-clad aluminum wire TIG welding is feasible. The response cycle of this system is no more than 50 ms, and the testing precision is less than 0. 1 mm.     

Welding deviation detection method based on weld pool image contour features

Automatic on-line detection of welding deviation based on machine vision is one of the key technologies of arc welding robot tracking welding,in which obtaining high quality weld pool image and accurate welding deviation detection algorithm are two important steps of tracking welding.Through the research and analysis of the weld pool image of gas metal arc welding(GMAW),it was found that the weld pool contains abundant welding information.First,the average gray value of the weld pool image can reflect the interference degree of arc to weld pool image and the heat input of welding process.Secondly,the tip of the weld pool image contour can reflect the center of the groove gap.Finally,the horizontal distance between the center coordinate of the wire contour and the tip coordinate of the weld pool image contour can reflect the welding deviation.On the basis of analyzing the characteristics of weld pool image,this paper proposes a new method of weld seam deviation detection,which includes the collection of weld pool image,image preprocessing,contour extraction and deviation calculation.The results of the tests and analyses showed that the maximum error of the on-line welding deviation obtained was about 2 pixels(0.17 mm) when the welding speed was ≤60 cm/min,and the algorithm was stable enough to meet the requirements of real-time deviation detection for I-groove butt welding.The method can be applied to the on-line automatic welding deviation detection of arc welding robot.     

Formative mechanism of the undercut defect in horizontal variable polarity plasma arc welding

Abstract Horizontal welding is important for heavy or huge welding structures. Keyhole mode variable polarity plasma arc welding of aluminum alloy plates with medium thickness was carried out in horizontal position. The characteristic of welding defects was introduced. Preliminary experiments indicated that the undercut defect could not be eliminated easily. The relationship between welding parameters and the undercut defect showed that this deject could be lessened by using higher heat input. The fluid flow of weld pool was observed by a high speed camera. The fluid flow in weld pool was not symmetric and much of molten metal gathered in the lower part. The fluid flow velocity in the lower part was bigger than that in the upper part. To this end, the formative mechanism of the undercut defect was proposed. The flowability of the molten metal was an influential factor for the undercut defect. A preheating method was designed to verify the formative mechanism.     

Characteristics of arc in variable polarity plasma arc welding of aluminum alloy

A double invert variable polarity plasma arc （VPPA） power source based on 16-bit MCU applied for aluminum alloys was developed. Mechanics, electrical and the produced heat mechanism of VPPAW arc were tested and analyzed. Results indicate that during the VPPA welding procedure of aluminum alloy, the arc of electrode negative （EN） has more effect on force, whereas the arc of electrode positive （ EP ） has more effect on heat. It should be noted that keeping the balance of the force and heat is the critical element of VPPAW. This power source had been successfully used to weld aluminum alloy with a 15 mm thickness in vertical welding. The conclusions are applicable to the variable polarity plasma arc welding technique used in the aerospace industry.     

Comparison of Microstructure and Residual Stress Between TIG and MAG Welding Using Low Transformation Temperature Welding Filler

A Cr–Ni type of low transformation temperature(LTT) welding filler was devised in the present study. The LTT weld microstructures of the tungsten inert gas(TIG) and metal active gas(MAG) weldings were investigated by using electron-backscattered diffraction and orientation imaging microscopy. The results showed that the LTT weld microstructures prepared by TIG and MAG weldings were primarily martensite with 17.5% and 8.0% retained austenite,respectively. The LTT weld metal using TIG welding had larger grain size than using MAG. In addition, based on the Taylor factor calculation, the weld metal using MAG welding was more competent in repressing fatigue crack initiation.Meanwhile, the high angle and coincidence site lattice grain boundaries were dominant in the LTT weld metal using MAG welding. Moreover, the hardness of the LTT weld metal using MAG welding was higher than that of using TIG. Based on heat input and phase transformation, finite element method was applied to analyzing the tensile residual stress(RS)reduction in welded joints prepared by both conventional and LTT welding fillers, respectively. The corresponding outcome confirmed that the LTT weld metal using MAG welding was more beneficial to tensile RS reduction.     

Characteristics of 5A90 Aluminum-lithium Alloy by YAG-MIG Hybrid Welding

The characteristics of 5A90 Aluminum-Lithium alloy by YAG laser and MIG arc hybrid welding (Hybrid welding) were studied.Compared with the laser beam welding (LBW),the hybrid welding could not only improve the weld appearance significantly,but also have better engineering compatibility.The obvious microstructure characteristics of joint by the hybrid welding are fine-grained layer near fusion-line and the equiaxed grain in most area of welded seam.The subgrains of the equiaxed grains,located in the weld center,tend to coarse from bottom to top of weld joint.The microhardness of welded seam by the hybrid welding (83.57HV0.2) is lower than that by LBW (95.65HV0.2),but the uniformity of the former is better than that of the latter.The ultimate strength and the elongations after fracture of the joint by the hybrid welding are lower than that by LBW.The tensile fracture always occurs in HAZ or weld centerline,and the fractography presents mixture rupture.Therefore,if the combined mechanical properties of joint by the hybrid welding meet the operation requirements,it should be improved by reasonable artificial aging or heat treatment after welding,and it also should develop a better filler wire matched with the base metal.     

Influences of the Welding Heat Input and the Repeated Repair Welding on Ti–3Al–2.5V Titanium Alloy

The primary purpose of this study was to determine the effects of gas tungsten arc welding heat input on the high-temperature tensile properties, toughness, and microstructural features of titanium alloy Ti–3Al–2.5V. The secondary objective was to examine the effect of the repeated repair welding on the properties of the alloy. It was also found that the mechanical properties progressively decreased with increasing the repair welding cycles, especially in the case of the weldment after the first welding repair. It was observed that the sizes of the acicular α' and prior β grain boundaries as well as the volume fraction of the acicular α' phases increased with increasing the welding heat input. In addition, the amount and size of the acicular α' phases were found to increase with increasing the repair welding cycles.     

超声作用阶段及形式对熔池晶粒结晶的影响

理解不同超声作用下的熔池晶粒结晶特点对超声辅助TIG焊接工艺的优化具有重要意义. 以铝锂合金为研究对象,改变超声作用阶段及施加形式,分析焊缝晶粒分布特征. 结果表明,电弧熄灭后超声作用下,焊缝边缘为断裂的柱状晶,焊缝中心为等轴晶;熄弧前及熄弧后均有超声作用时,焊缝内部全部为等轴晶. 持续超声形式和瞬态超声形式对熔池晶粒结晶具有不同的作用,持续超声主要促进熔池内晶粒的异质形核而促使等轴晶形成,瞬态超声主要通过破碎枝晶细化晶粒. 超声细化铝锂合金TIG焊缝晶粒机制与超声作用阶段及形式具有直接联系.     

周期超声对铝合金TIG焊缝成形影响机制分析

超声可以影响铝合金TIG焊熔池结晶与焊缝成形,文中对超声场下铝锂合金TIG焊缝成形的机制进行了分析.文中分析了超声作用下焊缝宏观形貌及熔池上表面振动的变化,并通过有限元分析了超声对熔池流动的影响.周期超声使焊缝出现周期性的凸起,焊缝熔宽有变小趋势.超声使熔池上表面振动幅度增大,周期超声使熔池上表面产生周期性的振动.对焊缝周期性凸起产生的机制进行分析.结果表明,声流使熔池流动速度增大,熔池边缘熔体流动状态变化,熔池凝固后在熔池边缘产生凸起.周期超声周期性地影响熔池的流动及凝固,因此熔池边缘产生周期性凸起.     

2195铝锂合金超声TIG焊的组织与性能分析

采用了普通TIG焊和超声复合TIG焊对2 mm厚度的2195铝锂合金进行了平板对接焊,并对两种焊接接头的显微组织和力学性能进行了研究. 结果表明,由于超声的作用效果,超声TIG焊的焊缝具有更加致密的组织,熔合区附近的等轴细晶区区域较宽;拉伸性能测试表明,超声TIG焊接头具有较高的拉伸性能,接头强度系数比普通TIG焊提高6.7%,断后伸长率提高1.36%,拉伸接头均断裂在热影响区硬脆的晶界相内,显微硬度测试表明超声TIG焊接头受热影响软化区域较窄.     

超声频脉冲电信号耦合前后铝合金TIG堆焊接头特点

电弧堆焊作为一种低成本高效率的焊接方法在材料表面修复领域具有广阔的应用前景,文中将超声频脉冲电信号与低频交流TIG焊接电信号耦合,将超声能量引入TIG堆焊过程,改善铝合金TIG堆焊质量. 对超声频脉冲电信号耦合前后5083铝合金TIG堆焊焊缝成形、组织及硬度进行对比. 结果表明,随超声电源输出电压的增大,焊缝成形向熔宽减小、余高增大的趋势变化. 超声作用后,晶粒尺寸发生了一定变化,但晶粒形态无明显变化. 熔合区的晶粒细化最显著;焊缝区及热影响区的晶粒细化不明显,相反,随超声电源输出电压的增大,晶粒明显粗化. 熔合区及热影响区的第二相分布呈聚集现象. 超声作用对晶粒内部Mg元素的分布影响较大,增大超声电源输出电压,Mg元素在晶界处的偏析减弱. 硬度测试结果表明,超声频脉冲电信号耦合后焊缝硬度增大.     

铝合金TIG焊接熔池状态多传感器数据协同感知算法

针对铝合金钨极惰性气体保护电弧焊(tungsten inert gas arc welding,TIG焊)过程中,焊接工艺参数的实时状态与焊缝熔池三维尺寸间的非线性对应关系,研究建立一种基于信息物理融合的多传感器TIG焊过程熔池状态协同感知计算方法. 首先,构建由红外温度传感器、电弧形态传感器、电弧能量传感器和焊接位置传感器组成的TIG焊过程熔池状态信息物理融合系统架构. 其次,考虑焊接过程中焊枪电弧的运动特性和测量噪声影响,设计基于温度、位置、能量传感器信息交互的熔池长宽深三维参数状态感知策略,并基于多传感器数据的异步和异构特性,提出了基于无迹卡尔曼滤波的焊接过程中熔池状态的多传感器数据协同感知算法. 针对7075超硬铝合金TIG焊过程进行熔池参数在线测量与辨识试验,结果表明,所提算法能够根据TIG焊过程多传感器数据实时计算熔池参数结果,焊缝宽度和焊缝高度计算结果误差基本上控制在10%以内,该算法响应时间基本控制在0.3 s内,能够较为准确地评估焊接过程中熔池的实时状态.     

Microstructure and porosity analysis in ultrasonic assisted TIG welding of 2014 aluminum alloy

The ultrasonic assisted tungsten inert gas (U-TIG)welding is a newly developed arc welding method,which is aimed at improving the weld quality and efficiency.TIG welding and U-TIG welding of 2014 aluminum alloy with 5 mm thickness were experimentally carried out in this paper.The microstructure and porosity of welded joints were analyzed.Compared with conventional TIG welding,the columnar crystals are changed into equiaxed crystals at the centre of weld zone and the grain of fusion zone in U-TIG welding is refined and equiaxed.The porosities of joint decrease after the ultrasonic was applied on the arc.The mechanism of crystal grain refiaement is discussed in this paper and the reasons of porosity decrease in U-TIG welded joint may be due to the effect of acoustic streaming and cavitation,which need further research.     

基于超声搅拌的铝合金焊缝晶粒细化方法

细化焊缝晶粒可以显著提高焊缝的力学性能并可以有效防止凝固裂纹的产生. 由于板件在焊接过程中被牢固的固定在夹具上,通过超声振动待焊板件以细化晶粒的方法受到了很大的限制. 文中设计了一个全新的基于超声能量的焊缝晶粒细化方法,即将一根超声探针直接插入焊接熔池并进行超声搅拌. 结果表明,该方法在6061铝合金焊缝中得到了非常理想的晶粒细化效果. 晶粒细化范围随超声搅拌振幅的增大而增大,但晶粒尺寸随焊接速度的增大没有明显变化. 另外,6061铝合金超声搅拌焊缝的晶粒细化是通过异质形核和枝晶破碎两个机制共同作用实现的.     

VPTIG焊接电流参数对电弧形态及焊缝质量的影响

采用高速录像系统、记忆示波器同步实时采集变极性氩弧（VFFIG）焊接电流、电弧形态信息,比较分析了VFFIG焊接电流频率、直流电极接负（DCEN）时间和直流电极接正（DCEP）时间、DCEN及DCEP电流幅值5个参数对电弧形态及焊缝质量的影响。结果表明,通过调节以上5个参数,可以控制电弧形态、电弧力及焊接热输入,从而控制熔深及焊缝正反面成形;控制焊缝两侧清理区宽度;减少钨极烧损。采用平板对接低频脉冲调制铝合金VFFIG焊接工艺,单道焊熔深可达6min,焊缝成形良好、质量可靠。     

激光功率对2195铝锂合金光纤-半导体激光复合焊接形貌与气孔的影响

光纤-半导体激光复合焊接技术充分结合了光纤与半导体激光热源的优势,在激光加工领域拥有巨大的潜力.针对2195铝锂合金开展光纤-半导体激光复合焊接试验,并定量研究激光功率对焊接形貌与气孔的影响.结果表明,光纤激光功率显著影响焊缝熔深,半导体激光功率显著影响焊缝上熔宽.基于回归分析方法建立焊缝横截面积预测模型.此外,光纤与半导体激光均对焊缝气孔缺陷的控制起着重要的作用,较高的光纤激光功率有利于降低气孔缺陷.对于4 mm厚2195铝锂合金,采用光纤激光功率为3.0 k W、半导体激光功率为2.5～3.0 k W时,熔池温度高且光纤-半导体激光复合作用范围大,焊接接头气孔缺陷少.     

随焊超声施加方法对铝合金TIG焊缝成形影响

在铝合金TIG焊接的过程中,超声能量处理熔池可以改善焊缝成形、组织与接头力学性能.文中研究了随焊超声施加方法对铝合金TIG焊缝成形的影响,结果表明,连续施加超声会导致熔池熔体飞溅,焊缝成形不佳;间断施加超声可以有效避免熔体飞溅,焊缝成形良好.随焊超声冲击及随焊滚动超声技术均可实现间断施加超声,结果表明,尽管随焊超声冲击使熔宽变小,但是低频冲击作用对TIG焊缝成形具有副作用,会减小熔深.而采用随焊滚动超声技术,可以有效避免低频机械冲击的不利影响,焊缝熔宽变小的同时熔深也增大.