管线钢X80的CCT曲线研究

采用膨胀仪研究管线钢X80连续冷却过程中的相变规律。采用热膨胀法和金相法相结合测绘管线钢X80的CCT曲线,并研究冷却速率对组织和硬度的影响规律。实验结果表明:不同的冷却速率下实验钢的组织不同。低冷速下,管线钢X80的组织均为多边形铁素体外加少量的珠光体;随着冷速的增加(3℃/s时),多边形铁素体逐渐转变为针状铁素体;当冷速达到50℃/s以上时,还会出现贝氏体组织。随冷速的提高,实验钢的硬度呈逐渐上升趋势。     

12Mn钢CCT曲线的测定与分析

采用热膨胀仪测定了12Mn钢在不同冷速下过冷奥氏体连续冷却转变的膨胀曲线,采用膨胀法结合金相-硬度法获得了12Mn钢过冷奥氏体冷却转变曲线(CCT曲线),研究了冷却速率对12Mn钢组织及硬度的影响规律,并应用JMatPro软件模拟了CCT曲线。结果表明,12Mn钢的Ac1和Ac3分别是692和855℃;组织主要有铁素体、珠光体和贝氏体。冷速较低时发生铁素体和珠光体转变;当冷速大于4.25℃/s时发生贝氏体转变;随着冷速提高,各组织变细,12Mn钢的硬度随冷速提高而增大。MatPro模拟结果与所测CCT曲线基本一致。     

冷却速率对55CrSi弹簧钢的相变组织和显微硬度的影响

针对55SiCr弹簧钢冷却转变过程的组织转变问题,测定了55SiCr弹簧钢的连续冷却转变曲线(CCT),采用金相显微镜及扫描电镜观察不同冷速下的显微组织,测定不同冷速下钢的显微硬度(HV).结果表明:当冷却速率在1～3 ℃/s时,先析出铁素体和珠光体组织;随着冷却速率的增加,珠光体含量增加;当冷却速率达到5 ℃/s时,钢中珠光体含量达到最大值.因此,为了得到强韧性较高、性能优良、珠光体含量较高的产品,钢的冷却速率应控制在3～5 ℃/s左右.     

气保焊丝钢ER70S-G过冷奥氏体的连续冷却转变

利用DIL805A膨胀仪测定了ER70S-G钢的过冷奥氏体连续冷却转变（CCT）曲线,并结合金相-硬度法确定过冷奥氏体在不同冷却速率下的组织转变。结果表明,ER70S-G钢连续冷却过程中,冷速在0.1~0.6 ℃/s范围内时,组织为铁素体+珠光体;冷速为0.8 ℃/s时,组织为铁素体+珠光体+贝氏体;冷速在1~20.0 ℃/s范围内时,组织为铁素体+贝氏体。     

42CrMo钢动态CCT曲线及组织转变

采用膨胀测量法并结合金相-硬度法测定了42CrMo钢的动态连续冷却转变曲线(CCT曲线)及组织演变。结果表明,在较低冷却速度下显微组织由铁素体、珠光体和贝氏体组成,冷却速度范围为0.2～1℃/s时,随着冷速的增加,铁素体和珠光体组织逐渐减少直至消失,当冷速增加到1℃/s时,转变组织主要由贝氏体构成。冷却速度≥3℃/s时,显微组织中开始生成马氏体,并在冷却速度≥10℃/s完全转变为马氏体组织。研究还认为马氏体组织的生成是由于大的冷速和大的变形量共同作用的结果。     

SWRCH35K钢连续冷却转变曲线的测定与分析

使用DIL805A热膨胀仪测定了SWRCH35K钢的热膨胀曲线。采用切线法结合微观组织及硬度,绘制了试验钢的连续冷却转变(CCT)曲线,分析了冷却速率对试验钢连续冷却过程组织演变的影响。结果表明,冷速在0.1～1℃/s范围时,试验钢的组织为多边形先共析铁素体和珠光体,随着冷速增加,组织细化,珠光体含量增加,硬度为148～165 HV;冷速为3℃/s时,开始出现少量魏氏组织及贝氏体,硬度增加至189 HV;冷速为5～50℃/s时,铁素体沿晶界呈网状,针状魏氏组织增加,组织为晶界铁素体、珠光体、魏氏组织和贝氏体,其中冷速为30～50℃/s时,铁素体含量大幅减少且尺寸明显减小,硬度为225～237 HV。珠光体在不同冷速下的形态不同,冷速较小时以片层及短棒状为主,还有少量球状,随着冷速增加,短棒状珠光体占比增加,片层及球状珠光体占比减小。     

齿轮钢16MnCr的过冷奥氏体连续冷却转变规律

利用DIL805L淬火相变膨胀仪研究了齿轮钢16Mn Cr的过冷奥氏体连续冷却转变行为,结合金相-硬度法,绘制静态CCT曲线。结果表明:试验钢在冷速小于0.2℃/s时,室温下获得铁素体+珠光体组织,冷速大于0.5℃/s,室温下试验钢中出现贝氏体组织,冷速大于5℃/s,试验钢中出现马氏体组织;随着冷速的增加,铁素体、珠光体减少,铁素体的形态由多边形向针状发展,硬度由146 HV30增大至380 HV30。由于Mo推迟了铁素体、珠光体转变,降低了获得铁素体的临界冷速,试验钢获得铁素体+珠光体组织的冷速范围较窄。     

一种碳锰曲轴钢的奥氏体连续冷却转变规律

使用DIL805L型膨胀仪分析了曲轴钢的相变规律,得到了其奥氏体连续冷却转变曲线（CCT）。结果表明,试验钢的临界点为：Ac1＝682 ℃,Ac3＝765 ℃;当冷速为0.2～5 ℃/s时,转变产物为铁素体＋珠光体;当冷速大于5 ℃/s时,转变产物为铁素体、珠光体、贝氏体与马氏体的混合组织;当冷速增大到15 ℃/s时,转变产物为贝氏体和马氏体组织;冷速越大冷却后马氏体含量越多,硬度逐渐增加。     

X80管线钢的过冷奥氏体转变规律和相变模型

利用L78RITA淬火热膨胀仪研究了X80管线钢过冷奥氏体转变的相变规律,结合金相-硬度法绘制了试验钢的连续冷却转变(CCT)曲线。结果表明,随着冷却速率的增加,X80管线钢过冷奥氏体分别发生了铁素体、贝氏体、马氏体转变;冷速小于3℃/s时,组织为铁素体和贝氏体;冷速在3～20℃/s时,组织只有贝氏体;冷速大于40℃/s时,组织中开始出现马氏体,且随着冷速的进一步增大,马氏体的含量逐渐增多,贝氏体逐渐减少直至消失。试验钢硬度随着冷却速率的增加呈逐步升高的趋势。在CCT曲线基础上,建立了相变点温度-冷却速率关系模型,并通过回归计算得到拟合度较高的相变模型,且模型计算值与试验值之间能够很好的地吻合,证明了该相变模型的可行性。     

R350HT钢轨钢的连续冷却转变曲线

在Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机上对欧标R350HT钢轨钢进行不同冷却速度的热模拟试验,观察显微组织并测量硬度,绘制试验钢的连续冷却转变(CCT)曲线。结果表明,在冷却速率为0.5~2.5 ℃/s时,组织以珠光体为主,有少量先共析铁素体。当冷却速度为3 ℃/s时,组织中出现马氏体。由于珠光体轨钢中不允许有马氏体组织,因此冷却速度应小于3 ℃/s。同时,随着冷却速率的增大,直至10 ℃/s,珠光体开始转变温度降低,这是因为随着冷却速率的增大,在高温区停留时间缩短,珠光体转变来不及发生,并且发生珠光体相变需要较大的过冷度。随着冷却速率增加至20 ℃/s,组织基本上为马氏体。当冷速大于20 ℃/s后,组织为单一马氏体。因此,马氏体临界转变冷速为20 ℃/s。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.