Precipitation Behavior and Mechanical Properties of a 16Cr-25Ni Superaustenitic Stainless Steel Weld Metal During Post-weld Heat Treatment

A 16Cr-25Ni superaustenitic stainless steel weld metal for austenitic stainless steel/ferrite heat-resistance steel dissimilar metal weld was designed and prepared through tungsten inert-gas welding. The precipitate evolution and its correlation with mechanical properties were investigated during post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) at 690 °C for up to 12 h. The primary precipitates in the as-welded weld metal were identified as Mo-rich M₆C carbides in the interdendritic region and semicontinuous fine-sized M₂₃C₆ carbides along grain boundary. After PWHT, three types of precipitates coexisted in the interdendritic region: primary M₆C carbides, newly precipitated Mo-rich M₂X carbonitrides and some of the secondary M₂₃C₆ carbides. Additionally, mass secondary M₂₃C₆ carbides formed and coarsened along grain boundary. No undesirable intermetallic phases formed during the whole period. The M₂X and interdendritic M₂₃C₆ improved the strength of the weld metal after PWHT, but the elongation and impact toughness degraded, which were mainly owing to the intergranular M₂₃C₆ carbides that changed the fracture mode from ductile transgranular mode to mixed mode of transgranular and intergranular fracture. Meanwhile, the coarsening of M₂X carbonitrides may lead to the elongation loss during 8 h to 12 h. Evolution of impact toughness was also related to the M₂X carbonitrides, which made the crack easier to propagate compared with austenitic matrix and contributed to the decline of impact toughness. However, due to the sluggish precipitation of M₂X carbonitrides with longer holding time, the decreasing trend became slow from 4 to 12 h. The results showed that PWHT should be controlled within 8 h to obtain better combination of strength and ductility.     

热处理制度对Zr-Sn-Nb新锆合金耐腐蚀性能的影响

将Zr-Sn-Nb新锆合金样品分别进行多种变形热处理，用透射电子显微镜研究它们的显微组织和第二相粒子。然后把它们放入高压釜中，在350℃，16．8MPa，0．01mol／LLiOH水溶液中腐蚀。结果表明：580℃-3h／冷轧／500℃-30h处理的样品具有最好的耐腐蚀性能，这是因为该样品中Zr-Fe-Nb第二相粒子呈均匀细小分布，且体积分数在几种样品中最高，导致基体中的Nb元素同溶含量最低。     

热处理对Mg-9Gd-2Y-0.6Zr合金显微组织和耐蚀性的影响

采用失重法、扫描电子显微镜、光学显微镜研究了热处理对Mg-9Gd-2Y-0.6Zr合金显微组织和耐蚀性的影响。结果表明:合金铸态组织由α-Mg基体和粗大的枝晶β相组成,热处理后,合金中的β相经过溶解再析出的过程,β相由断续网状转变为方块颗粒状;热处理工艺显著提高了合金在Hanks模型中的耐蚀性,且腐蚀产物以Mg(OH)2为主。     

热处理对电沉积纳米晶铬镀层微观结构及耐蚀性的影响

目的改善H13钢表面纳米晶Cr镀层的微观结构和耐腐蚀性能。方法利用电沉积技术在H13钢表面制备纳米晶Cr镀层,并通过调整热处理工艺调控Cr镀层的结构和性能。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)、维氏显微硬度计和中性盐雾试验(NSS)研究了不同热处理工艺下Cr镀层的表面形貌、粗糙度、相结构、硬度及耐蚀性。结果采用电沉积技术成功在H13钢表面制备出体心立方结构的纳米晶铬镀层,其晶粒和微裂纹尺寸随着热处理温度(200～600℃)和保温时间(1～2h)的增加而增大。当热处理温度达到400℃时,镀层表面检测到Cr2O3氧化层,并随着热处理温度和保温时间的增加,氧化程度逐渐增大。此外,Cr镀层硬度随着热处理温度和保温时间的增加而逐渐降低。在600℃下保温2h后,镀层硬度为(499.8±9.3)HV0.2,与镀态((749.0±13.2)HV0.2)相比,大约下降了33%。然而,经500℃和600℃热处理的镀层具有最好的耐蚀性能,盐雾试验后,镀层表面未见明显腐蚀缺陷,保护评级为10级。结论随着热处理温度和保温时间的增加,镀层晶粒变大,表面氧化程度加剧,耐蚀性能显著增强。     

热处理对CuBiAl合金组织的影响

采用金相、X射线衍射（XRD）及扫描电镜／能谱（SEM／EDS）测试方法分析了热处理对CuBiAl合金组织的影响，并对其相变温度进行测定。结果表明，采用热处理来改变CuBiAl合金的组织是可行的，所得结果为该合金组织的选择提供了理论依据。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

热处理工艺对Fe-B-C耐磨合金组织和性能的影响

采用不同热处理工艺研究了淬火温度和介质对Fe-B-C合金组织和性能的影响.结果表明,Fe-B-C合金的凝固组织是由珠光体、铁索体、共晶硼化物组成,热处理后基体大部分转变成马氏体,共晶硼化物由连续的网状向断网状转变,并出现块状孤立组织;细长的"触角"钝化;Fe-B-C合金的硬度和冲击韧度大幅度提高.900℃水淬 250℃回火,材料的硬度最高;950℃油淬 250℃回火,冲击韧度最高;以硬度、冲击韧度和耐磨性为评价指标时,950℃水淬综合性能较好.     

Effect of Post-weld Tempering on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in the Simulated HAZs of a High-Strength-High-Toughness Combination Marine Engineering Steel

The effects of tempering temperatures on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the simulated coarse-grain heataffected zone(CGHAZ) and inter-critical heat-affected zone(ICHAZ) were investigated for a high-strength-high-toughness combination marine engineering steel.The results demonstrate that the microstructure of the simulated CGHAZ and ICHAZ after tempering is characterized by tempering sorbites and coarse grain in the simulated CGHAZ.As tempering temperature increases,the tensile strength of the simulated CGHAZ and ICHAZ decreases and the Charpy absorbed energy of the simulated ICHAZ at-50℃increases remarkably,but the impact toughness of the simulated CGHAZ is not improved.After tempering at 550℃,the coarse flake carbides,which distribute at the prior austenite grain and martensite lath boundaries,deteriorate the impact toughness of the simulated CGHAZ.With the increase in tempering temperature,the morphology and the size of the carbides gradually change from coarse flake to fine granular,which is beneficial to the improvement of impact toughness.However,the coarse-grain size of the simulated CGHAZ and the M23 C6-type carbide precipitated along the grain boundaries weakens the enhancing effect of carbides on impact toughness.     

热处理对钴-碳化钨合金涂层组织的影响

采用真空熔覆的方法，在45钢表面涂覆一层钴．碳化钨合金复合涂层，并对其进行正火或调质处理，对热处理前后合金涂层的硬度和组织进行了分析。结果表明，采用正火或调质处理后提高了基体的硬度，正火处理后涂层的组织形貌基本没有变化，而调质处理后，涂层中的碳化钨聚集，形成较大的块状相，在靠近涂层界面的基体中产生裂纹。涂层的X射线衍射分析说明正火和调质处理后衍射图相似，相种类没有改变。     

热处理对2E12铝合金耐腐蚀性及力学性能的影响

采用透射电镜、剥蚀试验、电化学阻抗测试、拉伸试验等方法,对不同热处理态2E12铝合金的抗剥蚀性能及力学性能进行了研究,分析了热处理后的2E12合金剥落腐蚀机制及动力学过程.结果表明,形变热处理可使2E12合金析出细小弥散的S′相,并提高其力学性能.合金剥蚀动力学过程基本包括点蚀诱导、点蚀快速发展、剥蚀形成以及剥蚀稳定发展4个阶段.T6态2E12合金腐蚀以"起泡"形式的晶间腐蚀扩展为主,而T8态2E12合金为典型的剥落腐蚀,但由于晶间腐蚀对力学性能的破坏较剥落腐蚀更为显著,故T8态的2E12铝合金腐蚀后其强度损失小于T6态合金.     

热处理对TC21钛合金显微组织的影响

对TC21钛合金进行双重固溶+时效热处理,研究固溶冷却速率、温度对合金显微组织的影响。研究表明,初生α相形貌主要受一次高温固溶温度控制,高温固溶冷却速率对次生α相含量及长宽比有显著的影响。高的固溶冷却速率可以保留更多的亚稳定β相,从而在时效过程析出更多细小的次生α相,导致强度增加,塑性及韧性下降。二次低温固溶温度对合金后续的时效响应有显著的影响,高的固溶温度可以保留更多的β相,促使更多细小的转变α相在时效中析出;低的固溶热处理温度导致固溶残余β相相含量减小,时效敏感性降低。时效过程导致残余β相的分解,特别是大块亚稳定β相区。     

热处理对6063铝合金组织与性能的影响

利用金相显微镜观察经固溶、时效及固溶+时效处理的6063铝合金的显微组织,通过测试其硬度,得出其随温度变化的规律;并通过全浸腐蚀试验比较其耐腐蚀性,观察其在不同温度下的腐蚀形貌.结果表明,经不同温度处理的材料其显微组织发生明显改变,硬度随温度呈一个波动趋势,随温度升高其耐蚀性下降.     

Effects of Post-Weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al-12.7Si-0.7Mg Alloy Welded Joints by GMAW

In this study, 3-mm-thick hot-extruded plates of A1-12.7Si-0.7Mg alloy were used to fabricate the joints welded by gas metal arc welding. Effects of the post-weld heat treatment include solid solution treatment, water quenching, and artificial aging treatment on the microstructure, and mechanical properties of the weld joints have been investigated. Results showed that the welded joints after solid solution and artificial aging exhibited the increases in yield strength of 166 MPa and ultimate tensile strength of 148 MPa, respectively. Based on the microstructural observations, the associated mechanisms were discussed.     

热处理对Mg-Nd-Gd-Zr稀土镁合金组织与性能的影响

研究了热处理工艺对Mg-Nd-Gd-Zr镁合金组织与性能的影响.结果表明,采用适当的热处理可细化镁合金的显微组织,并改善镁合金的力学性能.该合金优化的热处理工艺为530℃×2 h空冷后再200℃×2 h时效,在此热处理制度下,合金获得优良的综合力学性能,显微硬度达到93.4HV,抗拉强度达到187MPa.     

热处理对激光熔覆Ni基合金层组织耐磨性的影响

采用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、电子探针、显微硬度计和洛氏硬度计研究了45钢激光熔覆Ni基合金及后续热处理后的组织结构、显微硬度、洛氏硬度和耐磨损性能。结果表明：Ni基合金激光熔覆层的洛氏硬度高达43HRC，热处理又进一步使熔覆层的硬度提高到56HRC。组织细化、Cr1.65Fe0.35B0.96和Cr2B3硬质相的析出是熔覆层硬度和耐磨性提高的原因。     

热处理对TC4合金组织与性能的影响

研究了热处理对TC4半成品棒材的显微组织，拉伸性能，断裂韧性，裂纹扩展速率的影响，结果表明，经α＋β区固溶处理和β区固溶处理＋（α＋β）区时效处理后的TC合金显微组织分别为球状或条状初生α＋晶间β的双态组织和网蓝组织，双态组织结构具有高的拉伸性能和低的断裂韧性，网蓝组织具有良好的断裂韧性和疲劳性能。     

T6处理工艺对Mg-Y-Cu-Zr合金显微组织和耐腐蚀性能的影响

为研究T6热处理工艺对Mg-6.6Y-2.6Cu-1.2Zr镁合金组织和耐腐蚀性能的影响,对合金进行了不同工艺的固溶处理和相同工艺的时效处理。固溶处理工艺为420℃、440℃和460℃保温12h水冷,时效处理工艺为200℃×12h。采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察合金的显微组织,通过电化学法测试合金的耐蚀性能。结果表明:随着固溶温度的升高,合金中β相数量减少,且其形貌从不规则形状转变为条状;LPSO结构的体积分数先增多后减少;合金的腐蚀速率先增大随后显著降低。经460℃×12h水冷随后200℃×12h时效处理的Mg-6.6Y-2.6Cu-1.2Zr合金的耐蚀性能显著提高,为铸态合金的4.6倍,表明合适的T6处理工艺可有效提高Mg-6.6Y-2.6Cu-1.2Zr镁合金的耐蚀性能。     

等温退火对ZTC18钛合金组织与性能的影响

研究了等温退火温度对ZTC18钛合金组织和性能的影响。结果表明：ZTC18钛合金在热等静压＋等温退火条件下,随着等温退火温度的升高,初生α相由不规则针状和棒状逐渐转变为平直棒状;次生α相由细小弥散分布到呈平行排列,并最终粗化长大呈棒状和颗粒状。拉伸试验结果表明,试样强度随等温退火温度升高逐渐降低,而塑性逐渐增加。合金强度和塑性主要受初生α相的形态以及次生α相的形态和数量控制。     

热处理对Al-Si-Mg-Cr合金微观组织与力学性能及耐腐蚀性能的影响

本文采用真空电磁感应熔炼炉制备了Al-Si-Mg-Cr合金,利用Thermo-calc软件进行热力学模拟,使用SEM、EDS等测试方法,表征了不同热处理状态下Al-Si-Mg-Cr合金微观组织,并测试其力学性能。采用了失重法和电化学法测试其腐蚀性能。结果表明：实验合金主要物相包括初晶α-Al、（α-Al+Si）共晶、Al13Cr4Si4、β-Al（Cr, Fe）Si、富Fe相（β-Al5FeSi和π-AlSiMgFe）。热处理后的实验合金组织均得到细化,共晶组织区域变窄,共晶Si球化,合金中Al13Cr4Si4、β-Al（Cr, Fe）Si相弥散分布。腐蚀测试结果显示：实验合金主要的腐蚀方式为晶间腐蚀,热处理后实验合金共晶区域减小,导致腐蚀通道变窄;提高了合金的耐腐蚀性能。当热处理工艺为535℃ 6h+160 26h时,实验合金微观力学性能及耐腐蚀性最佳。     

热处理工艺对Ti-1300合金的组织和拉伸性能的影响

研究了Ti-1300合金经不同温度固溶+缓慢升温时效处理后的显微组织和拉伸性能.结果表明,在相变点之上和之下固溶+随炉升温时效处理后合金发生了不同的相变,对应的拉伸性能也有很大的不同.Ti-1300合金在相变点之上固溶处理后缓慢升温到500 ℃时效处理发生β→ω转变,试样强度很高,而塑性很差.Ti-1300合金在相变点之下固溶处理+随炉升温时效处理发生β→α转变,试样经随炉升温到570 ℃时效处理后的抗拉强度为1430 MPa,而延伸率也达到8%.