Effect of Austenitic and Austeno-Ferritic Electrodes on 2205 Duplex and 316L Austenitic Stainless Steel Dissimilar Welds

This study addresses the effect of different types of austenitic and austeno-ferritic electrodes (E309L, E309LMo and E2209) on the relationship between weldability, microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of shielded metal arc welded duplex/austenitic (2205/316L) stainless steel dissimilar joints using the combined techniques of optical, scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive spectrometer and electrochemical. The results indicated that the change in electrode composition led to microstructural variations in the welds with the development of different complex phases such as vermicular ferrite, lathy ferrite, widmanstatten and intragranular austenite. Mechanical properties of welded joints were diverged based on compositions and solidification modes; it was observed that ferritic mode solidified weld dominated property wise. However, the pitting corrosion resistance of all welds showed different behavior in chloride solution; moreover, weld with E2209 was superior, whereas E309L exhibited lower resistance. Higher degree of sensitization was observed in E2209 weld, while lesser in E309L weld. Optimum ferrite content was achieved in all welds.     

Filler metal selection for welding a high nitrogen stainless steel

Cromanite is a high-strength austenitic stainless steel that contains approximately 19% chromium, 10% manganese, and 0.5% nitrogen. It can be welded successfully, but due to the high nitrogen content of the base metal, precautions have to be taken to ensure sound welds with the desired combination of properties. Although no matching filler metals are currently available, Cromanite can be welded using a range of commercially available stainless steel welding consumables. E307 stainless steel, the filler metal currently recommended for joining Cromanite, produces welds with mechanical properties that are generally inferior to those of the base metal. In wear applications, these lower strength welds would probably be acceptable, but in applications where full use is made of the high strength of Cromanite, welds with matching strength levels would be required. In this investigation, two welding consumables, ER2209 (a duplex austenitic-ferritic stainless steel) and 15CrMn (an austenitic-manganese hardfacing wire), were evaluated as substitutes for E307. When used to join Cromanite, 15CrMn produced welds displaying severe nitrogen-induced porosity, and this consumable is therefore not recommended. ER2209, however, outperformed E307, producing sound porosity-free welds with excellent mechanical properties, including high ductility and strength levels exceeding the minimum limits specified for Cromanite.     

Evaluation of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in Dissimilar Austenitic/Super Duplex Stainless Steel Joint

To study the effect of chemical composition on microstructural features and mechanical properties of dissimilar joints between super duplex and austenitic stainless steels, welding was attempted by gas tungsten arc welding process with a super duplex (ER2594) and an austenitic (ER309LMo) stainless steel filler metal. While the austenitic weld metal had vermicular delta ferrite within austenitic matrix, super duplex stainless steel was mainly comprised of allotriomorphic grain boundary and Widmanstätten side plate austenite morphologies in the ferrite matrix. Also the heat-affected zone of austenitic base metal comprised of large austenite grains with little amounts of ferrite, whereas a coarse-grained ferritic region was observed in the heat-affected zone of super duplex base metal. Although both welded joints showed acceptable mechanical properties, the hardness and impact strength of the weld metal produced using super duplex filler metal were found to be better than that obtained by austenitic filler metal.     

采用镍基和奥氏体焊材焊接Cr13钢焊接接头性能

采用ER309L氩弧焊丝的奥氏体焊材和ERNiCrFe-3镍基焊丝的镍基焊材对Cr13钢母材进行TIG焊接,通过无损检测、显微组织、力学性能和耐腐蚀性能试验,对两种焊材的焊接接头性能进行研究.结果表明,两种焊接接头均未发现焊接缺陷,焊接接头属于高强匹配,弯曲性能合格.与奥氏体焊材焊缝相比,镍基焊材的焊缝冲击韧性低,硬度高,耐电化学腐蚀性能高.     

Examples of metal and resin processing using high power diode lasers

In this work, the pitting corrosion resistance of welding duplex stainless steel 2205 was studied. Joints were made using the GMAW process with different fillers: duplex ER 2209 and two austenitic fillers (ER 316LSi and ER 308LSi). The microstructure obtained with the duplex ER 2209 filler is similar to the duplex 2205 base material, but the joints produced with the austenitic fillers cause a decrease of the α/γ phase ratio. In order to evaluate the influence of the filler on the weld, the pitting corrosion resistance was determined by means of an electrochemical critical pitting temperature test, and the mechanical properties by the hardness test. The phase imbalance produced for the different fillers causes variation of the pitting corrosion resistance and the mechanical properties. The variation in the mechanical properties of the material was also studied by means of hardness tests.     

API X52管线钢与Corus RQT 701超高强钢的焊接工艺

针对超高强钢在机械行业的广泛使用,焊接接头易出现淬硬脆化、裂纹等缺陷的情况,采用焊条电弧焊(SMAW)和药芯气体保护焊(FCAW-GS)组合的焊接方法,对API X52管线钢与Corus RQT 701超高强钢的焊接进行了工艺试验,并进行常规力学性能试验。结果表明,通过合理匹配焊接工艺参数,严格控制低热输入量及层间温度,实现了小熔合比的异种钢焊接,且焊接接头具有良好的力学性能,达到了标准和规格书的要求;异种高强钢焊接,采用SMAW打底焊接和FCAWGS填充并盖面的方法,焊接效率较单纯采用焊条电弧焊工艺提高2倍以上。     

2205双相不锈钢与304奥氏体不锈钢的焊接

采用焊条电弧焊(SMAW),以E2209作填充材料对2205双相不锈钢与304奥氏体不锈钢异种金属焊接工艺进行研究,通过优化焊接工艺参数,获得了具有良好力学性能和合适双相比例的焊接接头.接头力学性能测试表明,拉伸试样断裂发生在强度相对较低的304母材侧;2205母材侧热影响区的显微硬度值高于焊缝和2205母材,而304...     

X80管线钢在线用焊条的研制

研制了一种X80管线钢在线用碱性低氢焊条,此焊条主要用于X80管线钢管管对接环焊缝打底焊及管线钢的焊补.确定了焊条药皮各组分的合理配比,合理选择焊芯并进行了一系列焊接试验及焊接接头力学性能和金相测试.结果表明,所研制焊条引弧及稳弧性能良好、飞溅小、脱渣好,焊道成形良好;B焊条焊接接头力学性能优异,屈服强度达640 MPa,抗拉强度达804 MPa,冲击吸收功达120 J;B焊条所得焊缝组织为针状铁素体和粒状贝氏体,其比例恰当,与母材组织匹配较好.     

980MPa高强钢焊接接头薄弱环节的确定

通过在低温下进行拉伸试验、冲击试验以及扫描电镜下的断口观察,对屈服强度为980 MPa新型高强钢的MAG和TIG焊接接头的性能和断裂机理进行了研究,并在此基础上确定焊接接头的薄弱环节,提出其薄弱环节对接头整体性能的影响规律.结果表明,这两种焊接方法焊缝金属的抗拉强度与母材相差不大,但其断面收缩率有所降低;焊缝金属尤其原...     

铜/镀镍钢微电阻点焊接头形成机理

采用微电阻点焊对纯铜和镀镍钢片异种金属进行了点焊连接,通过拉剪试验、光学显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱分析,研究了镀层金属镍在铜/镀镍钢片微电阻点焊冶金过程中对接头形成和接头强度的影响. 结果表明,铜/镀镍钢片微电阻点焊接头的形成机理包括固相连接和熔化连接,其形成过程为: 铜和镀层镍在锻压力和析出热量下,形成固相连接;在铁和镀层镍之间开始熔化;镀层镍被熔化的金属向边缘处挤压,镍在边缘处与铁、铜形成了新的组织;熔核的形成. 在两种不同的接头形成机理下,其拉伸断口都有呈抛物线状或拉长的韧窝出现.     

Q550高强钢焊接接头强韧性匹配

在不预热条件下采用不同合金成分焊丝焊接Q550高强钢,试验研究焊丝中合金对焊缝组织、接头抗拉强度及冲击韧性的影响.结果表明,使用MK.G60-1焊丝可获得以针状铁素体为主的焊缝组织.焊缝中沿晶界分布的先共析铁素体在承受拉应力时易萌生裂纹,提高焊缝中针状铁素体含量可以提高接头抗拉强度和韧性.采用MK.G60-1焊丝接头抗拉强度接近母材的抗拉强度,断裂发生在熔合区.接头热影响区的冲击吸收功最高,而熔合区的抗拉强度和韧性最低.焊缝冲击断口纤维区均以穿晶断裂为主,断口韧窝产生的机理是微孔聚集型,针状铁素体区对应的韧窝较大,先共析铁素体对应的韧窝较小.     

大理石、萤石对不锈钢焊条熔滴过渡及熔滴中夹杂物的影响

采用水中收集熔滴、光学显微分析、电子扫描能谱分析、计算机图像分析及平板堆焊等试验方法，分别研究了大理石、萤石对不锈钢焊条熔熵过渡行为，以及它们对熔滴中非金属夹杂物及焊缝中气孔的影响。结果表明焊缝和熔滴中的非金属夹杂物呈圆球形，它们是熔滴反应区化学反应的产物，属“内生”性质；药皮中大理石含量增大时，熔滴尺寸与熔滴中夹杂物含量的波动变化存在对应关系，焊条工艺性变差，焊缝中气孔敏感性未减小；药皮中氟化稀土和萤石比值增大，熔滴细化，熔滴中夹杂物含量增大，焊条工艺性能有所改善，焊缝中气孔倾向未减小。     

采用不同结构Cu/V填充层的钛合金/不锈钢电子束焊接试验

对采用不同结构Cu/V填充层的钛合金与不锈钢电子束焊接头横截面形貌、微观组织及力学性能进行了分析.结果表明,采用片层结构的Cu/V填充层进行焊接时,焊缝组织由钒基固溶体、铜基固溶体及铁基固溶体组成,但由于焊缝底部有钢层未熔,形成未熔合缺陷,接头强度为288 MPa.采用楔形结构的Cu/V填充层,在保持接头固溶体过渡组织结构特征的同时,消除了未熔合缺陷,接头抗拉强度达到385 MPa.未熔钒层为接头力学性能薄弱区域,不同结构填充层的焊接接头断裂均发生于未熔钒层处.     

焊条电弧焊堆焊双相不锈钢2205工艺研究

对双相不锈钢2205堆焊工艺进行分析,采用小电流、快速焊、水中冷却的工艺规范,使用国产E309MoL(φ4mm)和E2209(φ4mm)型焊条分别进行过渡层和复层的堆焊;复层铁素体面积含量达到47.14%,通过常规力学性能试验、FeCl3溶液点蚀试验和NaOH溶液电解腐蚀试验,无金属析出物,化学成分满足堆焊E2209型要求,堆焊面层硬度在23.8～24.7HRC之间,成功堆焊出满足使用要求的双相钢堆焊层。     

电铁塔用细晶高强钢焊接接头组织与性能研究

采用焊条电孤焊、CO2气体保护焊焊接了控扎控冷制备输电铁塔用细晶Q420低合金高强钢.研究焊接接头显微组织和力学性能,并对比分析热轧制备Q420钢焊接接头的冲击韧性.研究结果表明,选择E5515焊条、ER55-G焊丝焊接所得细晶Q420高强钢焊接接头焊缝金属主要由铁素体和少量珠光体构成,ER55-G焊丝由于添加Ti元素...     

304L/SA516Gr70不锈钢复合板焊接接头的组织与性能分析

针对304L/SA516Gr70不锈钢复合板,采用钨极氩弧焊方法并选用ER309L焊丝焊接覆层和过渡层,选用E5015焊条电弧焊焊接基层.对焊接接头进行拉伸强度等力学性能测试,结果表明,拉伸试样断裂于母材,焊接接头的抗拉强度达573.4 MPa,断口呈明显的韧性断裂;观察接头金相组织表明,过渡层焊缝组织为黑色的蠕虫状和...     

X90高强度管线钢预精焊冷裂纹形貌及成因

采用力学测试、组织分析、扫描电镜和能谱分析的方法,研究了X90高强度管线钢预精焊的焊接裂纹形貌,并分析了裂纹形成原因.结果表明,X90螺旋焊钢管内焊缝上的横向裂纹为冷裂纹,裂纹在焊缝组织中呈穿晶扩展或沿晶界扩展.X90含有较多的Mn,Cr,Mo,Ni,Cu等合金元素,强度高,导致内焊缝的焊接残余应力高于裂纹的临界应力.内焊道维氏硬度比外焊道的高,且焊缝两侧的硬度分布极不对称,造成了内焊道附近的应力集中和分布不平衡.内外焊缝重合区域的扩散氢不易逸出,其含量较高,在气孔、夹渣等“陷阱”处聚集,导致裂纹产生和断口上大量氢白点形成.焊缝一次结晶所形成的连续细长的树枝晶晶界为裂纹扩展提供了“通道”.     

7A52铝合金-钢异种结构CMT熔钎焊接头组织及镀镍层的行为与影响

以ER4043铝硅焊丝为填充金属,研究了Q235钢螺柱与7A52铝合金板CMT焊接工艺,在焊接电流115~135 A,电弧电压14.5~16.5 V,焊接速度0.3 m/min条件下,焊接过程稳定,焊缝成形连续美观.结果表明,7A52铝合金侧熔合区界面为熔焊特征,铝母材发生熔合,熔合良好;钢螺柱侧熔合区为钎焊特征,界面存在反应层,由靠近钢螺柱的Fe₂Al₅层和靠近焊缝侧的FeAl₃层组成,整体反应层厚度由根趾向焊趾方向逐渐减小.焊趾部位出现富镍区,主要由Al₃Ni的共晶组织及少量Al₃Ni₂组成.与无镀镍层焊缝比较表明,镀镍层在焊接过程的行为降低了界面反应层厚度,且通过形成富镍区,降低了接头的脆性,使接头抗剪切强度提高了15%~19%,最高达到146.9 MPa,满足了高强铝合金螺柱焊接的质量要求.     

钛酸型双相不锈钢焊条E2209-17的研制

采用钛酸型渣系,通过对化学成分、铁素体含量的控制及焊接工艺的优化,研制的双相不锈钢焊条具有优异的焊接工艺性能、较优良的力学性能及耐蚀性能。     

LNG储罐用9Ni钢焊条电弧焊接头的组织与性能

采用国产的CHNiCrFe-9型镍基焊条进行9Ni钢焊条电弧焊试验,通过拉伸试验、弯曲试验、金相显微组织分析和扫描电镜(SEM)分析等方法,分析焊接接头的组织和性能。结果表明,焊缝金属由奥氏体基体和富Nb复杂碳化物组成,枝晶偏析严重,晶粒较为粗大;断口主要由大而深的韧窝组成,属于韧性断裂;试样的抗拉强度平均值为736 MPa;焊接接头的横向面弯测试不合格。根据试验结果分析焊缝金属弯曲性能不合格的原因,为9Ni钢的实际焊接提供了理论依据,对正确制定焊接工艺具有一定的指导意义。