冷却速率对2507超级双相不锈钢σ相析出的影响

利用Gleeble 3500热模拟试验机对2507超级双相不锈钢进行了连续冷却试验,采用金相显微镜和扫描电镜电子背散射模式分析了冷却速率对超级双相不锈钢σ相析出的影响。研究结果表明,在连续冷却过程中,冷却速率显著影响2507双相不锈钢σ相的析出含量,冷却速率越小,σ相的析出量越多;冷却速率超过2.0℃/s能阻止2507超级双相不锈钢析出σ相。     

高温时效对2507超级双相不锈钢组织和性能的影响

对2507超级双相不锈钢在920℃进行了不同保温时间的时效处理,采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪和能谱仪分析了不同时效状态下的组织演变规律,通过硬度试验和冲击试验研究了时效时间对2507超级双相不锈钢性能的影响。结果表明,920℃时效处理时,大量的σ相沿γ/α及α/α晶界析出,并向铁素体内部长大,其形成机理为铁素体共析转变成σ相和二次奥氏体γ2;在时效5 min内σ相的析出速率最快,随着时效时间的延长,σ相的含量增加,但析出速率逐渐变小;σ相的出现严重降低了超级双相不锈钢的冲击韧性,并且使其硬度明显增加,冲击功和硬度值的大小与σ相析出量有关,当920℃时效30 min时,σ析出相的含量接近于28%,对应双相不锈钢的冲击功和硬度值分别为6 J和376 HB。     

超级双相不锈钢σ相析出及对组织性能的影响

利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、纳米力学探针、常温拉伸等方法,研究了S32750超级双相不锈钢中σ相的析出规律及其对组织性能的影响.结果表明,σ相优先析出于奥氏体晶粒边界处、铁素体含量稀少之处,其析出量随固溶温度的升高而呈现出先增大后减小的趋势,在900℃时,析出量达到最大.材料的硬度与变形抗力会随着σ相析出量的增多而增大;σ相析出时引起的体积膨胀会引起奥氏体边部的硬度与杨氏模量增大;σ相析出也容易造成材料中微裂纹的形成.S32750双相不锈钢应在1020℃到1080℃温度范围内进行固溶,以获得较好的冷加工性能.     

压缩变形对双相不锈钢σ相析出行为的影响

采用金相显微观察、定量相分析、能谱分析等方法,研究了室温压缩变形对2205双相不锈钢在700~950℃固溶处理后σ相析出行为的影响,用于指导双相不锈钢的冷、热加工工艺。结果表明,压缩变形并没有扩大双相不锈钢固溶处理的σ相析出温度范围,但加快了σ相的析出速度,导致σ相析出量增多,析出部位由α/γ相界扩大至铁素体晶内和奥氏体晶内,同时导致σ相析出鼻尖温度由850℃降至800℃。     

2205双相不锈钢热轧卷断带原因分析

2205双相不锈钢热轧卷在开卷过程中发生断带。本文采用直读光谱仪、洛氏硬度计、摆锤冲击试验机、金相显微镜和扫描电镜等对断带处的样品进行了化学成分、力学性能、显微组织和析出相检测分析,并对2205双相不锈钢热轧卷热加工工艺参数进行了分析。结果表明:断带样品中含有大量的σ相析出,这是导致2205双相不锈钢卷断带的根本原因;而层流冷却后温度过高、冷却速度较慢是导致2205双相不锈钢热轧卷σ相析出的原因。     

核电叶轮用双相不锈钢热处理工艺研究

针对核电海水循环泵叶轮用双相不锈钢材料,研究了不同时效温度、时间及固溶后不同冷却速率对双相不锈钢组织和力学性能的影响,结果表明,在800-850℃保温5 min或冷却速率低于7.5℃/min时,材料的冲击韧性和延伸率急剧下降.OM,SEM和冲击断口观察及XRD分析证实,σ相的析出对力学性能有破坏性影响.且随着时效时间的延长,σ相变得粗大,析出位置从γ/δ相界扩展到整个δ相     

高锰氮Cr25超级双相不锈钢热加工工艺研究

通过Gleeble-3800热模试验机对真空感应熔炼的00Cr25Ni2Mo3Mn10N0.5超级双相不锈钢的铸态样品进行了高温拉伸实验。结果表明,00Cr25Ni2Mo3Mn10N0.5超级双相不锈钢的变形抗力随变形温度升高而减小,随应变速率增加而增加。变形温度1 000℃以下,因σ相析出,热加工性能较差,高于1 200℃时因奥氏体/铁素体界面出现锯齿状形态,热加工性能变差。00Cr25Ni2Mo3Mn10N0.5超级双相不锈钢在1 000～1 200℃范围内具有较佳的热加工性能。     

2507超级双相不锈钢中σ相的析出行为

利用扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射仪、电化学工作站等试验及手段,研究了2507(S32750)超级双相不锈钢经700～1000 ℃时效不同时间后σ相的析出规律及其对冲击性能和腐蚀性能的影响规律。结果表明:σ相析出速度很快,析出量随时效时间的延长先增加后逐步减少,在850~900 ℃时效后σ相的析出量最大。σ相的析出严重降低材料的冲击及腐蚀性能,建议时效温度不低于950 ℃。     

高温时效对2205双相不锈钢中σ相析出行为的影响

对2205双相不锈钢进行了750、800、850、900和950℃分别保温0.5、1、2h的时效处理,采用定量金相、SEM和EDS、化学萃取、XRD和电子背散射衍射(EBSD)等方法研究了2205双相不锈钢中σ相析出与时效时间、温度的变化规律。结果表明:2205双相不锈钢经不同时效工艺处理后的组织主要由奥氏体、铁素体、σ相组成,σ相一般在γ/α相界处或铁素体内析出;在相同时效温度下,随着时间的延长,σ相的析出量明显增多,而在850℃进行时效处理会使钢中σ相的析出量达到最高值。此外,采用EBSD方法有望对2205双相不锈钢中的σ相进行准确的定量分析。     

影响双相不锈钢热塑性的诸因素讨论

双相不锈钢是热塑性较差的钢,易出现热加工缺陷。因此分析了轧制温度、相比例、σ相及微量元素诸因素对双相不锈钢热塑性的影响。认为双相不锈钢在冶炼过程中要尽量降低钢中硫、氧含量并加入适量的微合金元素,在热轧过程中要严格控制开轧和终轧温度,控制σ相析出,保证适当的相比例、冷却速率等以避免热脆性裂纹。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。