超音速火焰喷涂NiTi合金涂层的形状记忆效应

采用超音速火焰喷涂制备超致密NiTi合金涂层,通过后续热处理获得优化相变结构,并通过压痕法分析涂层的形状记忆效应。光学显微镜及扫描电镜对NiTi合金涂层微观结构表征显示,喷涂制备态涂层由内部岛状-链状界面叠片组成,涂层致密孔隙率约为0.82%。X射线衍射分析显示,NiTi涂层制备态为全奥氏体,经时效处理析出Ni₄Ti₃相。压痕法分析表明,在制备态及时效态涂层中均获得了一定的单程及双程形状记忆效应。X射线物相分析及差示扫描量热仪对比分析揭示,时效析出的第二相粒子显著增加形状记忆效应。     

Transformation behavior of shock-compressed Ni48Ti52

The transformation behavior on shock-loaded Ni₄₈Ti₅₂ has been studied by employing a differential scanning calorimeter in order to reveal residual effects of shock treatment in the thermoelastic martensitic transformation of Ni₄₈Ti₅₂, exhibiting a shape memory effect between a high temperature phase and a low temperature phase. The shock treatment of Ni₄₈Ti₅₂ was performed by a flyer plate impact method with the flyer velocity of 1.2 km s⁻¹. The height of the exothermic and endothermic peaks due to the transformation of shock-treated Ni₄₈Ti₅₂ become small and their temperature regions are expanded. Although the increase of the number of the thermal cycles induces no intermediate phase on Ni₄₈Ti₅₂ before the shock treatment to result in a one-step transformation, a three-step transformation is observed after annealing at an appropriate temperature on the shock-treated Ni₄₈Ti₅₂, which correspond to the appearance of two intermediate phases. The shock treatment increases non-chemical free energy such as strain energy and interfacial energy of a phase boundary, which is attributable to the microstructure of shock-induced dislocations and an increase of the disorder in the lattice of ordered Ni₄₈Ti₅₂, resulting in the three-step transformation. Therefore, it is thought that the shock treatment can make it possible to achieve a new state on NiTi.     

Gamma-phase influence on shape memory properties in Ni-Mn-Co-Ga-Gd high-temperature shape memory alloys

The effect of γ-phase on two-way shape memory effect(TWSME) of polycrystalline Ni_(56)Mn_(25-x)Co_xGa_(18.9)Gd_(0.1) alloys was investigated. The results show that an appropriate amount of ductile γ-phase significantly enhances the TWSME. The largest TWSME of 1.4% without training is observed in Ni_(56)Mn_(21)Co_4Ga_(18.9)Gd_(0.1) alloy, and this value is increased to 2.0% after thermomechanical training. The as-trained TWSME decays over the first five thermal cycles and then reaches a stable value as the number of cycles further increasing. Only the degradation of 0.2% is observed after 100 thermal cycles. The better TWSME and thermal stability are ascribed to the stable extra stress field formed by the plastically deformed γ-phase.     

Factors affecting the generation of stress-assisted two-way memory effect in NiTi shape memory alloy

The combined effects of martensite pre-deformation and constrained stress on the generation of stress-assisted two-way memory effect (SATWME) were studied. Particular attention was paid to the generation of internal stress during thermal cycling under constant stress. The result highlights that the maximum SATWME is not determined solely by the maximum internal stress developed. The SATWME strain when subjected to 18% martensite pre-strain coincides, independently of constrained stress applied and internal stress developed. This study also provides experimental evidence that when under 400 MPa constrained stress the maximum SATWME shifts toward higher pre-deformation amplitude and this phenomenon is comparable to the increased cold-work. The results further suggest that the mechanism that associates with the change of M_s temperature plays critical role in determining the SATWME.     

Transformation behavior and shape memory effect of Ti50-xNi48Fe2Nbx alloys by aging treatment

The influence of aging treatment on transformation behavior and shape memory of the Ti50-xNi48Fe2Nbx(x=0,0.6,0.8,1.0,and 1.2)alloys was investigated using differential scanning calorimeter(DSC),mechanical drawing machine,and microhardness tester in this paper.It is indicated that the aging treatment has a significant effect on the phase transformation temperatures(Ms,Mf,Mp,As,Af,and Ap)and microhardness of the samples.The phase transformation temperatures are found to decrease initially with the increasing aging temperature from 300 to 500 ℃ and increase with further increase of the aging temperature.The aging treatment at intermediate temperature between 400 and 500 ℃ results in an improved shape memory effect.In addition,the highest microhardness value is also obtained.     

激光焊接快速凝固Ni51Ti49形状记忆合金显微组织和相变行为

文中研究了快速凝固Ni₅₁Ti₄₉形状记忆合金条(厚度1 mm)的激光焊接工艺,以及焊缝成形、接头显微组织演变、硬度分布和马氏体相变行为. 结果表明,激光功率和焊接速度对焊缝成形有显著影响,采用激光功率为700 W、焊接速度为8 mm/s的焊接工艺实现焊缝区完全熔透,并获得熔合面积适中、缺陷较少的高质量接头;激光焊接导致接头各区域呈现显著的组织不均匀性,其中母材区保留快速凝固工艺的细晶、强织构显微组织特征,热影响区为粗大等轴晶和柱状晶构成的混合晶组织,焊缝中心区为粗大的柱状晶. 激光焊接后热影响区和熔合区的维氏硬度相对母材有显著降低,其中熔合区的平均硬度最低,其值为311 HV ± 14 HV. 接头经500 ℃保温1 h无应力时效处理后,接头各区域组织的相变行为明显不同,其中冷却过程中母材区发生常规两步马氏体相变(B2–R–B19′),而焊缝区呈现多步马氏体相变行为,即先发生一步B2–R相变,随后发生两个独立的R–B19′相变.     

Effect of Si addition on the glass-forming ability of a NiTiZrAlCu alloy

The effect of Si addition on the glass-forming ability (GFA) of a NiTiZrAlCu alloy was investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The maximum diameter of glassy rods increased from 0.5 mm for the Ni₄₂Ti₂₀Zr₂₅Al₈Cu₅ alloy (the base alloy) to 2.5 mm for the Ni₄₂Ti₂₀Zr_21.5Al₈Cu₅Si_3.5 alloy and to 3 mm for the Ni₄₂Ti₁₉Zr_22.5Al₈Cu₅Si_3.5 alloy, when prepared by using the copper mould casting. The GFA of the alloys can be assessed by the reduced glass transition temperature T_rg(=T_g/T_l) and a newly proposed parameter, δ(=T_x/T_l − T_g). An addition of a proper amount of Si and a minor substitution of Ti with Zr can enhance the GFA of the base alloy by suppressing the formation of primary Ni(TiZr) and (TiZr)(CuAl)₂ phases and inducing the composition close to eutectic.     

Electrical resistivity of NiTi with high transformation temperature

For a better understanding of the transformation behaviour on NiTi, the electrical resistivity of Ni_49.5Ti_50.5 was precisely measured by a four-probe potentiometric method. The temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity is linear in the regions of the high- and low-temperature phases, and a drastic change in electrical resistivity is observed in the temperature range of the transformation. The transformation remains of the one-stage between the high- and low-temperature phase even with thermal cycling, although with increasing the number of thermal cycles the electrical resistivity versus temperature curve shifts to the low temperature side and the electrical resistivity increases in the single phase temperature region which is attributable to the generation of transformation-induced defects.

The one-stage transformation changes to a two-stage transformation due to the appearance of an intermediate phase after an incomplete thermal cycle, and with subsequent thermal cycling the peak in the electrical resistivity is enhanced to stabilise the intermediate phase. The as-cut Ni_49.5Ti_50.5, of which the surface is damaged, shows a two-stage transformation, even during the first cooling after cutting, and a resistivity-peak due to such a two-stage transformation is also enhanced with thermal cycling. It is thought that the amount of defects plays important roles in the shifts of transformation temperatures and in the transfer from one-stage to the two-stage transformation, and contributes to the stability of each phase.     

Shape memory behavior of high strength NiTiHfPd polycrystalline alloys

Systematic characterization of the shape memory properties of a quaternary Ni_45.3–Ti_29.7–Hf₂₀–Pd₅ (at.%) polycrystalline alloy was performed in compression after selected aging treatments. Precipitation characteristics were revealed by transmission electron microscopy. The effects of aging temperature and time on transformation temperatures, recoverable and residual strains, and temperature and stress hystereses were determined by differential scanning calorimetry, constant-load thermal cycling experiments and isothermal strain cycling (superelasticity) tests. The crystal structure and lattice parameters of the transforming phases were determined from X-ray diffraction analysis. It was revealed that precipitation hardening significantly improved the shape memory properties of the NiTiHfPd alloy. Under optimum aging conditions, shape memory strains of up to 4% under 1 GPa were possible, and superelasticity experiments resulted in full strain recovery without any plastic deformation, even at stress levels as high as 2 GPa. The NiTiHfPd polycrystalline alloy exhibited very high damping capacity/absorbed energy (30–34 J cm^?3) and work output (30–35 J cm^?3), which were attributed to the ability to operate at high stress levels without significant plastic deformation and to a high mechanical hysteresis (>900 MPa) at temperatures ranging from 20 °C to 80 °C.     

Microdefects and electron densities in NiTi shape memory alloys studied by positron annihilation

1Introduction NiTi alloys are the most successful shape memory alloys as a result of their combination of good functional properties and excellent mechanical strength[1,2].The thermal and mechanical shape memory behavior in these alloys is dependent upon …     

电弧熔炼Ti6Al4V/B4C复合材料微观组织与力学性能

采用真空电弧熔炼技术制备了不同含量B₄C的Ti6Al4V/B₄C钛基复合材料,并采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、显微硬度计、静态压缩及拉伸测试等对其微观组织及力学性能进行了表征分析. 结果表明,电弧熔炼过程B₄C与钛基体原位反应生成TiB,TiC及TiB₂相,TiB呈现一维生长晶须状,TiC呈现颗粒状,在B₄C质量分数为10%时生成块状TiB₂,并可能会形成特殊的中空棱柱状结构Ti(B_xC_y)聚合物. 原位反应生成的TiB₂可显著提高钛基复合材料的显微硬度. 当B₄C质量分数为0.5%时,钛基复合材料原位反应生成的连续网状、均匀分布的TiB和TiC试样具有最优力学性能,试样最大抗压强度值达到1 990 MPa,最大压缩应变为35.5%,压缩性能超过熔炼钛合金,抗拉强度达到1 034 MPa,与熔炼钛合金材料相比提高近24%,但塑性有所降低,并随着B₄C含量增加,抗拉强度逐渐下降,其断裂方式由韧性断裂转变为脆性断裂.     

Nb合金化对电弧增材制造NiTi基形状记忆合金的影响

NiTi合金是一种应用广泛的形状记忆合金,其中Ti₄₇Ni₄₄Nb₉成分的合金是一种可靠的航空管接头材料. 采用双丝电弧增材制造(WAAM)的方法制备了Ni₅₂Ti₄₈合金,并以Nb元素进行了原位合金化得到了Ti₄₇Ni₄₄Nb₉合金,研究了其典型组织、压缩性能、相变温度与形状记忆效应,分析了Nb元素的添加对WAAM镍钛合金组织及性能的影响. 结果表明,加入Nb元素后,合金的组织除B2相晶粒外,还在晶界处有细小的β-Nb相析出,使得合金的压缩强度在横向与纵向上分别增加了7.9%与3.1%,形状记忆回复率则下降了4.0%,相变温度滞后从?6.4 ℃提升至40.9 ℃,使得该材料作为记忆合金管接头时更加利于储存与装配.     

Mechanical and functional behavior of a Ni-rich Ni50.3Ti29.7Hf20 high temperature shape memory alloy

The mechanical and functional behaviors of a Ni-rich Ni_50.3Ti_29.7Hf₂₀ high temperature shape memory alloy were investigated through combined ex situ macroscopic experiments and in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Isothermal tension and compression tests were conducted between room temperature and 260 °C, while isobaric thermomechanical cycling experiments were conducted at selected stresses up to 700 MPa. Isothermal testing of the martensite phase revealed no plastic strain up to the test limit of 1 GPa and near-perfect superelastic behavior up to 3% applied strain at temperatures above the austenite finish. Excellent dimensional stability with greater than 2.5% actuation strain without accumulation of noticeable residual strains (at stresses less than or equal to −400 MPa) were observed during isobaric thermal cycling experiments. The absence of residual strain accumulation during thermomechanical cycling was confirmed by the lattice strains, determined from X-ray spectra. Even in the untrained condition, the material exhibited little or no history or path dependence in behavior, consistent with measurements of the bulk texture after thermomechanical cycling using synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Post deformation cycling revealed the limited conditions under which a slight two-way shape memory effect (TWSME) was obtained, with a maximum of 0.34% two-way shape memory strain after thermomechanical cycling under −700 MPa.     

Two-way shape memory effect and its stability in Ti-Ni-Hf high temperature shape memory alloy

The two-way shape memory effect(TWSME) in a Ti36 Ni49 Hf15 high temperature shape memory alloy (SMA) was systematically studied by bending tests. In the TiNiHf alloy, the martensite deformation is an effective method to get two-way shape memory effect even with a small deformation strain. The results indicate that the internal stress field formed by the bending deformation is in the direction of the preferentially oriented martensite variants formed during the bending deformation. Upon cooling the preferentially oriented martensite variants form under such an oriented stress field, which should be responsible for the generation of the two-way shape memory effect.Proper training process benefits the formation of the oriented stress field, resulting in the improvement of the twoway shape memory effect. A maximum TWSME of 0.88% is obtained in the present alloy.     

Ball indentation tests for a Zr-based bulk metallic glass

Zr_52.5Ti₅Cu_17.9Ni_14.6Al₁₀ bulk metallic glass was characterized using ball indentation tests. Comparison of the data with the expanding cavity model revealed that the deformation is pressure insensitive for compressive loading. The plastic flow curves obtained from indentation tests showed perfectly plastic response and no strain rate sensitivity up to 15% strain.     

时效对Ti—50.8Ni—0.3Cr形状记忆合金组织和超弹性的影响

利用TEM和拉伸实验研究了时效工艺对Ti-50.8Ni-0.3Cr（原子分数,%）形状记忆合金（SMA）显微组织和超弹性的影响.随时效时间(t_ag)延长,300℃时效态Ti-50.8Ni-0.3Cr SMA的Ti₃Ni₄析出相呈细小颗粒状,400℃时效态合金的析出相由颗粒状逐渐变为针状,500℃时效态合金的析出相由针状逐渐变为粗片状.时效温度对析出相形态的影响比t_ag显著.随t_ag延长,300和400℃时效态合金的抗拉强度（σ_b）先增大后趋于稳定,σ_b（500℃）先减小后趋于稳定,且σ_b（400℃）>σ_b（300℃）>σ_b（500℃）.300和400℃时效态合金的超弹性优于500℃时效态合金.随t_ag延长,该合金的应力诱发马氏体相变临界应力逐渐减小,300℃时效态合金的超弹性能耗（△W）降低,400℃时效态合金的△W升高,500℃时效态合金的△W先升高后降低.     

Effect of Annealing Temperature on the Shape Memory Properties of Cold-Rolled Dual-Phase Ni-Mn-Ga-Gd Alloy

The influence of annealing temperature on the shape memory effect (SME) and recovery ratio of cold-rolled dual-phase Ni₅₈Mn₂₅Ga_16.9Gd_0.1 high-temperature shape memory alloy were investigated. The results showed that the SME can be improved by appropriate annealing. SME of 6.0% and recovery ratio of 98% were observed in the rolled alloy at 550 °C annealing, which were larger than that of the samples annealed at other temperatures. The annealing temperature was in between the recrystallization temperatures of the martensite and γ phase, which leads to the work-hardening state of γ phase kept unchanged during annealing process, and therefore, the critical slip stress of γ phase increased. Thus, the plastic deformation of γ phase reduced during the compression process, and the SME increased.     

Effects of thermomechanical cycling on the shape memory behavior and transformation temperatures of a Ni50.2Ti49.8 alloy

The effects of thermomechanical cycling on the shape memory behavior and transformation temperatures of a Ni50.2Ti49.8 alloy under a constant applied stress of 300 MPa were investigated.It is believed that thermomechanical cycling induces defects such as dislocations,which evidently affect the shape memory behavior and transformation temperatures.The recovery strain decreases with increasing number of thermomechanical cycles,whereas the irreversible plastic strain increases,especially in the initial few cycles.The stored elastic strain energy has an important influence on transformation temperatures,the Aso decreases and the Mso increases with increasing number of thermornechanical cycles.The recovery strain,irreversible plastic strain,Aso,and Mso reach a saturation value after several cycles.     

Shape memory behavior and tension-compression asymmetry of a FeNiCoAlTa single-crystalline shape memory alloy

A 〈1 0 0〉 textured polycrystalline FeNiCoAlTa shape memory alloy was recently shown to possess large superelastic strain and stress levels. In this study, the shape memory behavior of a Fe-28Ni-17Co-11.5Al-2.5Ta (at.%) single-crystalline material oriented along the 〈1 0 0〉 direction was studied, for the first time, by thermal cycling under constant stress levels in both tension and compression. When γ′ precipitates with an average size of 5 nm are introduced by an aging heat treatment, the single crystals show fully recoverable transformation strains up to 3.75% in tension and 2% in compression. The change in transformation temperatures for a unit change in applied stress level was higher in compression than in tension, in accord with the lower transformation strains in compression obtained both from theoretical calculations and experimental observations. However, in all specimens, the observed transformation strain levels were lower than theoretically predicted, possibly owing to significant volume fraction of non-transforming precipitates, incomplete martensite reorientation due to martensite variant interactions, and a slightly higher-than-expected martensite c/a ratio in the samples used in this study. The ramifications of relevant structural parameters and microstructural features on reaching theoretical transformation strain and high strength levels are also discussed.     

First-Principles Investigation on Phase Stability,Elastic and Magnetic Properties of Boron Doping in Ni-Mn-Ti Alloy

The all-d-metal Ni-Mn-Ti Heusler alloy has giant elastocaloric effect and excellent mechanical properties, which is different from the conventional Ni-Mn-based Heusler alloys. In this work, the preferred site occupation, phase stability, martensitic transformation, magnetic properties, and electronic structure of the B-doped Ni₂Mn_1.5Ti_0.5 alloys are systematically investigated by the first-principles calculations. The results show that B atoms preferentially occupy the octahedral interstitial. The doped B atoms tend to exist in the (Ni₂Mn_1.5Ti_0.5)_1-xB_x (x = 0.03, 0.06, 0.09) alloy in the form of aggregation distribution, and the martensitic transformation temperature decreases with the increase in the B content. For octahedral interstitial doping, the toughness and plasticity of the (Ni₂Mn_1.5Ti_0.5)_1-xB_x alloys decrease, but the strength and rigidity are greatly enhanced. This is because a small part of the d-d hybridization in ternary Ni-Mn-Ti alloy is replaced by the p-d hybridization in Ni-Mn-Ti-B alloy.