回火工艺对M42-X32双金属带锯条组织及性能的影响

对M42-X32双金属带锯条进行了回火处理试验,研究了回火温度对带锯条显微组织及性能的影响规律。结果表明,随着回火温度的升高,齿尖硬度和齿背硬度下降,疲劳寿命提高。高的回火温度使齿尖材料和齿背材料中的碳原子析出、长大,固溶强化效果降低,弥散强化减弱,导致了带锯条硬度的下降,但是提高了疲劳性能。     

曲轴断裂原因分析

对断裂的曲轴进行了化学成分、金相、显微硬度、扫描电镜等分析,结果表明:断裂为疲劳断裂,裂纹起源于内孔表面的淬火裂纹和粗糙的内孔璧:材料中较多的疏松和偏析等缺陷降低了材料的疲劳性能,疲劳裂纹易于扩展,从而导致曲轴的断裂.     

激光熔覆Co-Cr-W合金涂层组织及热疲劳性能

针对钢质热负荷部件易产生热疲劳损伤的问题,采用同步送粉激光熔覆工艺,在活塞用中碳钢38Mn VS6表面制备了Co-Cr-W抗热疲劳合金涂层。利用光学显微镜、SEM、EDS及XRD对熔覆层显微组织和成分分布进行了分析,利用显微硬度计和实验室开发的激光热疲劳实验平台对熔覆层的显微硬度和热疲劳性能进行了测试。结果表明,熔覆层与基体冶金结合,无气孔、裂纹等缺陷。由于固溶强化、弥散强化效应,熔覆层具有较高的强度。送粉率为5.9 g/min时,涂层显微硬度在530~590 HV0.1之间,是基体硬度的2倍左右;熔覆层试样抗热疲劳性能相较于基体材料试样得到了显著的提高。     

车轴表面裂纹缺陷分析

针对铁路货车车轴在检修过程中出现的表面磁探裂纹情况,通过ARL4460火花直读光谱仪、拉伸试验机、扫描电镜、光学显微镜和能谱仪等对车轴化学成分、力学性能、断口形貌、显微组织和显微硬度进行了分析,研究车轴表面裂纹的形成原因及机理。结果表明,火车轴裂纹性质系过渡圆角处组织发生马氏体相变形成的疲劳裂纹,属车轴表面在打磨过程中,由于打磨工艺不当,造成局部烧伤,从而产生裂纹。     

某型发动机高压压气机叶片开裂原因分析

某发动机高压压气机GH150合金叶片在进行振动疲劳试验时发生开裂,为分析叶片开裂原因,对开裂叶片进行了外观检查、断口宏微观观察、能谱分析、显微组织检查和硬度测试.结果表明,叶片的断裂性质为弯曲振动疲劳.开裂叶片的显微组织和硬度均符合技术要求,叶片的开裂与原材料质量无关.三片叶片的开裂与叶身表面存在氧化缺陷、表面晶界弱化、加工质量不好以及在轧制过程中形成的微小裂纹等加工缺陷有关.缺陷起到疲劳源的作用,从而使叶片很快萌生裂纹并扩展.通过严格控制轧制工艺参数、表面抛磨时的工作液质量和磨料形状,有效的解决了叶片表面存在缺陷的问题,从而保证了叶片的质量.     

23CrNi3Mo钢钎具断裂失效分析

采用扫描电镜和光学显微镜观察了不同类型23CrNi3Mo钢钎具疲劳破坏缺陷试样断裂形貌及显微组织,分析讨论了缺陷试样失效的原因。结果表明,高疲劳寿命的阿特拉斯钎尾缺陷试样在疲劳源裂纹萌生、扩展过程中,塑性变形特征明显,表明其具有良好的抵抗疲劳裂纹扩展能力,而国内潜孔钻头试样脆性断裂特征明显。两种缺陷试样表面均为高硬度渗碳马氏体层,但阿特拉斯钎尾缺陷试样渗碳层与基体组织的下贝氏体过渡区域较宽,基体以贝氏体组织为主,硬度梯度过渡平缓,具有良好的强度与韧性匹配;而国内潜孔钻头试样的过渡区域较窄,基体是马氏体组织。可见合理的硬度梯度分布对钎具钢强韧性匹配和疲劳寿命影响很大。     

M5-36-11No.20.5D风机轴断裂分析

通过观察断裂风机轴裂纹宏观和微观形貌 ,检验化学成分、显微硬度等方法对风机轴断裂的原因进行了分析。结果表明 ,风机轴断裂是由于轴表面焊接缺陷引起的低应力疲劳断裂     

数控机床45钢转轴断裂失效分析研究

采用化学成分、力学性能、宏观和微观形貌、低倍组织、金相组织和显微维氏硬度测试等手段,对数控机床45钢转轴进行了断裂原因分析。结果表明,从化学成分和常温拉伸力学性能上来看,转轴基材符合国标对45钢的要求;旋转弯曲疲劳断裂是数控机床转轴的断裂模式;疲劳裂纹起源于表面微裂纹缺陷处,焊接后转轴内部微裂纹的产生以及严重的组织缺陷和内应力的存在,是转轴发生疲劳断裂的重要原因。     

双金属带锯条失效原因分析

针对双金属带锯条在热处理和使用过程中出现的质量问题,即在齿背弹簧钢中出现疲劳裂纹和断裂,及使用过程中齿尖M42高速钢耐磨性不足的现象,对双金属带锯条进行检测分析。发现齿尖M42高速钢中存在大颗粒的未溶碳化物,且碳化物大小不均匀,并且齿尖边缘部位组织粗大,存在脱碳,这是齿尖耐磨性不足的主要原因;背部弹簧钢中存在夹杂物,形成应力集中而产生微裂纹,在周期性复杂应力作用下产生疲劳裂纹,这是锯条失效的主要原因。     

自动扶梯驱动链断裂分析

自动扶梯驱动链在使用中断裂。通过宏观断口分析、扫描电镜、光学显微镜、硬度测试等手段分析了该驱动链断裂的原因。结果表明,驱动链的断裂为疲劳断裂,裂纹的萌生与表面残留沟槽等缺陷及与长期服役过程中驱动链表面受到的损伤有关。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.