Pt改性镍基高温合金铝化物涂层研究进展

综述了镍基高温合金上抗高温氧化的Pt改性β-(Ni,Pt)Al涂层和γ-γ′型涂层,重点介绍了Pt改性铝化物涂层制备工艺,不同工艺条件下涂层的微观结构,Pt增强铝化物涂层抗氧化性能的作用机理,Al对涂层高温氧化性能的影响,并从元素互扩散、相变、表面起伏等方面描述了涂层退化过程,最后对Pt改性铝化物涂层发展进行展望。     

Pt/Zr共改性铝化物涂层的抗高温氧化性能研究

采用电镀Pt和化学气相沉积Al-Zr共渗两步法制备了一种Pt/Zr共改性铝化物涂层,并对其进行了组织结构表征和1000℃抗高温氧化性能测试。结果表明:Pt/Zr共改性铝化物涂层外层主要相为β-(Ni,Pt)Al,同时含有少量的PtAl_2和PtZr相。在1000℃氧化300 h后,Pt改性铝化物涂层和Pt/Zr共改性铝化物涂层中均有大量的有益相β-NiAl存在,表现出很好的抗高温氧化性能;Pt/Zr共改性铝化物涂层比单一的Pt改性铝化物涂层具有更低的氧化速率,其表面氧化膜也更加致密,这是因为在保护性的Al2O3膜下方形成了条状的富Zr氧化物,可以起到钉扎的作用。     

低碳钢表面抛丸加速制备纳米铝化物涂层的研究

将粉末包埋渗铝与抛丸过程相结合,在440-600℃相对较低的温度范围内,在低碳钢表面制备纳米结构的铝化物涂层.涂层为单层结构,均匀致密,呈现纳米结构特征,晶粒尺寸20nm左右.涂层由富铝相Fe-Al化合物组成,主要有η-Fe2Al5相和少量的θ-FeAl3相和β-FeAl相.合金球的冲击作用导致表面纳米化,加速表面原子扩散过程,使铝化物涂层可以在相对较低的温度下形成.     

简单/改性铝化物涂层的研究现状

航空发动机各部件高温结构材料在苛刻环境下服役时,会遭受严重的高温氧化和热腐蚀.在合金表面施加铝化物涂层后,高温下表面能够生成一层致密且生长缓慢的Al2O3氧化膜,从而隔绝腐蚀介质,以防止合金被快速氧化腐蚀.概述了铝化物涂层的优点,包括制备简单、成本低廉.重点综述了以Ni、Fe、Ti/TiAl为合金基体的铝化物涂层微观结构.涂层的微观结构主要由渗铝工艺、基材成分及后处理工艺等因素决定,渗铝工艺包括渗剂成分、渗铝温度和渗铝时间.在高温下渗铝,Al的活度较低,涂层主要以基体元素向外扩散形成外扩散型涂层为主;在低温下渗铝,Al的活度较高,涂层主要以Al向内扩散形成内扩散型涂层为主.还归纳了不同渗铝涂层在干燥空气和水蒸气环境中的高温氧化行为,阐述了水蒸气对铝化物涂层高温氧化行为的影响,比较了Ni-Al系和Fe-Al系涂层的抗高温氧化性能.同时介绍了Cr-Al、Si-Al和Pt-Al 3种改性铝化物涂层的研究进展,包括制备方法、微观结构及抗高温氧化和腐蚀性能.最后,展望并总结了高温防护涂层的发展趋势.     

镍基高温合金上Co改性铝化物涂层的组织结构与耐蚀性能

为研究Co改性铝化物涂层在室温环境中的耐蚀性,利用包埋法渗Co和气相沉积渗Al(两步法)制备出两种不同Co含量的Co改性铝化物涂层,采用XRD、SEM、EDS分析涂层的组织结构。结果表明:850℃和1 000℃渗Co涂层外层和内层均为γ-(Ni,Co)相,内层有氮化物/碳化物相析出。Co改性铝化物涂层与简单NiAl涂层结构一致,外层为β-(Co,Ni)Al相,内层为互扩散区含有大量的富Cr(W)相。简单NiAl涂层的自腐蚀电流为0.04μA/cm2,约为Co改性铝化物涂层的十分之一。这说明在涂层中添加Co降低涂层的耐蚀性,一方面因为Co的腐蚀电位(-0.28V)低于Ni的腐蚀电位(-0.25V),另一方面因为渗Co过程中产生的夹杂物与涂层电位不一致,容易成为微阴极区,加速涂层的腐蚀。     

CVD法制备铝化物涂层组织结构的温度依赖效应

铝化物涂层制备技术由于非视线性沉积优势广泛应用于燃气轮机关键热端部件上,可在部件外表面以及内腔表面制备抗氧化耐腐蚀铝化物涂层。涂层的组织结构是影响其服役性能的关键,然而如何调控铝化物涂层的组织结构从而获得理想性能的涂层是目前研究的难点问题。针对这一问题,研究了关键制备参数温度对铝化物涂层组织结构的影响作用。首先,采用化学气相沉积方法(CVD)在Mar-M247镍基高温合金表面制备了不同沉积温度下的铝化物涂层。然后,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)以及能谱分析仪(EDS)分析了铝化物涂层的显微组织结构、物相组成以及合金元素在涂层中的分布情况。结果表明,不同沉积温度下所得到的铝化物涂层均为双层结构,外层是富含Al元素的β-NiAl层,内层为富含拓扑密排相(TCP)的互扩散层;随着沉积温度的升高,β-NiAl层与互扩散层的厚度逐渐增加,两者与温度之间具有正相关关系。本研究揭示的温度参数对铝化物涂层组织结构的作用规律可为高性能CVD法铝化物涂层的制备提供参考。     

K465高温合金铝化物涂层Ni/Al互扩散系数计算

根据铝化物涂层形成过程中Al原子浓度分布，采用有限差分法反求铝化物外层Ni／Al互扩散系数．结果表明：相同温度下，铝化物外层Ni／Al互扩散系数随Al原子浓度增加而增大，表现出与Al浓度相关性；合金表面渗铝外层Ni／Al互扩散系数明显小于纯Ni表面渗铝外层Ni／Al互扩散系数．     

渗铝镍基高温合金热腐蚀行为研究

采用低压气相渗铝工艺制备铝化物涂层 ,在涂层表面涂敷不同NaCl+Na2 SO4 含量的熔盐进行 90 0℃热腐蚀实验 .结果表明 ,涂层对NaCl含量不敏感 ,这与涂层表面生成Al2 O3 氧化膜有关 .涂层能有效提高合金抗热腐蚀性能 .     

TiAl合金表面机械研磨渗铝涂层的制备及高温性能

利用机械研磨渗在TiAl合金表面制备了铝化物涂层。在600℃经过150 min的振动处理后,TiAl合金表面形成了约为30μm的涂层。该涂层均匀致密,Al和Ti元素沿涂层均匀分布。XRD分析表明该涂层的相结构为Al3 Ti相。在900℃下,经过300 h的循环氧化后,该铝化物涂层表面形成了一层连续均匀的Al2 O3膜,表现出良好的抗氧化和抗剥落性能。相比之下,TiAl合金空白样表面形成了分层结构的氧化层,主要由Al2O3和TiO2混合氧化物组成,因此表现出较差的高温性能。     

CVD法在镍基高温合金表面制备改性铝化物涂层的研究进展

镍基燃气轮机空心叶片的发展和涡轮发动机进气口温度的提升,使传统的铝化物涂层制备工艺无法满足叶片需要的抗热腐蚀性能和抗高温氧化性能。CVD法(Chemical Vapor Deposition)能对空心叶片这种形状复杂、结构精密的零件进行涂层的制备,同时添加改性元素以提高涂层的综合性能。本文综述了铬、硅、活性元素(如Hf、Y)、铂族金属(如Pt、Pd)这4类改性元素的作用机理和对应的CVD法在镍基高温合金表面制备改性铝化物涂层工艺进展,并对其未来发展进行展望。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.