Toward data mining engineering: A software engineering approach

The number, variety and complexity of projects involving data mining or knowledge discovery in databases activities have increased just lately at such a pace that aspects related to their development process need to be standardized for results to be integrated, reused and interchanged in the future. Data mining projects are quickly becoming engineering projects, and current standard processes, like CRISP-DM, need to be revisited to incorporate this engineering viewpoint. This is the central motivation of this paper that makes the point that experience gained about the software development process over almost 40 years could be reused and integrated to improve data mining processes. Consequently, this paper proposes to reuse ideas and concepts underlying the IEEE Std 1074 and ISO 12207 software engineering model processes to redefine and add to the CRISP-DM process and make it a data mining engineering standard.     

A framework for software process deployment and evaluation

ContextSoftware Process Engineering promotes the systematic production of software by following a set of well-defined technical and management processes. A comprehensive management of these processes involves the accomplishment of a number of activities such as model design, verification, validation, deployment and evaluation. However, the deployment and evaluation activities need more research efforts in order to achieve greater automation.ObjectiveWith the aim of minimizing the required time to adapt the tools at the beginning of each new project and reducing the complexity of the construction of mechanisms for automated evaluation, the Software Process Deployment & Evaluation Framework (SPDEF) has been elaborated and is described in this paper.MethodThe proposed framework is based on the application of well-known techniques in Software Engineering, such as Model Driven Engineering and Information Integration through Linked Open Data. It comprises a systematic method for the deployment and evaluation, a number of models and relationships between models, and some software tools.ResultsAutomated deployment of the OpenUP methodology is tested through the application of the SPDEF framework and support tools to enable the automated quality assessment of software development or maintenance projects.ConclusionsMaking use of the method and the software components developed in the context of the proposed framework, the alignment between the definition of the processes and the supporting tools is improved, while the existing complexity is reduced when it comes to automating the quality evaluation of software processes.     

一个基于Web的软件过程改进框架SPIF的实现

软件过程的理论日趋成熟,而基于软件过程改进模型的面向中小软件组织的应用程序却很少,因而造成一种情形,即管理者知道应该进行软件过程的改进,也知道有很多可以参考的规范与模型,但是,真正开始的时候,却不知道该如何着手。本文介绍一个基于Web的软件过程改进框架,试图给出一个解决问题的途径。该系统集成一组管理工具与相关知识库,用一种灵活的方式帮助组织确定适合自己的软件过程模型,从而以一种相对简洁方便的方式实现对软件过程的管理与改进。     

软件项目外包采购管理的探讨

分析了目前软件外包采购管理的重要意义和目前的形势，提出基于“双赢”策略的软件外包采购思想，在项目管理理论、CMM和ISO9000的基础上，提出和细化了软件项目外包采购管理的总体框架和具体操作内容，旨在通过对软件外包项目采购的选择购买、跟踪与控制、评估验收和项目后处理等过程的研究，来提高软件外包采购的项目管理水平，满足承包方对分承制方产品在质量，进度和成本等方面的要求和对外包过程的有效控制，为软件项目外包采购管理人员提供具体的操作过程。     

A statistical framework for analyzing the duration of software projects

The duration of a software project is a very important feature, closely related to its cost. Various methods and models have been proposed in order to predict not only the cost of a software project but also its duration. Since duration is essentially the random length of a time interval from a starting to a terminating event, in this paper we present a framework of statistical tools, appropriate for studying and modeling the distribution of the duration. The idea for our approach comes from the parallelism of duration to the life of an entity which is frequently studied in biostatistics by a certain statistical methodology known as survival analysis. This type of analysis offers great flexibility in modeling the duration and in computing various statistics useful for inference and estimation. As in any other statistical methodology, the approach is based on datasets of measurements on projects. However, one of the most important advantages is that we can use in our data information not only from completed projects, but also from ongoing projects. In this paper we present the general principles of the methodology for a comprehensive duration analysis and we also illustrate it with applications to known data sets. The analysis showed that duration is affected by various factors such as customer participation, use of tools, software logical complexity, user requirements volatility and staff tool skills.

数据挖掘技术在电子政务建设中的实施思路

随着计算机技术的快速发展,数据挖掘技术也逐渐应用到电子政务建设中,本文通过论述数据挖掘技术能够解决的问题,针对不同功能的电子政务工程建设特点提出了相应的数据挖掘思路,从而避免实施过程中的风险性。     

Automating the software inspection process

Inspection is widely believed to be the most cost-effective method for detecting defects in documents produced during the software development lifecycle. However, it is by its very nature a labour intensive process. This has led to work on computer support for the process which should increase the efficiency and effectiveness beyond what is currently possible with a solely manual process. In this paper, we first of all describe current approaches to automation of the inspection process. There are four main areas of inspection which have been the target for computer support: document handling, individual preparation, meeting support and metrics collection. We then describe five tools which have been developed to support the inspection process and compare the capabilities of these tools. This is followed by a fuller discussion of the features which could be provided by computer support for inspection and the gains that may be achieved by using such support.     

企业小组软件过程在管理学生软件开发中的研究与应用

我院将软件过程改善和小组软件过程的理论引入到项目实训中,在小组软件过程（TSP）的基础上提出了TSP的简化过程TSP-ST（Team Software Process-Student）,构建了开发过程模型,并将该模型应用到学生的项目实训中。本文介绍了TSP-ST在学生项目实训和毕业设计中的应用实践。     

A depth-first and tool-supportable programming strategy

This paper describes a software im plementation strategy that allows the programmer to construct a running version of a program early in its development. In general, the first version of the program only works for a subset of the intended input domain. The subset is defined by a number of constraints placed on the program by the programmer. The program can be completed by removing the constraints one at a time. In the process, each new part added to the program can be validated independently. Software tools can be built to facilitate the validation process.     

基于RBAC的学生科研项目管理系统工作流模型分析与设计

为提高学生的创新能力,很多学校都推出了面向学生的科研基金和项目,但是手工管理繁琐且耗时耗力。本文介绍了一个基于B/S模式的学生科研项目在线申报及管理系统的设计和开发过程。该软件系统用Microsoft@.net和SqlServer实现,利用RBAC管理不同用户的权限,为业务流转过程刻画了一个顺序的工作流模型,可以为学生科研项目管理工作者提供高效的管理服务。     

软件过程为软件工程的发展所作的贡献

本主要叙述了“软件过程”的产生背景、软件过程概念和内容，对软件生存周期、软件方法学、软件工程环境等概念赋予了新的含义，在软件过程的进一步发展方面，还概要地介绍了软件过程建模的一些最新进展。     

Test Governance Framework for contracted IS development: Ethnographically informed action research

ContextOver the past two decades, interest has increased in software development and testing outsourcing. Although the decision to outsource development or test processes is founded on various background motives, e.g., costs, capacity, time-to-market, etc., additional factors that influence the outsourcing relationships are frequently overlooked by client organizations.ObjectiveThe main objectives of this paper are to investigate the role of testing in contracted software development projects and examine the interactions between both parties during the process. A Test Governance Framework (TeGoF) was developed to propose an organization-wide but project-centred mechanism for control of the test process in contracted software development projects.MethodThe principles of design science were applied to develop the TeGoF. The principles of ethnographically informed action research were used to evaluate this management artefact in an industrial context and examine the impact of a particular organizational setting on the framework.ResultsOf a total of three projects, the TeGoF was applied smoothly in only one case. However, this observation should not be interpreted as a TeGoF deficiency because its primary goal is to define a powerful detection mechanism to cope with quality-related issues in contractual relationships. In this sense, the TeGoF proved itself as a feasible tool. Additionally, an analysis is presented that describes the factors that contributed to the implementation difficulties of the TeGoF principles in the two remaining projects. Finally, the relationships among trust, control and power are indicated as well as the potential influence of national, organizational and occupational culture.ConclusionThe main contribution of this paper consists in the development of the TeGoF as a tool that pinpoints significant limitations in the current research related to control issues in the domain of contracted software systems testing. Additionally, the authors analysed key factors that influence the success of the TeGoF in client organizations.     

An integrated infrastructure for monitoring and evaluating agent-based systems

Driven by the urging need to thoroughly identify and accentuate the merits of agent technology, we present in this paper, MEANDER, an integrated framework for evaluating the performance of agent-based systems. The proposed framework is based on the Agent Performance Evaluation (APE) methodology, which provides guidelines and representation tools for performance metrics, measurement collection and aggregation of measurements. MEANDER comprises a series of integrated software components that implement and automate various parts of the methodology and assist evaluators in their tasks. The main objective of MEANDER is to integrate performance evaluation processes into the entire development lifecycle, while clearly separating any evaluation-specific code from the application code at hand. In this paper, we describe in detail the architecture and functionality of the MEANDER components and test its applicability to an existing multi-agent system.     

一种基于AOP的分布式企业应用开发技术

讨论了开发分布式企业应用在复杂性上的基本问题和目前软件工程领域提高模块化的一种新方法AOP,在此基础上提出基于AOP的分布式企业应用开发模型ADEAM。ADEAM由核心对象、“方面”和设计约束组成,通过一个迭代式的分离过程来构建。在此模型基础上,给出了一个由模型元素的管理工具、AOP语言扩展环境、“方面”模板仓库、合成策略的文件组成的原型系统。最后以在网管软件开发中的应用做了小结。     

An approach to optimizing software development team size

This paper explores the relationship between software size, development effort and team size. We propose an approach aimed at finding the team size where the project effort has its minimum. The approach was applied to the ISBSG repository containing nearly 4000 software projects. Based on the results we provide our recommendation for the optimal or near-optimal team size in seven project groups defined by four project properties.     

软件生产线方法

与分析、设计和实现单个软件系统的传统软件工程方法不同 ,本文提出一种开发和维护系列软件系统的生产线方法 .该方法是一种领域特有的 ,以体系结构为中心的 ,过程驱动的 ,基于技术的系统化方法 .重点探讨方法论、生产线、工具和技术     

The ECLIPSE user interface

This paper describes the user interface facilities of the ECLIPSE integrated project support environment. This interface is based on a consistent metaphor called the ‘control panel’ metaphor and includes standard help and message-handling systems. The paper describes these as well as some of the interface standards which have been developed. The interface has been implemented on top of the ‘applications interface’, which provides a portable, hardware-independent interface for software tools.     

Integrating usability requirements that can be evaluated in design time into Model Driven Engineering of Web Information Systems

In recent years, Web Engineering development projects have grown increasingly complex for and critical to the smooth running of organizations. However, recent studies reveal that a high percentage of these projects fail to attain the quality parameters required by stakeholders. The inadequate consideration of requirements management activities together with the absence of attention to the elicitation and evaluation of requirements and metrics related to certain quality attributes which are of special importance in this kind of systems, such as usability, have proved to be some of the main causes of this failure. This paper attempts to reduce some of the quality failures detected in Web Engineering development projects by proposing the consideration and evaluation of quality attributes from early stages of the development process. The presented approach therefore commences with a reinforcement of the requirements related activities in this discipline, which is carried out by using a requirements metamodel. Once these requirements have been identified, the approach focuses on the extension of the conceptual models used by Web Engineering methodologies with the aim of allowing the explicit consideration of usability requirements along with the evaluation of quality metrics during the design of the system. An example of an application illustrating how the approach can be used, along with the automatic support which was developed for it, are also shown.     

Gamification in software engineering – A systematic mapping

ContextGamification seeks for improvement of the user’s engagement, motivation, and performance when carrying out a certain task, by means of incorporating game mechanics and elements, thus making that task more attractive. Much research work has studied the application of gamification in software engineering for increasing the engagement and results of developers.ObjectiveThe objective of this paper is to carry out a systematic mapping of the field of gamification in software engineering in an attempt to characterize the state of the art of this field identifying gaps and opportunities for further research.MethodWe carried out a systematic mapping with a view to finding the primary studies in the existing literature, which were later classified and analyzed according to four criteria: the software process area addressed, the gamification elements used, the type of research method followed, and the type of forum in which they were published. A subjective evaluation of the studies was also carried out to evaluate them in terms of methodology, empirical evidence, integration with the organization, and replicability.ResultsAs a result of the systematic mapping we found 29 primary studies, published between January 2011 and June 2014. Most of them focus on software development, and to a lesser extent, requirements, project management, and other support areas. In the main, they consider very simple gamification mechanics such as points and badges, and few provide empirical evidence of the impact of gamification.ConclusionsExisting research in the field is quite preliminary, and more research effort analyzing the impact of gamification in SE would be needed. Future research work should look at other game mechanics in addition to the basic ones and should tackle software process areas that have not been fully studied, such as requirements, project management, maintenance, or testing. Most studies share a lack of methodological support that would make their proposals replicable in other settings. The integration of gamification with an organization’s existing tools is also an important challenge that needs to be taken up in this field.     

Why and how can human-related measures support software development processes?

In this paper we discuss why and how measures related to human aspects should be incorporated into software development processes. This perspective is based on the vast evidence that human aspects are the source of the majority of problems associated with software development projects. Having said that, we do not blame the humans involved in software development processes; rather, we suggest that human-related measures might be one means by which human aspects of software development processes can be supported.