电子透射膜的生成及其对微通道板性能的影响

研究采用有机衬底掩膜技术和冷基底直流溅射在多孔微通道板输入面制备非晶态Al2O3电子透射膜的可行性,讨论在微通道板输入面形成连续电子透射膜与气体辉光放电的关系,测量带膜微通道板的电特性。结果表明,微通道板带膜后电子增益下降、体电阻增加、暗电流降低。     

Diffraction effects in the propagation of radiation in polarizable layers

The very low transmission of light through holes smaller than the wavelength has been found to be enhanced for subwavelength apertures in metallic surfaces with periodic corrugations. This effect has been attributed to the interaction of light with surface plasmons. Similar effects obtained subsequently for non-metallic surfaces have been attributed to evanescent waves on the surface produced by the diffracted Bloch waves from different points in the array. We present an exact solution of Maxwell's equations in the discrete dipole approximation (DDA) for a periodic array of polarizable point dipoles in a layer. Metallic as well as non metallic layers are described. When the wavelength is smaller than the lattice period there is a Bragg's scattered wave, while for subwavelength conditions an evanescent wave on the surface appears. The transmission/reflection coefficients are found to oscillate as a function of frequency, with resonances occurring in a broad range of frequencies depending on the polarizability, at which the evanescent field is enhanced. A detailed study is presented for nanostructured arrays. We find that this model agrees with features observed in experiments through hole arrays supporting the role played by diffraction during light transmission through such arrays without invoking surface plasmons and providing a base to analyze more complex geometries.     

Surface plasmon resonance enhanced transmission of light through gold-coated diffraction gratings

Narrow peaks are observed in the transmission spectra of p-polarized light passing through a thin gold film that is coated on the surface of a transparent diffraction grating. The spectral position and intensity of these peaks can be tuned over a wide range of wavelengths by simple rotation of the grating. The wavelengths where these transmission peaks are observed correspond to conditions where surface plasmon resonance occurs at the gold-air interface. Light diffracted by the grating couples with surface plasmons in the metal film to satisfy the resonant condition, resulting in enhanced light transmission through the film. Notably, this phenomenon is not observed at flat, gold-coated surfaces or uncoated gratings, where coupling to surface plasmons does not occur. The nature of the coupling and, thus, the details of light transmission are governed by the momentum matching conditions between the diffracted light and the surface plasmons. In the presence of bound analytes or surface films, the enhanced transmission peaks are red-shifted, making a simple, yet highly responsive sensing platform. The utility of this platform is demonstrated for ex situ sensing by analyzing thin films of various thicknesses and detecting a model immunoreaction between bovine serum albumin and anti-bovine serum albumin. This grating-based transmission surface plasmonic device represents a simple and sensitive platform, which can be readily tuned to enhance performance and be used in the study of a variety of surface adsorption processes or analysis of biomolecular interactions.     

Modeling optical transmission spectra of periodic narrow slit arrays in thick metal films and their correlation with those of individual slits

We investigated the optical transmission of periodic narrow slit arrays in thick metal films with finite-difference time-domain simulations. Transmission spectra of ideal slit arrays of various structure parameters (film thickness, period, slit width) were calculated, and compared to those of single slits with the same width in metal films of the same thickness. It is observed that the transmission of individual slits are determinative to the transmission pass-bands of the slit arrays; while the arrayed slit structures induce surface plasmon resonances, they also have negative roles on transmission. We propose that the in-plane surface plasmon resonances at the metal–dielectric interfaces are based on the Bloch waves of surface plasmons rather than the grating-assisted phase matching conditions. It is then concluded that the main features of the transmission spectra of periodic narrow slit arrays result from superposition of transmission valleys induced from in-plane surface plasmon resonances on the transmission spectra of corresponding individual slits.     

A simple method for studying surface films on solids using transmission electron microscopy

A simple and rapid method for extracting and identifying a small amount of a foreign substance on the surface of a solid using a transmission electron microscope is developed. In this method surface species, such as contaminants, oxides or segregated surface films, are obtained by scraping a solid surface with a small piece of knife edge. The knife edge on which surface films adhere is then directly mounted on a microscope specimen holder for transmission electron microscopy observation. Pieces of surface films accumulated on the knife edge are found to be sufficient in quantity for phase identification using an electron diffraction method. Examples of this simple technique are taken from our recent structural study of gold electrodeposits.     

Study on microstructure and hardness uniformity of non-quenched prehardened steel for large section plastic mould

Microstructures throughout a 460 mm × 800 mm cross-section of non-quenched prehardened (NQP) steel for plastic mould were characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electronic microscopy and transmission electronic microscopy. Strength and hardness of the NQP steel block was also tested. It is found that mechanical properties at core are close to that at surface and hardness distributes between 37 and 40 HRC through the whole section. Grains at core are coarser and deformation bands are observed at surface, while microstructures both at core and at surface are composed of bainitic ferrite laths with high dislocation density and interlath cementite and/or residual austensite. Considering continuous cooling transformation of the NQP steel, the small variation in hardness throughout the section is caused by the main microstructure bainite which possesses high hardenability. Moreover, the differences of the lath widths and dislocation density in baintic ferrite lath make hardness at surface a little higher than that at core.     

Suppressed light transmission through corrugated metal films at normal incidence

In the study of light transmission through corrugated metallic film, it has been shown that along with the enhancement of light transmission, suppression may take place at specific values of the period and magnitude of corrugation for normal light incidence. Suppression was found to be due to the interplay between symmetric and assymetric surface plasmon polariton modes at their simultaneous excitation.     

Controlled growth-reversal of catalytic carbon nanotubes under electron-beam irradiation

The growth of carbon nanotubes from Ni catalysts is reversed and observed in real time in a transmission electron microscope, at room temperature. The Ni catalyst is found to be Ni3C and remains attached to the nanotube throughout the irradiation sequence, indicating that C most likely diffuses on the surface of the catalyst to form nanotubes. We calculate the energy barrier for saturating the Ni3C (2-13) surface with C to be 0.14 eV, thus providing a low-energy surface for the formation of graphene planes.     

Composition and microstructure of silicon carbide whiskers

The bulk and surface chemistries of four sets of commercially available SiC whiskers made by three manufacturers were determined. The oxygen content varied significantly, ranging in the bulk from 1.9 to 0.6 at.% and on the surface from 35 to 15 at.%. Surface analysis as obtained by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy also indicated that the oxygen species differed significantly with whisker supplier; each of three of the whisker sets contained a surface species that is very similar to that found in a Si-O-C glass, while one whisker surface appeared to have a silica-rich surface. Surface carbon concentrations varied significantly, while silicon concentrations did not. Scanning transmission electron micrographs indicate significant morphological variations (i.e., twinning, branching, kinks, surface roughness, etc.) occur in all of the whisker types.     

Effect of oxygen agglomeration in polycrystalline Si (SIPOS) films

IR transmission spectra of SIPOS structures were measured and were investigated by using an approach of deconvolution of the Si–O stretching band into Gauss profiles. It was found that the space distribution of oxygen in SIPOS layers treated at elevated temperatures does not correspond to the prediction of RBM statistics. The oxygen agglomeration was observed. Optical microscopy was also applied to get additional information about the SIPOS films after treatment in HF solution. The peculiarities of the space distribution of oxygen in SIPOS films are explained on the basis of a computer simulation of free Si surface relaxation. A computer model has shown that a disordered phase arises in the Si surface layers at elevated temperatures. This phase is characterized by a large concentration of stressed and dangling bonds. There are lattice nodes with more than one dangling bond that are suitable sites for oxygen agglomeration.     

Surface micromachined capacitive ultrasonic transducers

The current state of novel technology, surface microfabricated ultrasonic transducers, is reported. Experiments demonstrating both air and water transmission are presented. Air-coupled longitudinal wave transmission through aluminum is demonstrated, implying a 110 dB dynamic range for transducers at 2.3 MHz in air. Water transmission experiments from 1 to 20 MHz are performed, with a measured 60 dB SNR at 3 MHz. A theoretical model is proposed that agrees well with observed transducer behavior. Most significantly, the model is used to demonstrate that microfabricated ultrasonic transducers constitute an attractive alternative to piezoelectric transducers in many applications.     

Surface Energy and Surface Stability of Ag Nanocrystals at Elevated Temperatures and Their Dominance in Sublimation‐Induced Shape Evolution

The surface energy and surface stability of Ag nanocrystals (NCs) are under debate because the measurable values of the surface energy are very inconsistent, and the indices of the observed thermally stable surfaces are apparently in conflict. To clarify this issue, a transmission electron microscope is used to investigate these problems in situ with elaborately designed carbon‐shell‐capsulated Ag NCs. It is demonstrated that the {111} surfaces are still thermally stable at elevated temperatures, and the victory of the formation of {110} surfaces over {111} surfaces on the Ag NCs during sublimation is due to the special crystal geometry. It is found that the Ag NCs behave as quasiliquids during sublimation, and the cubic NCs represent a featured shape evolution, which is codetermined by both the wetting equilibrium at the Ag–C interface and the relaxation of the system surface energy. Small Ag NCs (≈10 nm) no longer maintain the wetting equilibrium observed in larger Ag NCs, and the crystal orientations of ultrafine Ag NCs (≈6 nm) can rotate to achieve further shape relaxation. Using sublimation kinetics, the mean surface energy of Ag NCs at 1073 K is calculated to be 1.1–1.3 J m^?2.     

Microstructure, chemistry and coating properties of ion-plated TiN on type 304 stainless steel

Characterization of TiN coatings on type 304 stainless steel was carried out using a Zeiss EM 902A energy filtering transmission electron microscope equipped with an electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) detector. TiN thin films were produced by a hollow cathode discharge ion plating coater. It was found by plan-view transmission electron microscopy that the microstructure of the TiN coatings is thickness dependent. The grain size of TiN ranges from 88 nm at the coating surface down to 9 nm near the TiN/steel interface. In addition, the TiN surface layer shows some degree of texture, but the subsurface and internal TiN layers are mainly equiaxial and randomly oriented. Chemical analysis by EELS shows that the relative oxygen content increases linearly from the TiN surface to the TiN/steel interface, whereas the relative nitrogen content first decreases slowly and then drops rapidly near the interface. The presence of a Ti₂N phase and the deficiency of nitrogen near the TiN/steel interface suggest that the early-deposited TiN is nonstoichiometric. By the periodic cracking method, the ultimate shear stress at the TiN/steel interface and the residual stress in the TiN thin film were estimated to be 2.2 GPa and 12.8 GPa, respectively.     

Transmission of an obliquely incident surface wave train through a submerged horizontal slot in a vertical wall

Summary Linear water wave theory is used for surface waves obliquely incident on a thin vertical wall in which there is an infinitely long submerged horizontal slot in deep water. The problem is reduced to an integral equation (IE) of the first kind over the slot. Assuming that the depth of submergence of the midsection of the slot is large compared to its breadth, a simple approximate solution to the IE is found, leading to an approximation for the transmission coefficient. A particular limiting case for the transmission coefficient is shown to produce the known result. The transmission coefficient is then evaluated numerically for various parameters and these are presented in the form of graphs.     

典型接合面冲击动态响应

舰艇设备中存在着大量的接合面,其在冲击载荷作用下的动力学传递特性是设备响应计算的关键。本文通过试验和数值计算方法对一具有典型接合面的模拟设备在冲击载荷作用下的动响应进行了研究,并对接合面在冲击载荷作用下的动力学特征、冲击载荷沿接合面的传递规律等进行了探讨,研究表明接合面刚度在冲击响应过程中呈非线舰艇设备中存在着大量的接合面,其在冲击载荷作用下的动力学传递特性是设备响应计算的关键。通过试验和数值计算方法对一具有典型接合面的模拟设备在冲击载荷作用下的动响应进行研究,并对接合面在冲击载荷作用下的动力学特征、冲击载荷沿接合面的传递规律等进行探讨,研究表明接合面刚度在冲击响应过程中呈非线性变化,接合面对加速度分布有较大影响,通过试验结果与数值计算结果的对比可知,所采用的接合面数值计算方法具有工程实用精度。性变化,接合面对加速度分布有较大影响,通过试验结果与数值计算结果的对比可知,本文所采用的接合面数值计算方法具有工程实用精度。     

Effect of tantalum addition on microstructure and optical properties of TiN thin films

Titanium nitride thin films were deposited by direct current magnetron sputtering with various tantalum (Ta) concentrations (2, 4 and 8 at.%). The films were characterized using UV/VIS spectrophotometer. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) were used to observe the microstructure and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to investigate the core level and the valence band of the films. It was found that the film with 2 at.% Ta is more reflective in the infrared range and more transparent in the visible region (selective behavior). The AFM showed smooth nanostructured surface for the film without Ta addition. It was found that the films with 2 at.% Ta presented relatively coarser grains with larger roughness and the reflectance are not controlled by the surface morphology. Also, this film presented higher electrical conductivity. HRTEM analysis showed that 2 at.% Ta addition gave rise to well crystallized films with elongated nanocrystallites in comparison with the films having 0, 4 and 8 at.% Ta contents.     

Magnetic, optical and structural studies on Ag doped ZnO nanoparticles

The influences of annealing effects have been explored on the crystallinity, morphology, optical and magnetic properties of Ag–ZnO nanostructures prepared by a simple sol–gel method. X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscope, high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), vibrating sample magnetometer and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) have been used to characterize the crystal structures, surface morphology, magnetic and optical properties of the pure ZnO and Ag–ZnO nanostructures respectively. The synthesized Ag–ZnO nanostructures are found to have hexagonal wurtzite crystal structures and their grain size increases while lattice strain decreases on annealing. From HRTEM observation, it is found that the annealed samples show nanorod like structures with Ag nanoparticles (NPs) embedded on the surface. Due to annealing effect, Ag–ZnO shows higher saturation magnetization at room temperature.     

The Effect of Surface Contamination on the Transient Oxidation of Ni-20Cr

Abstract

When a metal surface is heated in an oxidising environment for the first time, an oxide scale is formed. This scale is not the product of a process that occurs under steady state conditions, but is instead formed over a wide range of temperatures, as the sample heats. The oxides, often referred to as transient scales, that are formed under these conditions are frequently very different from those found after long oxidation times.

The research presented here considers the oxides formed during the heating of a commercial Ni-20%Cr alloy and examines the effect of surface contamination on the oxidation process. Also examined is the role of surface pretreatment on the behaviour of the alloys during oxidation.

The scales formed on these alloys are very thin (<100 nm) and the scales have thus been examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy techniques (STEM). The samples produced were of cross-sections of the metal and oxide.     

Agglomerates of amorphous carbon nanoparticles synthesized by a solution-phase method

A novel solution-phase method is developed for preparation of agglomerates of amorphous carbon nanoparticles under ambient atmosphere by the reaction of ferrocene and ammonium chloride in diglycol at 200 °C. Samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherms. It is found that the nanoparticles are complete amorphous and agglomerate together due to the strong surface tension. The agglomerates of amorphous carbon nanoparticles with a diameter of 20-50 nm have a wide size distribution of mesopores with a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area of 75.2 m² g^− 1. It is proposed that the dissolved reactants uniformly dispersing in the solutions could react at a molecular level to form uniform carbon nanoparticles.     

Geometry dependent I-V characteristics of silicon nanowires

The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of small-diameter hydrogenated and pristine silicon nanowires (SiNWs) are calculated by nonequilibrium Green's function combined with density functional theory. We show that the I-V characteristics depend strongly on length, growth orientation, and surface modification of the SiNWs. In particular, a length of 3 nm is suggested for the nanowires to retrieve its intrinsic conducting properties from the influences of both the electrodes and metal/semiconductor mismatched surface contact; surface reconstruction would enhance the conductance in hydrogenated SiNW, which is explained by the extra conducting eigenchannel found in the transmission spectrum, suggesting possible surface conducting channel. Discussions with available experimental data are given.