对外汉语教学中的文化教学初探

本文通过对对外汉语教学中文化教学内容以及文化教学在对外汉语教学中的作用分析,论述了文化教学和语言教学的关系、文化教学在对外汉语教学中的地位,提出了一些文化教学的方式方法,强调了文化教学的重要性,重申了文化教学不能超越语言教学的地位,而应是一种辅助、补充,有利于语言教学,不能冲击冲淡语言教学。反对那种为文化而文化和完全忽视文化的观点和做法。     

初中语文写作教学体系构建策略

写作教学在初中语文教学中的地位十分重要,也是初中语文教学的难点和重点。近些年来,在初中语文教学中构建写作教学体系越来越被重视。在初中语文教学中构建写作教学体系需要语文教师发挥重要引导作用,将阅读教学与写作教学相结合,使写作教学发挥有效作用,达到构建初中语文写作教学体系的最终目的。对此,本文简单分析了初中语文写作教学体系构建的具体措施。     

本科机器学习课程教改实践与探索

分析本科机器学习课程教学的实际情况,探讨教学内容、教学方法、教学手段三个方面存在的问题,提出细化教学目标,重新整合教学内容,在教学中贯穿案例驱动的教学方法,阐述将启发式和讨论式教学、强化实践教学、教学全过程考核和融合多种教学手段等措施应用于本科机器学习教学的过程。     

信息技术为语文教学增色

以信息技术为手段的语文教学是指在教学过程中,根据教学目标和教学对象的特点,通过教学设计,选择和运用现代教学媒体,并与传统教学手段有机组合,共同参与教学全过程,以多种媒体信息作用学生,形成合理的教学过程结构,使学生在最佳的学习条件下进行学习。     

计算机软件教学设计

计算机软件教学是计算机专业技能教学重要组成部分,如何进行教学设计,激发学生学习兴趣,提高教学效果是计算机教学工作者都想解决的问题。根据教学中的探索与实践,重点探讨提高计算机软件教学有效性的教学设计。     

多媒体给英语教学增添新的活力

多媒体教学是指在教学过程中,根据教学目标和教学对象的特点,通过教学设计,合理选择和运用现代教学媒体,并与传统教学手段有机组合,共同参与教学的过程.多媒体教学以多种媒体信息作用于学生,形成合理的教学过程结构,其目的是达到最优化的教学效果.     

网络教学平台在高校教学中的研究与应用

随着我国网络教育的快速发展,基于网络教学平台的教学作为一种新型的教学形式,已成为当前网络教学的热点问题。网络教学平台是现代化的教学手段,其在高校教学中的应用,必将引发教学思想和教学模式的改变,从而提高教学质量。本文从网络教学平台的构建出发,对其各模块在教学中的独特作用并结合教学实践进行了探讨。     

智慧教学环境下信息化教学设计

随着智慧教学时代的到来,教学模式和教学设计发生了翻天覆地的变化,信息化的教学设计变得至关重要。文章从介绍智慧教学的起源和现状出发,通过对比分析传统教学和智慧教学的差异,借助信息化教学平台,归纳出了智慧教学环境下信息化教学设计完整的设计思路和过程。     

"问题解决"在计算机专业课教学中的应用

"问题解决"是数学教育教学中的一种较为先进的教学思想、教学手段和教学艺术.笔者在多年的计算机专业课的教学中,一直在探索适合计算机专业课特点且具有特色的教学方法、教学模式、教学思想.笔者认为既然计算机技术可以为其他学科课程教学服务,那么也可以借鉴其他学科课程教学中好的教学方法、教学模式、教学思想,为计算机专业课程教学服务,解决计算机专业课程教学中难题.笔者通过教学实践发现,借助于在数学教育教学中较为成功的、相对较为成熟的"问题解决"教学思想和教学手段应用于计算机专业课程的教学,并与计算机专业课程自身特点相结合,在教学中可以达到较好的效果,对计算机专业课程的教学优化起到很好的促进作用.     

反思性教学在C语言教学中的应用研究

反思性教学能启发教学人员反思操作性教学局限性,不断探究教学中的新问题,将"学会学习"和"学会教学"相结合,可提升教学实践合理性,使教师成为学者型教师.本文依据反思性教学理论,研究了计算机专业《C语言程序设计》课程的反思性教学,以期借石攻玉,促进C语言教师教学水平的提高.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

An Analysis of the Criteria for Evaluating Adequate Theories of Computation

This paper deals with the question: What are the criteria that an adequate theory of computation has to meet? (1) Smith’s answer: it has to meet the empirical criterion (i.e. doing justice to computational practice), the conceptual criterion (i.e. explaining all the underlying concepts) and the cognitive criterion (i.e. providing solid grounds for computationalism). (2) Piccinini’s answer: it has to meet the objectivity criterion (i.e. identifying computation as a matter of fact), the explanation criterion (i.e. explaining the computer’s behaviour), the right things compute criterion, the miscomputation criterion (i.e. accounting for malfunctions), the taxonomy criterion (i.e. distinguishing between different classes of computers) and the empirical criterion. (3) Von Neumann’s answer: it has to meet the precision and reliability of computers criterion, the single error criterion (i.e. addressing the impacts of errors) and the distinction between analogue and digital computers criterion. (4) “Everything” computes answer: it has to meet the implementation theory criterion by properly explaining the notion of implementation.     

一种面向查询的多文档摘要方法

面向查询的多文档摘要技术有两个难点 第一,为了保证摘要与查询密切相关,容易造成摘要内容重复,不够全面;第二,原始查询难以完整描述查询意图,需进行查询扩展,而现有查询扩展方法多依赖于外部语义资源。针对以上问题,该文提出一种面向查询的多文档摘要方法,利用主题分析技术识别出当前主题下的子主题,综合考虑句子所在的子主题与查询的相关度以及子主题的重要度两方面因素来选择摘要句,并根据词语在子主题之间的共现信息,在不使用任何外部知识的情况下,进行查询扩展。在DUC2006评测语料上的实验结果表明,与Baseline系统相比,该系统取得了更高的ROUGE评价值,基于子主题的查询扩展方法则进一步提高了摘要的质量。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

A method of defuzzification based on the approach of areas' ratio

The new method of defuzzification of output parameters from the base of fuzzy rules for a Mamdani fuzzy controller is given in the paper. The peculiarity of the method is the usage of the universal equation for the area computation of the geometric shapes. During the realization of fuzzy inference linguistic terms, the structure changes from the triangular into a trapezoidal shape. That is why the universal equation is used. The method is limited and can be used only for the triangular and trapezoidal membership functions. Gaussian functions can also be used while modifying the proposed method. Traditional defuzzification models such as Middle of Maxima − MoM, First of Maxima − FoM, Last of Maxima − LoM, First of Suppport − FoS, Last of Support − LoS, Middle of Support − MoS, Center of Sums − CoS, Model of Height − MoH have a number of systematic errors: curse of dimensionality, partition of unity condition and absence of additivity. The above-mentioned methods can be seen as Center of Gravity − CoG, which has the same errors. These errors lead to the fact that accuracy of fuzzy systems decreases, because during the training root mean square error increases. One of the reasons that provokes the errors is that some of the activated fuzzy rules are excluded from the fuzzy inference. It is also possible to increase the accuracy of the fuzzy system through properties of continuity. The proposed method guarantees fulfilling of the property of continuity, as the intersection point of the adjustment linguistic terms equals 0.5 when a parametrized membership function is used. The causes of errors and a way to delete them are reviewed in the paper. The proposed method excludes errors which are inherent to the traditional and non- traditional models of defuzzification. Comparative analysis of the proposed method of defuzzification with traditional and non-traditional models shows its effectiveness.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

Impact of cognitive theory on the practice of courseware authoring

Abstract The cognitive revolution has yielded unprecedented progress in our understanding of higher cognitive processes such as remembering and learning. It is natural to expect this scientific breakthrough to inform and guide the design of instruction in general and computer-based instruction in particular. In this paper I survey the different ways in which recent advances in cognitive theory might influence the design of computer-based instruction and spell out their implications for the design of authoring tools and tutoring system shells. The discussion will be divided into four main sections. The first two sections deal with the design and the delivery of instruction. The third section analyzes the consequences for authoring systems. In the last section I propose a different way of thinking about this topic.     

CONFLUENT POSSIBILITY DISTRIBUTIONS AND THEIR REPRESENTATIONS

Possibilistic distributions admit both measures of uncertainty and (metric) distances defining their information closeness. For general pairs of distributions these measures and metrics were first introduced in the form of integral expressions. Particularly important are pairs of distributions p and q which have consonant ordering—for any two events x and y in the domain of discourse p(x)⪋ p(y) if and only if q(x) ⪋ q(y). We call such distributions confluent and study their information distances.

This paper presents discrete sum form of uncertainty measures of arbitrary distributions, and uses it to obtain similar representations of metrics on the space of confluent distributions. Using these representations, a number of properties like additivity. monotonicity and a form of distributivity are proven. Finally, a branching property is introduced, which will serve (in a separate paper) to characterize axiomatically possibilistic information distances.     

CCD camera modeling and simulation

In this paper we propose a modeling of an acquisition line made up of a CCD camera, a lens and a frame grabber card. The purpose of this modeling is to simulate the acquisition process in order to obtain images of virtual objects. The response time has to be short enough to permit interactive simulation. All the stages are modelised: in the first phase, we present a geometric model which supplies a point to point transformation that provides, for a space point in the camera field, the corresponding point on the plane of the CCD sensor. The second phase consists of modeling the discrete space which implies passing from the continous known object view to a discrete image, in accordance with the different orgin of the contrast loss. In the third phase, the video signal is reconstituted in order to be sampled by the frame grabber card. The practical results are close to reality when compared to image processing. This tool makes it possible to obtain a short computation time simulation of a vision sensor. This enables interactivity either with the user or with software for the design/simulation of an industrial workshop equipped with a vision system. It makes testing possible and validates the choice of sensor placement and image processing and analysis. Thanks to this simulation tool, we can control perfectly the position of the object image placed under the camera and in this way, we can characterise the performance of subpixel accuracy determining methods for object positioning.     

Gain-scheduled H ∞ filtering of parameter-varying discrete-time systems via parameter-dependent Lyapunov functions

This paper is concerned with the problem of gain-scheduled H _∞ filter design for a class of parameter-varying discrete-time systems. A new LMI-based design approach is proposed by using parameter-dependent Lyapunov functions. Recommended by Editorial Board member Huanshui Zhang under the direction of Editor Jae Weon Choi. This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of P. R. China under Grants 60874058, by 973 program No 2009CB320600, but also the National Natural Science Foundation of Province of Zhejiang under Grants Y107056, and in part by a Research Grant from the Australian Research Council. Shaosheng Zhou received the B.S. degree in Applied Mathematics and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering, in January 1992, July 1996 and October 2001, from Qufu Normal University and Southeast University. His research interests include nonlinear control and stochastic systems. Baoyong Zhang received the B.S. and M.Sc. degrees in Applied Mathematics, in July 2003 and July 2006, all from Qufu Normal University. His research interests include and nonlinear systems, robust control and filtering. Wei Xing Zheng received the B.Sc. degree in Applied Mathematics and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering, in January 1982, July 1984 and February 1989, respectively, all from the Southeast University, Nanjing, China. His research interests include signal processing and system identification.