弧矢聚焦双晶单色器聚焦误差分析

简单介绍了弧矢聚焦单色仪的分光原理及结构原理,分析了同步辐射弧矢聚焦双晶单色器实际转轴偏离理想转轴ΔS及晶面偏离与导轨的理想夹角Δα对出射光高度的影响,并对弧矢聚焦晶体压弯半径的压弯精度Δh对实验站聚焦光斑展宽的作用进行了理论推导.当ΔS≤31μm、Δα≤1′,就可以确保出射光线高度误差Δh≤25μm;当对称压弯第二晶体所需微位移器的行程≥1mm、精度≤1.25μm时,可满足聚焦光斑的展宽≤0.5mm要求,且当压弯半径R的弯曲精度在ΔR≤0.75%R的范围内不需对晶体压弯.     

X射线单色成像用透射式对数螺线晶体分析器

利用对数螺线晶体在大视场范围内的保角特性,研究了一种用于等离子体X射线单色成像的透射式对数螺线晶体分析器。与反射式弯晶成像谱仪相比,该分析器具有单能成像视场更大,实现相同放大倍数时的空间排布简单等优点。根据晶体衍射成像原理及对数螺线晶体的表面方程,分析了透射式对数螺线晶体分析器的成像原理以及成像性能,包括子午、弧矢放大倍数以及视场大小等。以铜靶X射线源为背光源,用研制石英晶体透射对数螺线分析器对网丝直径为100μm的金属网格进行了单色背光成像实验。实验结果表明,晶体分析器的空间分辨力约为30μm,子午和弧矢方向视场分别达到15.938 7mm和5.900 6mm。     

弧矢压弯晶体的力学性能与形位误差分析

介绍了利用柔性铰链机构对弧矢聚焦双晶单色器中第二晶体进行动态压弯的工作原理,优化了压弯机构和晶体的几何参数,然后应用有限元方法模拟分析压弯装置与晶体的力学性质,最后分析了弯晶的形位误差并计算因此造成的弯晶光束入射角的变化。分析结果表明:替换后单色器的水平接收角由1 mrad增加到3 mrad,样品上光斑的水平半高宽由12.5 mm减小到2.5 mm。优化后晶体因压弯产生的鞍形曲率半径约为弧矢曲率半径的1 700倍,造成的入射角误差为2.2 μrad;压弯装置上的最大平均应力约为800 MPa,并由此确定了以铍青铜作为压弯机构的材料,晶体的曲率半径为0.57~1.72 m和驱动力为8~2.67 N时的线性关系。分析结果表明:该单色器的设计完全达到了设计指标,在提高光子通量和光子密度的同时又能满足XAFS光束线测量过程中需要频繁快速扫描的要求。     

一种新型曲面晶体成像系统的研制

为了对诊断目标进行瞬态辐射成像,提出了研制X射线聚焦成像系统,主要器件为一各向同性的X射线点光源及超环面弯曲晶体成像器.X射线照射至被成像物体后再投射到超环面晶体,经该凹面晶体聚焦后在X射线探测器表面成像.讨论了超环面晶体在布拉格几何结构中的聚焦成像特性,提出利用X射线源进行二维优化成像的适用条件.利用模拟软件对网格物体进行仿真成像,研究像距及光源尺寸对成像空间分辨力的影响,并据此确定了实验参量.设计的超环面弯晶采用云母材料,子午面曲率半径为290 mm,弧矢面曲率半径为190 mm.利用该系统进行了X射线背光成像实验,实验结果表明:系统的成像空间分辨力最高可达到34μm,能够满足聚爆辐射成像的要求;在光源尺寸较大时像距变化对成像效果有明显影响.     

弧矢(Sagittal)聚焦双晶单色器设计

介绍了弧矢聚焦双晶单色器系统性能要求,详细分析了满足系统性能要求的光学设计、机械设计和控制系统设计方案.具体介绍了单色化和压弯聚焦等光学设计,Bragg角的转动和固定高差的移动等关键部件的机械设计,以及以直圆柔性铰链为基础的投角、滚角、摆角调节结构.     

压弯光栅线密度变化分析

理论上给出了光栅在子午面内弯曲为任意面形后,光栅线密度的变化关系,并采用有限元分析软件ABAQUS/Standard进行了模拟分析。理论与模拟分析的结论说明,压弯后光栅线密度是由光栅本身参数及压弯面形严格决定的。在此基础上设计一个简单的单色器,并在数值上给出了压弯后光栅线密度变化对单色器件性能的影响。由于光栅面形及其线密度的变化,不仅对光栅成像的聚焦特性有所改善,对彗差等高阶次像差的影响也是不可忽略的。     

球面弯曲晶体在X射线背光成像的应用

基于X射线布喇格衍射理论,研制了球面弯曲晶体分析器,用于研究和诊断惯性约束聚变的聚爆靶等离子体的形状、分布及稳定性.分析器的核心器件是石英球面弯晶,弯曲晶体半径为143.3 mm.首次利用石英球面弯曲晶体进行了单色X射线背光成像实验.采用接收面积为40 mm×30 mm的磷屏成像板作为接收装置,得到了清晰的铬靶单色X射...     

中子衍射应力谱仪垂直聚焦单色器的优化设计

为提高应力谱仪样品处的中子注量率,对垂直聚焦单色器进行了优化设计.应用蒙特卡罗模拟程序MCSTAS对中子衍射应力谱仪的垂直聚焦Ge(511)单色器进行优化计算,得到了垂直聚焦单色器的高度与单晶片之间的倾角等参数的最佳值.然后,对比分析了在垂直聚焦单色器与平板单色器两种情况下样品处的中子注量率.最后,讨论了单色器起飞角对谱仪分辨率的影响.计算结果表明:单色器尺寸为50 mm×150 mm;垂直单色器在样品台中心位置的中子注入量是平板单色器的4.99倍,表明利用垂直单色器可以显著提高应力谱仪样品处的中子注量率.     

SM—2型石墨单色器

石墨单色器是x射线衍射仪的重要附件之一,过去靠进口。中国科学院沈阳金属研究所与丹东仪器总厂联合研制了SM-2型石墨单色器,主要指标为:石墨单色器的反射本领为26.1％,石墨晶体的嵌镶度为0.41°,不锈钢样品(110)峰背比292,晶体最大转角为30°,探测器最大转角为50°,晶体平移距离为3mm,晶体倾角为5°,光楔平移距离为     

激光等离子体X射线能谱诊断

为了诊断激光装置聚爆靶辐射等离子体内部的分布及运动过程,搭建了基于球面弯曲晶体的能谱成像系统。该系统的核心元件为弯曲半径为200mm的石英球面弯曲晶体(1011),利用晶体的晶格结构进行反射,利用弯曲表面实现聚焦。在中国工程物理研究院神光Ⅲ原型激光装置上利用该能谱成像系统首次进行X射线能谱成像实验。IP成像板得到了清晰的高Z元素Au等离子体X射线能谱。能谱信息分析显示,石英球面弯曲晶体得到的能谱分辨率约为1 380,与能谱分辨模型理论值的误差为3.9%。该结果表明石英球面弯曲晶体具有很好能谱分辨能力。     

上海光源真空紫外角分辨光电子能谱束线设计

在上海光源上设计了一条光子能量覆盖5~140 eV的高通量、高分辨的真空紫外角分辨光电子能谱束线。本光束线采用准周期椭圆偏振波荡器光源,其周期长度为0.32 m,周期数为14。单色仪采用Dragon型,分为覆盖5~32 eV的低能分支和25~140 eV的高能分支。计算表明,当入射/出射狭缝开启宽度为5/5 μm时,在整个能量扫描范围内,单色仪分辨率可以高达15 000~100 000,光学元件的面型误差对分辨率的影响最大。通量计算显示,样品处s偏振光子通量高达~10¹² phs/s。Shadow追迹模拟结果表明,设计的光束线具有很好的聚焦特性。     

KMC-1: a high resolution and high flux soft x-ray beamline at BESSY

The crystal monochromator beamline KMC-1 at a BESSY II bending magnet covers the energy range from soft (1.7 keV) to hard x-rays (12 keV) employing the (n,-n) double crystal arrangement with constant beam offset. The monochromator is equipped with three sets of crystals, InSb, Si (111), and Si (422) which are exchangeable in situ within a few minutes. Beamline and monochromator have been optimized for high flux and high resolution. This could be achieved by (1) a windowless setup under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions up to the experiment, (2) by the use of only three optical elements to minimize reflection losses, (3) by collecting an unusually large horizontal radiation fan (6 mrad) with the toroidal premirror, and (4) the optimization of the crystal optics to the soft x-ray range necessitating quasibackscattering crystal geometry (theta(Bragg,max)=82 degrees) delivering crystal limited resolution. The multipurpose beamline is in use for a variety of user facilities such as extended x-ray absorption fine structure, ((Bio-)EXAFS) near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS), absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Due to the windowless UHV setup the k edges of the technologically and biologically important elements such as Si, P, and S are accessible. In addition to these experiments this beamline is now extensively used for photoelectron spectroscopy at high kinetic energies. Photon flux in the 10(11)-10(12) photons/s range and beamline resolving powers of more than E/DeltaE approximately 100.000 have been measured at selected energies employing Si (nnn) high order radiation in quasibackscattering geometry, thus photoelectron spectroscopy with a total instrumental resolution of about 150 meV is possible. This article describes the design features of the beamline and reports some experimental results in the above mentioned fields.     

同步辐射X射线双晶单色仪能量扫描

晶体单色仪是X射线光束线上的关键设备,它用晶体作为色散元件,衍射、分离具有连续光谱的同步辐射,向用户提供一定带宽的X射线单色光.在合肥同步辐射装置上的晶体单色仪,使用两块Si(111)晶体,按(⁺n,^-n)无色散排列,通过一台专门研制的L型联动装置,仅一维简单的Bragg角转动,便可保证在动态能量扫描过程中,两晶体衍射面始终平行,且输出的单色光束与入射光束的相对位置不变.本文重点讨论的是用于合肥晶体单色仪上的能量扫描装置.     

梦之线光栅单色器温度起伏对能量漂移的影响

为了确保光栅单色器温度起伏引起的能量漂移不影响光束线的表观能量分辨率,建立了单色器高精度的恒温环境。结合上海光源梦之线设计,根据光栅衍射方程推导出单色器温差与能量漂移之间的关系;据此设计了沿光束方向温度起伏较小的单色器恒温环境,测试了温度控制系统不同条件下的长期温度稳定性,并通过长时间多次测量氮气K边吸收谱的方法,得到了相应的能量漂移。结果显示:温度控制系统未启动的情况下,棚屋内最大温度变化约为0.62K,测得的能量漂移约为49 meV;温度控制系统使用独立冷水机时,最大温度变化约为0.20 K,相应的能量漂移约为17meV。实验表明,建立的单色器恒温环境满足设计要求,使得单色器温差引起的能量漂移对梦之线表观能量分辨率的影响得到有效控制。     

A soft x-ray beamline capable of canceling the performance impairment due to power absorbed on its optical elements

We present an entrance slitless beamline design capable of maintaining its very high performance in terms of energy resolution (>10(4)) and spot size (4x4 microm2) at the sample position despite being exposed to more than 2.15 kW of undulator radiation and a maximum power density on the optics of more than 0.9 W/mm2. Ray tracing simulations of this beamline under the worst-case thermal deformations of the optical element surfaces verify that appropriate focusing corrections are able to cancel the deleterious effects of these deformations. One of the necessary conditions for this cancellation is to illuminate the optical elements with a larger solid angle than the undulator's central cone, which contains the usable photons but is considerably smaller than the angular power distribution.     

Hard x-ray monochromator with milli-electron volt bandwidth for high-resolution diffraction studies of diamond crystals

We report on design and performance of a high-resolution x-ray monochromator with a spectral bandwidth of ΔE(X) ? 1.5 meV, which operates at x-ray energies in the vicinity of the backscattering (Bragg) energy E(H) = 13.903 keV of the (008) reflection in diamond. The monochromator is utilized for high-energy-resolution diffraction characterization of diamond crystals as elements of advanced x-ray crystal optics for synchrotrons and x-ray free-electron lasers. The monochromator and the related controls are made portable such that they can be installed and operated at any appropriate synchrotron beamline equipped with a pre-monochromator.     

A high resolution and large solid angle x-ray Raman spectroscopy end-station at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource

We present a new x-ray Raman spectroscopy end-station recently developed, installed, and operated at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource. The end-station is located at wiggler beamline 6-2 equipped with two monochromators-Si(111) and Si(311) as well as collimating and focusing optics. It consists of two multi-crystal Johann type spectrometers arranged on intersecting Rowland circles of 1 m diameter. The first one, positioned at the forward scattering angles (low-q), consists of 40 spherically bent and diced Si(110) crystals with 100 mm diameters providing about 1.9% of 4π sr solid angle of detection. When operated in the (440) order in combination with the Si (311) monochromator, an overall energy resolution of 270 meV is obtained at 6462.20 eV. The second spectrometer, consisting of 14 spherically bent Si(110) crystal analyzers (not diced), is positioned at the backward scattering angles (high-q) enabling the study of non-dipole transitions. The solid angle of this spectrometer is about 0.9% of 4π sr, with a combined energy resolution of 600 meV using the Si (311) monochromator. These features exceed the specifications of currently existing relevant instrumentation, opening new opportunities for the routine application of this photon-in/photon-out hard x-ray technique to emerging research in multidisciplinary scientific fields, such as energy-related sciences, material sciences, physical chemistry, etc.     

Asymmetric-cut variable-incident-angle monochromator

A novel asymmetric-cut variable-incident-angle monochromator was constructed and tested in 1997 at the Advanced Photon Source of Argonne National Laboratory. The monochromator was originally designed as a high heat load monochromator capable of handling 5-10 kW beams from a wiggler source. This was accomplished by spreading the x-ray beam out on the surface an asymmetric-cut crystal and by using liquid metal cooling of the first crystal. The monochromator turned out to be a highly versatile monochromator that could perform many different types of experiments. The monochromator consisted of two 18° asymmetrically cut Si crystals that could be rotated about 3 independent axes. The first stage (Φ) rotates the crystal around an axis perpendicular to the diffraction plane. This rotation changes the angle of the incident beam with the surface of the crystal without changing the Bragg angle. The second rotation (Ψ) is perpendicular to the first and is used to control the shape of the beam footprint on the crystal. The third rotation (Θ) controls the Bragg angle. Besides the high heat load application, the use of asymmetrically cut crystals allows one to increase or decrease the acceptance angle for crystal diffraction of a monochromatic x-ray beam and allows one to increase or decrease the wavelength bandwidth of the diffraction of a continuum source like a bending-magnet beam or a normal x-ray-tube source. When the monochromator is used in the doubly expanding mode, it is possible to expand the vertical size of the double-diffracted beam by a factor of 10-15. When this was combined with a bending magnet source, it was possible to generate an 8 keV area beam, 16 mm wide by 26 mm high with a uniform intensity and parallel to 1.2 arc sec that could be applied in imaging experiments.     

X-ray filter assembly for fluorescence measurements of x-ray absorption fine structure

Fluorescence detection, in principle, permits the detection of the extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) of more dilute atoms than can be obtained in absorption. To take advantage of this it is necessary, in practice, to eliminate the background that normally accompanies the fluorescence signal. We describe an x-ray filter assembly that accomplishes this purpose. The unique characteristic of the assembly is a slit system that minimizes the fluorescence background from the filter. The theory of the slit assembly is presented and is found to agree with measurements made on the Fe EXAFS of a dilute sample. The filter assembly has a better effective counting rate in this case than that of a crystal monochromator design.