食品中纳米颗粒的制备、表征及其应用的研究进展

随着纳米技术的发展,已有多种方法用于食品中纳米颗粒的制备。食品中的各种活性成分经纳米技术加工成纳米食品后,其理化性质、口味、营养价值等发生优向改变,起到增强食品功能性,提高有效成分生物利用率,促进人体消化吸收的作用。制备得到纳米食品可有效降低食品加工过程中多种活性成分的浪费,丰富食品种类,拓展新型食品市场。而人们对营养健康的功能性食品的不断追求,也使纳米食品作为一种潜在的功能性食品具有广阔的发展前景。因此,本文综述了近年来食品中纳米颗粒的制备方法、表征和应用方面的研究进展,为今后食品中纳米颗粒的制备和应用提供一定的参考。     

Ensuring the future of functional foods

Consumption of functional foods suggests a strategy to reduce the incidence of chronic health disorders. This message has resonated with consumers and driven market growth. Functional food research has significantly increased over the last decade but few studies have addressed the bioavailability of active ingredients for clinical efficacy. Baked goods such as bread, biscuits and cake are popular categories for innovation due to their widespread consumption. These new developments have often impacted on organoleptic properties of the finished products and thus consumer acceptance. Blending of bioactive ingredients may overcome this deficit. However, an understanding of the role of the microbiome in health has indicated that the efficacy of functional foods is unlikely to be uniform within the population. Further growth in the functional foods market, is likely to require greater evidence of the bioavailability of active ingredients, clinical effect and support for health claims by regulators especially in the EU.     

Application of cereals and cereal components in functional foods: a review

The food industry is directing new product development towards the area of functional foods and functional food ingredients due to consumers' demand for healthier foods. In this respect, probiotic dairy foods containing human-derived Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species and prebiotic food formulations containing ingredients that cannot be digested by the human host in the upper gastrointestinal tract and can selectively stimulate the growth of one or a limited number of colonic bacteria have been recently introduced into the market. The aim of these products is to affect beneficially the gut microbial composition and activities. Cereals offer another alternative for the production of functional foods. The multiple beneficial effects of cereals can be exploited in different ways leading to the design of novel cereal foods or cereal ingredients that can target specific populations. Cereals can be used as fermentable substrates for the growth of probiotic microorganisms. The main parameters that have to be considered are the composition and processing of the cereal grains, the substrate formulation, the growth capability and productivity of the starter culture, the stability of the probiotic strain during storage, the organoleptic properties and the nutritional value of the final product. Additionally, cereals can be used as sources of nondigestible carbohydrates that besides promoting several beneficial physiological effects can also selectively stimulate the growth of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria present in the colon and act as prebiotics. Cereals contain water-soluble fibre, such as beta-glucan and arabinoxylan, oilgosaccharides, such as galacto- and fructo-oligosaccharides and resistant starch, which have been suggested to fulfil the prebiotic concept. Separation of specific fractions of fibre from different cereal varieties or cereal by-products, according to the knowledge of fibre distribution in cereal grains, could be achieved through processing technologies, such as milling, sieving, and debranning or pearling. Finally, cereal constituents, such as starch, can be used as encapsulation materials for probiotics in order to improve their stability during storage and enhance their viability during their passage through the adverse conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. It could be concluded that functional foods based on cereals is a challenging perspective, however, the development of new technologies of cereal processing that enhance their health potential and the acceptability of the food product are of primary importance.     

Maximizing the value of milk through separation technologies.

Milk is the source of a wide range of proteins that deliver nutrition to the most promising new food products today. Isolated milk proteins are natural, trusted food ingredients with excellent functionality. Separation technologies provide the basis for adding value to milk through the production of proteins that provide the food industry with ingredients to meet specific needs, not possible with milk itself or with other ingredients. The major milk proteins, casein and whey protein, can be isolated by manipulating their compositional and physical properties and then by using various separation technologies to recover the proteins. Additionally, they can be processed in various ways to create a wide range of ingredients with diverse functional characteristics. These ingredients include milk protein concentrate, milk protein isolate, casein, caseinate, whey protein concentrate, whey protein isolate, hydrolysates, and various milk fractions. Within each of these ingredient categories, there is further differentiation according to the functional and nutritional requirements of the finished food. Adding value to milk by expanding from consumer products to ingredients often requires different technologies, marketing structure and distribution channels. The worldwide market for both consumer products and ingredients from milk continues to grow. Technology often precedes market demand. Methods for the commercial production of individual milk components now exist, and in the future as clinical evidence develops, the opportunity for adding value to dairy products as functional foods with health benefits may be achieved. The research and development of today will be the basis of those value-added milk products for tomorrow.     

Probiotic Dairy Products as Functional Foods

Abstract: Foods that affect specific functions or systems in the human body, providing health benefits beyond energy and nutrients—functional foods—have experienced rapid market growth in recent years. This growth is fueled by technological innovations, development of new products, and the increasing number of health‐conscious consumers interested in products that improve life quality. Since the global market of functional foods is increasing annually, food product development is a key research priority and a challenge for both the industry and science sectors. Probiotics show considerable promise for the expansion of the dairy industry, especially in such specific sectors as yogurts, cheeses, beverages, ice creams, and other desserts. This article presents an overview of functional foods and strategies for their development, with particular attention to probiotic dairy products. Moreover, special attention is paid to the sensory properties of such products to provide important information about their most desirable attributes.     

食品新资源的健康促进作用

全面总结了我国新资源食品和食品新资源的研究、开发和管理状况,对新资源食品的概念和范畴进行了进一步剖析。新资源食品不仅能为人类提供优质的营养素,而且其所含功能因子对人类健康具有重要的促进作用。     

Effectiveness of probiotics,prebiotics, and prebiotic‐like components in common functional foods

The bioactive ingredients in commonly consumed foods include, but are not limited to, prebiotics, prebiotic‐like components, probiotics, and postbiotics. The bioactive ingredients in functional foods have also been associated with beneficial effects on human health. For example, they aid in shaping of gut microflora and promotion of immunity. These functional components also contribute in preventing serious diseases such as cardiovascular malfunction and tumorigenesis. However, the specific mechanisms of these positive influences on human health are still under investigation. In this review, we aim to emphasize the major contents of probiotics, prebiotics, and prebiotic‐like components commonly found in consumable functional foods, and we present an overview of direct and indirect benefits they provide on human health. The major contributors are certain families of metabolites, specifically short‐chain fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids produced by probiotics, and prebiotics, or prebiotic‐like components such as flavonoids, polyphenols, and vitamins that are found in functional foods. These functional ingredients in foods influence the gut microbiota by stimulating the growth of beneficial microbes and the production of beneficial metabolites that, in turn, have direct benefits to the host, while also providing protection from pathogens and maintaining a balanced gut ecosystem. The complex interactions that arise among functional food ingredients, human physiology, the gut microbiota, and their respective metabolic pathways have been found to minimize several factors that contribute to the incidence of chronic disease, such as inflammation oxidative stress.     

动物源原料在我国保健食品中的应用研究进展

动物源原料富含多种营养物质,尤其是蛋白质含量颇高,在保健食品及其他领域方面都有良好的应用前景。但因其来源、加工方式等方面的特殊性,对其合规性使用的要求更为严格,所以动物源原料在我国用作保健食品的原料时,需十分注意其相关的法规、加工方式及安全性应用等方面的要求。近年来,围绕动物源原料相关的生物活性成分及功能研究已取得了较多新进展,但鲜有团队对动物源原料在我国保健食品中的合规性应用依据、应用现状、保健功能研究进展等方面进行过详细总结。因此,本文阐述了动物源原料在我国保健食品中的合规性应用依据,并以国家特殊食品信息查询平台为检索工具,统计并分析了动物源原料在保健食品中的应用现状,结合目前动物源原料研究进展,提出了对我国动物源原料在保健食品研发中的启示,以期能够为进一步挖掘、开发利用动物源原材料提供有益的借鉴。     

Meat as a functional food with special reference to probiotic sausages

Consumers believe that foods are associated directly to their health. Today foods are not only used to satisfy our hunger but also to provide indispensible nutrients for humans and these nutrients having the health benefits regarding in controlling the diseases. The market for functional foods has seen a sharp rise in demand in the recent years. This has driven researchers to multiply their efforts in producing functional meat products also. Feed manipulation and post-mortem modification of meat coupled with enrichment of bioactive compounds are gaining importance. This review discusses the candidate ingredients and strategies, utilized in crafting such functional meat products, and the notable developments and commercial successes in functional meat industry. Dry fermented sausages meet the conditions required to carry viable probiotic microbes. This article enlists various microorganisms that are being commercially used in functional food products and potential bacteria for probiotic sausage production.     

Fortification using grape extract polyphenols – a review on functional food regulations

Grapes are rich sources of polyphenols and widely used in food fortification due to their health-promoting properties. Previous studies have provided systematic strategies on foods fortified with grape polyphenols; however, until now, very little is known about grape polyphenol market, fortification and their health food regulations. It is, therefore, necessary to make a comprehensive overview of grape extract polyphenols and their fortification in functional foods. Hence, we reviewed the grape polyphenol market, fortification, health food market scenario and functional food regulations. The global grape polyphenol market is expected to rise 946.90 million USD by 2023 with its own trademark as polyphenol-fortified functional foods. This is ultimately due to acceptability, extensive use, marketing of polyphenol-fortified functional foods and their favourable food regulations. The future perspective on grape polyphenols research should be focused on extraction of polyphenols from grape waste and their fortification in functional foods.     

发酵豆制品酿造过程中组分和营养功能因子的变化及调控

发酵豆制品是发酵食品中的一大类,在亚洲国家人民饮食中占重要地位,并逐渐受到西方国家青睐。近年来,发酵豆制品酿造过程中产生的功能因子不断被报道,其抗氧化、降血压、降血糖、溶血栓、抗突变等功能性不断被揭示,引起世界广泛关注。发酵豆制品组分变化的调控对增强营养和富集功能因子意义重大,有利于进一步提升其食用价值,促进人类健康。本文综述发酵豆制品生产过程中与营养和功能相关的部分组分的变化及调控,并对该领域的科学问题进行展望。     

Perspectives on the 21st century development of functional foods: bridging Chinese medicated diet and functional foods

Functional foods, also known as nutraceuticals, medical foods or nutritional foods, are driving food markets around the world and are expected to be one of the emerging trends for the food industry in the new millennium. The concept of functional foods is rooted in a tradition, particularly in Asia, where people have always believed that a balanced diet and some herbal foods are therapeutic. However, while extensive studies in biochemistry and immunology, as well as clinical trials, have been conducted on selected functional foods or ingredients, the scientific features of most traditional herbals remain almost unknown. However, the fastest growing food market in the United States is that of herbal-based nutraceuticals such as ginseng, garlic and medical mushrooms. This review describes different aspects of functional foods and the Chinese medicated diet on the basis of current knowledge, discusses the building blocks for the science of functional foods and proposes a possible way to fuse a Chinese medicated diet into functional foods.     

蚕蛹的功能活性及其在保健食品中的应用进展

蚕蛹作为食材拥有高营养价值和保健功能,自古以来被用作滋补强身的食品。目前,蚕蛹作为食品原料被广泛用于普通食品和保健食品。随着现代科学的深入研究,蚕蛹中的活性成分与功能作用正在逐渐被揭示。研究已经证实了蚕蛹具有免疫调节、辅助降血糖、辅助降血脂、辅助降血压、抗疲劳、抗氧化等保健功能,这为开发以蚕蛹为原料的保健食品提供了理论基础。本文介绍了蚕蛹的营养价值,并结合国内外文献的相关研究综述了蚕蛹的保健功能与作用机制。进一步通过对国家“特殊食品信息查询平台”和“药智网”数据库的信息检索,汇总分析了已经获批的使用蚕蛹及其活性成分为原料的保健食品现状。结果发现,在已获批的蚕蛹相关保健食品中,主要声称功能是增强免疫力,主要剂型是胶囊。并且,近几年获批的蚕蛹相关保健食品数量剧增。本文为蚕蛹及其成分在保健食品中的应用和发展提供了一定建议,以期为蚕蛹保健功能的深入探究和开发利用提供参考。     

Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of (‐)‐Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) and its Potential to Preserve the Quality and Safety of Foods

Quality deterioration of fresh or processed foods is a major challenge for the food industry not only due to economic losses but also due to the risks associated with spoiled foods resulting, for example, from toxic compounds. On the other hand, there are increasing limitations on the application of synthetic preservatives such as antioxidants in foods because of their potential links to human health risks. With the new concept of functional ingredients and the development of the functional foods market, and the desire for a “clean” label, recent research has focused on finding safe additives with multifunctional effects to ensure food safety and quality. (‐)‐Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG), a biologically active compound in green tea, has received considerable attention in recent years and is considered a potential alternative to synthetic food additives. EGCG has been shown to prevent the growth of different Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria responsible for food spoilage while showing antioxidant activity in food systems. This review focuses on recent findings related to EGCG separation techniques, modification of its structure, mechanisms of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, and applications in preserving the quality and safety of foods.     

Fava bean (Vicia faba L.) for food applications: From seed to ingredient processing and its effect on functional properties,antinutritional factors,flavor, and color

The food industry, along with the consumers, is interested in plant-based diet because of its health benefits and environmental sustainability. Vicia faba L. (V. faba) is a promising source of pulse proteins for the human diet and can yield potential nutritional and functional ingredients, namely, flours, concentrates, and isolates, which are relevant for industrial food applications. Different processes produce and functionalize V. faba ingredients relevant for industrial food applications, along with various alternatives within each unit operation used in their production. Processing modifies functional properties of the ingredients, which can occur by (i) changing in overall nutritional composition after processing steps and/or (ii) modifying the structure and conformation of protein and of other components present in the ingredients. Furthermore, V. faba limitations due to off-flavor, color, and antinutritional factors are influenced by ingredient production and processing that play a significant role in their consumer acceptability in foods. This review attempts to elucidate the influence of different ways of processing on the functional, sensory, and safety aspects of V. faba L. ingredients, highlighting the need for further research to better understand how the food industry could improve their utilization in the market.     

Marine food-derived functional ingredients as potential antioxidants in the food industry: An overview

Recently, a great deal of interest has been developed by the consumers towards natural bioactive compounds as functional ingredients in the food products due to their various health beneficial effects. Hence, it can be suggested that antioxidative functional ingredients from marine foods and their by-products are alternative sources for synthetic ingredients that can contribute to a consumer's well-being, as a part of nutraceuticals and functional foods. This contribution presents an overview of the marine food-derived antioxidants such as bioactive peptides, chitooligosaccharide derivatives, sulfated polysaccharides, phlorotannins and carotenoids with the potential utilization in the food industry.     

保健食品功效成分、功能声称及其检测标准现状研究

保健食品的功效成分是其功能体现的载体,其检测方法与保健食品的质量密切相关。本文将通过对2013~2020年完成注册备案的4620种保健食品中主要功能、功效成分、相应检测方法标准进行梳理,对涉及的121种功效成分对应的功能声称、检测方法标准进行汇总和整理,各功效成分普遍存在功能声称数量较多的问题,应进一步梳理明确各功效成分的主要的功能声称,规范保健食品的功能宣传。同时发现我国保健食品功效成分检测方法标准较为齐备,目前仅有低聚木糖、总三萜、总蒽醌、氯化高铁血红素、肉苁蓉总苷等市场认可度高的功效成分亟需制定检测方法标准。本文为完善保健食品功效成分标准体系明确了工作需求,也为更有针对性的明确功效成分的功能声称、制定相应的检测方法标准指明了研究方向,有利于促进我国保健食品产业的健康和可持续发展。     

日本保健功能食品的管理及对我国的启示

目的为了完善我国保健食品法律法规及管理措施,增强保健食品监管的统一性和专业性,促进保健食品行业健康有序的发展。方法本文通过文献研究、专家座谈以及企业调研等方法梳理了日本保健功能食品管理的具体办法。结果通过研究可知日本保健功能食品分为特定保健用食品、功能性标示食品及营养功能食品三个类别,不同类别采用不同的产品审批模式,同时部分原料实现了标准化管理。结论日本保健功能食品的原料根据产品的不同分类进行管理,同时企业承担主体责任的做法对我国保健食品的原料管理有一定的启示。     

What determines ingredient awareness of consumers? A study on ten functional food ingredients

Given the importance of consumer awareness of functional food ingredients for healthy food choices, the aim of this study is to explore consumers’ ingredient awareness and the determinants which influence the awareness about functional food ingredients.A sample of 200 German consumers was interviewed via CATI (computer aided telephone interview) during September 2011. The participants have been asked about their specific awareness regarding to ten functional food ingredients. Likewise, determinants like health status and health motivation have been assessed and their influence on the construct “consumers’ ingredient awareness” has been tested by employing structural equation modeling.The study shows that consumers’ ingredient awareness varies throughout the sample. Overall it can be stated, that 19% of consumer awareness about functional food ingredients is explained through the described model based on the following predictors: age, educational level, health status, health motivation and information strategies. Among these factors, consumers’ health motivation seems to have the highest relevance to explain consumer awareness. But also the determinants information strategies as well as the education show a significant influence on consumers’ ingredient awareness. As health motivation shows the highest impact on consumers’ ingredient awareness this study underlines the importance of prevention propensity for healthy food choices.     

Hydrocolloids in fried foods. A review

Many food ingredients and additives can be used to improve fried food, but hydrocolloids are the principal category of functional agents that have been used for the past forty years. Hydrocolloids play two main roles in fried food development. One is to form a fine ‘invisible’ coating, practically on their own, when their main purpose is to avoid excessive oil absorption during the pre-frying and frying processes. In the other, when they are added to the batter among its other ingredients, they are used to avoid oil absorption too, but they also act as viscosity control agents, improve adhesion, pick-up control and freeze-thaw stability or help to retain the crispness of the battered/breaded fried foods. This article reviews the wide range of functions that hydrocolloids perform in fried foods.