纳米复合陶瓷材料强韧化的研究进展

与传统陶瓷材料相比,纳米复合陶瓷材料断裂强度和断裂韧性得到了显著的提高.综述了纳米复合陶瓷材料强韧化机理的研究进展,主要包括弥散细化、混晶型结构强化、钉扎理论、残余应力场理论等.断裂模式从以传统复合陶瓷的以沿晶断裂为主转变为纳米复合陶瓷的以穿晶断裂为主,从而将导致断裂韧性和抗弯强度极大的提高.     

自反应喷射成形制备TiC—TiB2复合陶瓷

提出了一种新的低成本自反应喷射成形技术,制备出TiC-TiB2复合陶瓷材料坯件,研究了材料的组织结构对性能的影响.结果表明,反应喷射成形坯件的组织具有快速凝固特征,主要由浅灰色连续基体相TiC0.3N0.7、尺寸为100nm-1μm呈柱状分布的黑色颗粒TiB2,少量分布于基体相边界的白色相组织TiO2以及少量黑色的不规则孔洞四部分组成.喷射沉积坯件的孔隙率为2.3%,显微硬度为2029HV0.2,断裂韧性为6.0 MPa·m1/2.向喷射体系中添加20%(质量分数)的Al-Ni合金使材料的孔隙率下降到1.7%,断裂韧性提高到7.7 MPa·m1/2,显微硬度下降到1259HV0.2.由于自反应喷射成形坯件的晶粒细小,其断裂韧性高于反应烧结与自蔓延高温合成方法制备的TiC-TiB2复合陶瓷材料.     

包装箱用竹木复合层合板断裂特性的研究

采用二次回归正交组合设计法分析了含水率、裂纹长度和加载速率三个因素对竹木复合层合板断裂韧性(K1c)的影响.结果表明含水率对竹木复合层合板断裂韧性的影响最大;建立了含水率、裂纹长度和加载速率三个因素和断裂韧性(K1c)之间的回归方程."Z"字型裂纹为纤维本身破坏形式,"T"字型和"V"字型为纤维间破坏形式.     

对称型叠层陶瓷喷嘴的结构设计及其冲蚀磨损行为研究员

为提高陶瓷喷砂嘴抗冲蚀磨损能力,缓解喷嘴入口、出口的高应力状态,采用热压烧结工艺制备了Al2O3+(W,Ti)C/Al2O3+TiC三层对称型叠层陶瓷材料及叠层陶瓷喷嘴.研究结果表明:叠层陶瓷材料表层较之相应单一材料而言,具有更高的硬度和断裂韧性;在相同的冲蚀磨损条件下,叠层陶瓷喷嘴的抗冲蚀磨损性能较非叠层陶瓷喷嘴有显著的提高;试验分析叠层陶瓷喷嘴的最佳层厚比为2.此外,采用有限元法对叠层陶瓷喷嘴在制备过程中的残余应力进行了理论计算,给出了叠层陶瓷喷嘴中残余应力与层厚比的关系.研究表明,残余压应力的存在,细化了晶粒,提高了叠层材料表层的硬度和断裂韧性,是叠层陶瓷喷嘴其抗冲蚀磨损能力提高的原因.理论分析最佳层厚比也为2,理论分析与试验结果相互印证.     

口腔托槽用ZTA陶瓷材料凝胶注模成型工艺的研究

为提高ZTA陶瓷在口腔临床应用中的性能,本实验以高分子聚合物作为粘结剂,羧甲基纤维素为骨架制备口腔托槽用ZTA陶瓷材料.通过探究粉体固含量、羧甲基纤维素(CMC)用量、丙烯酸(AA)用量、过硫酸铵(APS)用量四个因素对ZTA陶瓷材料的抗弯强度、断裂韧性的影响规律,制备最优工艺水平下的ZTA陶瓷并进行性能测试.结果表明:CMC加入量为0.85 g、APS加入量为0.8 g、AA加入量为7.5 mL、Al2 O3加入量为110 g、ZrO2加入量为33 g时,ZTA陶瓷材料的抗弯强度为222.3 MPa,断裂韧性为8.67 MPa·m1/2,相对致密度为0.977,抗剪切强度在6.06～6.93 MPa之间,满足临床需求.     

陶瓷材料断裂韧性与缺口半径 Ⅱ 断裂韧性估算方法

在陶瓷材料裂纹尖端存在一个断裂过程区，当断裂过程区内平均应力达到断裂强度时，裂纹扩展。本文由理论推导结合实验数据，得到了新断裂过程区的大小是平均晶粒直径的四倍。并由平均应力断裂模型，给出了陶瓷材料断裂韧性和缺口半径及平均晶粒直径之间的关系式，由此关系式可以用宽缺口试件测出的断裂韧性去估算陶瓷材料的本质断裂韧性。     

对称型叠层陶瓷喷嘴的结构设计及其冲蚀磨损行为研究

为提高陶瓷喷砂嘴抗冲蚀磨损能力,缓解喷嘴入口、出口的高应力状态,采用热压烧结工艺制备了Al2O3＋（W,Ti）C/Al2O3＋TiC三层对称型叠层陶瓷材料及叠层陶瓷喷嘴.研究结果表明：叠层陶瓷材料表层较之相应单一材料而言,具有更高的硬度和断裂韧性;在相同的冲蚀磨损条件下,叠层陶瓷喷嘴的抗冲蚀磨损性能较非叠层陶瓷喷嘴有显著的提高;试验分析叠层陶瓷喷嘴的最佳层厚比为2.此外,采用有限元法对叠层陶瓷喷嘴在制备过程中的残余应力进行了理论计算,给出了叠层陶瓷喷嘴中残余应力与层厚比的关系.研究表明,残余压应力的存在,细化了晶粒,提高了叠层材料表层的硬度和断裂韧性,是叠层陶瓷喷嘴其抗冲蚀磨损能力提高的原因.理论分析最佳层厚比也为2,理论分析与试验结果相互印证.     

陶瓷动态断裂韧性的研究

由于陶瓷材料在工程使用中所呈现的脆性问题日益引起人们的关注,脆性直接影响陶瓷材料的抗裂性能,目前由于有关陶瓷抗裂性能指标测量-断裂韧性的测量方法存在误差很大、可操作性不高等不足,已经影响和制约了陶瓷性能的研究和发展;本文基于陶瓷材料疲劳损伤三阶段理论,提出了陶瓷材料动态断裂韧性的概念,并通过实验测量出陶瓷材料在动态载荷作用下裂纹萌生之前的韧性变化过程,有效区别在相同烧结温度下堇青石、莫来石陶瓷的动态韧性的差异,为陶瓷材料的韧性测量提出了一种新方法。     

石墨烯/纳米Al2O3增韧Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷的力学及摩擦磨损性能

采用真空热压烧结工艺制备了石墨烯(GNPs)和纳米Al₂O₃增韧的Ti(C,N)基金属陶瓷复合刀具材料(TAG)。研究了GNPs和纳米Al₂O₃对复合陶瓷材料微观结构、力学性能和摩擦磨损性能的影响。研究表明,GNPs和纳米Al₂O₃的添加对复合陶瓷材料的力学性能有明显的提高,当GNPs和纳米Al₂O₃含量(质量分数)为1%和5%时,复合刀具陶瓷材料(TA5G1)综合力学性能最优,其硬度、抗弯强度和断裂韧性分别为21.50 GPa、810.80 MPa和10.51 MPa·m^1/2。研究了复合刀具材料的摩擦磨损性能和磨损机理,研究结果表明,在TAG复合刀具材料中,TA5G1的摩擦磨损性能最优,其摩擦系数和磨损率分别为0.338和4.921×10^-6 mm³/(N·m),复合刀具材料的主要磨损形式为磨粒磨损和黏着磨损。     

陶瓷材料动态断裂韧性测试

为了测试陶瓷材料动态断裂韧性,利用Hopkinson压杆实验原理和改装的Hopkinson压杆装置,并将试件加工成单边切口梁进行了三点弯曲动态试验.利用改装的Hopkinson压杆装置可直接测得透射应力波,从而直接得到试件变形过程中作用在试件上的支反力.本文定义了无量纲挠度和挠度变化率,给出了几种陶瓷材料在不同挠度变化...     

Optimizing the design of particulate composites for maximum fracture resistance through modeling

The failure modes of particulate reinforced metallic alloys are reviewed with special emphasis on in situ intermetallic particle reinforced niobium alloys, but information derived from ceramic reinforced aluminum alloys is also included. Constraint of plastic deformation by particles is emphasized as one of two very important factors in controlling fracture behavior. The other factor is particle fracture toughness. Models are proposed for describing the fracture toughness, from which several methods of enhancing toughness are envisioned. This modeling of fracture toughness is intended to help optimize the design and processing of these materials for enhanced fracture resistance. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

传统压痕法识别陶瓷材料断裂韧性的有效性研究

基于虚拟裂纹闭合法对传统压痕法测试陶瓷材料断裂韧性的数值模型进行计算,以此为基础,分析比较传统压痕法的几种典型公式识别陶瓷材料断裂韧性的测试误差和所测材料的适用范围。结果表明:传统压痕法的Anstis公式较Evans公式,Lawn公式,JISR公式和Niihara公式,在材料比功0.3≤We/Wt≤0.45时所测断裂韧性值与理论计算值较为接近,其最大误差为12.9%,测试结果相对准确;当0.45We/Wt≤0.7时,传统压痕法对陶瓷材料断裂韧性的测试误差随比功增加迅速增大,特别是当We/Wt=0.7时,Anstis公式,Evans公式,Lawn公式,JISR公式和Niihara公式所测断裂韧性值与理论计算值的最大误差分别为70%,148.5%,48.8%,98.7%和166.6%,在此材料比功范围内传统压痕法所测断裂韧性值误差较大。     

Optimization of interfacial bonding to enhance fracture toughness of ceramic matrix reinforced with metallic ribbon

The role of interface on the fracture toughness of ceramic glass reinforced with metallic ribbon was investigated. A strong interfacial bonding strength is essential for load transfer between the matrix and ribbon, and for utilization of the ductility of the reinforcement. However, weak interfacial bonding is considered to be important so that ribbon pull-out can improve the toughness of brittle ceramic matrix composites. The main aim of the present study is to carry out interface design to optimize mechanical properties of brittle ceramic matrix composites reinforced with ductile metallic ribbons.     

Research Progress of Laminated Composite Ceramic Cutting Tools

The design of the lamination structure based on bionic shell pearl layer is a successful method for toughening ceramics. Lamination with strong bonding interfaces is used to improve the mechanical property and low fracture toughness of ceramic cutting tools. Based on the idea of demand–design–preparation–analysis–failure, the development and research progress of laminated ceramic tools are reviewed herein. The research status of design, interlayer diffusion reaction, residual stress, toughening mechanism, and crack propagation path of the biomimetic laminated ceramic composite tool materials is mainly introduced. The major topics of current research include the creation of material systems, the evolution of microstructure, and the assessment of macroscopic mechanical properties. The entire mechanical properties of laminated ceramic tools are significantly influenced by the multicomposition design of the ceramic material system and the optimization design of structural parameters of layer number and layer thickness ratio. However, the research on the practical cutting application of laminated ceramic tools is limited. Cutting tool wear characteristics vary between laminated and homogeneous ceramic tools. The development of useful laminated ceramic cutting tools can greatly benefit from the study on failure mechanisms of laminated ceramic tools.     

陶瓷薄基板材料裂纹预制与断裂韧性评价

预制长度可控的裂纹以及原位观察裂纹扩展是研究陶瓷薄基板抗断裂行为的两大重点.本研究提出应变诱导法,通过将基板与黄铜梁粘结形成复合体,利用黄铜梁弯曲变形带动侧面陶瓷薄板受拉侧拉伸变形产生可控裂纹.在工具显微镜下对复合体进行四点弯曲,原位观察样品的裂纹扩展情况,通过调节黄铜梁宽度来控制初始裂纹长度,在初始裂纹萌发后继续加载...     

Evaluation by Vickers indentation of fracture toughness of a phosphate biodegradable glass

Indentation tests are commonly used for the evaluation of fracture toughness of brittle materials, particularly glasses and ceramics, because this technique requires only a small polished area on the specimen surface from which a large number of data points can be generated rapidly. However, a wide variety of equations for the calculation of fracture toughness of ceramic materials by means of Vickers indentation are available. Such equations are obtained phenomenologically and their parameters adjusted in such a way that the K_IC values obtained are in good agreement with those obtained by conventional methods. This is the reason why it is necessary to check which type of equation reproduces more accurately the results obtained by means of conventional methods for the material which is going to be investigated. In the present work seven different fracture toughness equations widely used in glass and ceramic studies are considered and the results are compared with those obtained by conventional methods, such as single-edge notch beam (SENB) specimens tested in three-point bending. The role played by the applied indentation load is considered. © 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers     

Robust design and manufacturing of ceramic laminates with controlled thermal residual stresses for enhanced toughness

Boron carbide-silicon carbide ceramic composites are very promising armor materials because they are intrinsically very hard. However, their fracture toughness is not very high. Their ballistic performance could be significantly increased if the brittleness of these materials could be decreased. Here we report development of boron carbide-silicon carbide layered ceramics with controlled compressive and tensile stresses in separate layers. Such B₄C-SiC laminates with strong interfaces can provide high apparent fracture toughness and damage tolerance along with high protection capabilities. The theory of heterogeneous layered systems was used to develop optimal design parameters allowing the evaluation and maximization of apparent fracture toughness. The layered composites were designed in a way to achieve high compressive residual stresses in thin B₄C-SiC based layers and low tensile residuals stresses in thick B₄C layers. The residual stresses were controlled by the phase composition of layers and the layers thickness. The estimated apparent fracture toughness was calculated for both three layered and nine layered composites. B₄C-30 wt%SiC/B₄C laminates were made based on the optimized design for high apparent fracture toughness. Processing of laminates involved preprocessing of powders, forming green tapes and hot pressing. Work is in progress to measure fracture toughness of laminates, as well as their strength, hardness and the ballistic performance.     

基于扩展有限元的陶瓷复合材料多重增韧机制

为了提高陶瓷材料的断裂韧性和可靠度,改善材料抵御破坏的能力,将优化的多重增韧机制应用到氧化铝基陶瓷材料的开发中。相变增韧机制可以耗散部分能量,降低裂纹尖端处的应力集中程度,阻止或延缓裂纹扩展速率。当增强相分布较为合理、材料的致密度较高时,裂纹偏转与桥接增韧机制可以有效地削弱裂纹扩展动力,提高材料的断裂韧性。利用扩展有限元（X-FEM）手段讨论了裂纹扩展问题,为分析陶瓷复合材料的多重增韧机制提供了新思路。     

Simple method to measure the crack resistance of ceramic materials

A new and simple method to study the change in crack resistance during the process of crack growth in ceramic materials has been developed. The method is based on using the chevron-notched short-bar test which is generally accepted as a convenient method for measuring fracture toughness. The simple modification described here allows one to measure fracture toughness using the assumption that fracture toughness changes in the process of crack growth (presence of crack resistance curve, or R-curve). This method presents many advantages, especially the long stable crack growth under mode I fracture specimen and plane strain, small specimen size and no need of pre-cracking for measuring R-curve behaviour in ceramic materials.     

Strength and Fracture Toughness of Ceramic Materials for Metal-Ceramic Prosthetic Dentistry

The strength in biaxial flexure and the fracture toughness on indentation of the specimens of ceramic materials for the coverage of metal-ceramic prostheses were studied. The strength was established to be mainly determined by their microstructure and sintering conditions. Comparative studies demonstrated that Ultropaline and VITA OMEGA 900 ceramic compositions exhibited more uniform distribution of leucite microcrystals and higher strength and fracture toughness than Duceram Plus and IPS Classic materials.__________Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 3, pp. 128 – 139, May – June, 2005.