中压沸腾工况相径向分布实验研究

采用高温高压单探头光学探针．在中压沸腾工况下进行了局部空泡率与汽泡频率径向分布特性实验研究,并根据探针信号对两相流流型进行了识别,分析了中压沸腾工况下空泡率径向分布与流型的关系。研究结果表明：随热平衡含汽率增加,整个直径方向上空泡率分布从近U形向鞍形和弧形发展;汽泡频率则以近U形分布为主;泡状流工况下,空泡率呈U形或近壁区显著高于中心区的鞍形分布,弹状流工况下,中心区空泡率略低于近壁区。整个直径上空泡率呈弧形分布。     

竖直圆管中泡状流含汽率径向分布的统计测量方法

为了研究竖直圆管中高含汽率泡状流的含汽率径向分布,设计了一种测量含汽率径向分布的方法.该方法通过统计投影视图中的像素信息得到泡状流的投影含汽率,根据汽泡投影重叠概率计算出截面含汽率在投影面上的边缘分布;再基于竖直圆管中含汽率分布轴对称的假设,使用改进的傅里叶级数展开方法求解Abel逆变换,计算出含汽率沿圆管径向的分布.为验证该方法的有效性,测量了较低含汽率时的泡状流径向含汽率,并与匹配方法的测量结果进行比较.实验结果表明:此方法能得到高含汽率或含汽率近壁分布等其他方法难以测量的含汽率分布.     

The measurement of void waves in bubbly two-phase flows

The propagation of void fraction disturbances (i.e. void waves) in bubbly two-phase air-oil flow was investigated experimentally.The void wave data often showed two simultaneous void wave propagations; in particular, the classical kinematic void wave and a faster void wave propagation associated with bubble clusters. Significantly, the bubbly-to-slug flow regime transition was found to be associated with amplification of the void waves associated with the propagating bubble clusters.These data should be valuable for the assessment of the closure laws used in two-fluid models and for the development of mechanistic models for the bubbly-slug flow regime transition.     

Vertically Downward Two-Phase Flow, (I)

Fully developed vertically downward two-phase flow of air-water mixture was investigated on void distribution and average void fraction among the three basic flow regimes; bubbly, slug and annular flows. The annular flow further was divided into two regimes of falling film flow and annular drop flow. Test channel is in form of inverted U-tube and tests were carried out at 100 tube diameters downstream from the curved part. Distributions of local void fraction were measured by means of a conductance needle probe method and the average void fraction was obtained from numerical integration of the measured local void fraction According to the results, profiles of local void fraction in bubby and slug flows showed characteristic natures with a peak in the middle region between the center and the wall of tube The average void fraction in downward flow depended greatly on the flow regimes. Accordingly correlation for each flow regime was developed to predict the average void fraction, based on flow mechanisms and experiments. The correlations were compared with experimental results for atmospheric air-water flow and showed satisfactory agreement.     

基于竖直圆管空气-水两相流实验的相间曳力模型研究

研究两相流相间阻力特性对系统程序关键本构模型封闭具有重要意义。本文基于竖直圆管开展了空气-水两相流实验,采用四探头电导探针对空泡份额、气泡弦长和界面面积浓度等气泡参数的径向分布进行了测量。结果表明空泡份额和气泡弦长呈现“核峰型”分布,而界面面积浓度并没有表现出随流速的单调关系。进一步开发了泡状流和弹状流的相间曳力模型,考虑了液相表观流速与管径对气泡尺寸分布的影响,建立了临界韦伯数与不同液相流速的关系。计算得到的空泡份额和界面面积浓度与实验数据整体符合较好,验证了模型的可靠性,为两相流相间阻力特性研究提供参考意义。     

Characteristics of Counter current Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow in Vertical Tubes

Investigations into the flow pattern and the void fraction for countercurrent air-water flow in vertical tubes of diameter D = 40 and 80 mm were reported. The flow maps were presented and showed slug flow regime occupied larger portion on them. The void fraction was measured by the quick-closing valve technique, in bubbly and slug flow regime.

The void fraction data available in the literatures as well as present work for counter- current flow in vertical tubes were correlated in terms of dimensionless groups. The experimental results of the present work were also compared with the drift flux model.     

Upward air–water bubbly flow characteristics in a vertical square duct

In nuclear engineering fields, gas–liquid bubbly flows exist in channels with various shape and size cross-sections. Although many experiments have been carried out especially in circular pipes, those in a noncircular duct are very limited. To contribute to the development of gas–liquid bubbly flow model for a noncircular duct, detail measurements for the air–water bubbly flow in a square duct (side length: 0.136 m) were carried out by an X-type hot-film anemometry and a multi-sensor optical probe. Local flow parameters of the void fraction, bubble diameter, bubble frequency, axial liquid velocity and turbulent kinetic energy were measured in 11 two-phase flow conditions. These flow conditions covered bubbly flow with the area-averaged void fraction ranging from 0.069 to 0.172. A pronounced corner peak of the void fraction was observed in a quarter square area of a measuring cross-section. Due to a high bubble concentration in the corner, the maximum values of both axial liquid velocity and turbulent kinetic energy intensity were located in the corner region. It was pointed out that an effect of the corner on accumulating bubble in the corner region changed the distributions of axial liquid velocity and turbulent kinetic energy intensity significantly.     

Pressure wave propagation in air-water bubbly and slug flow

Related to nuclear reactor safety problems, such as the loss of coolant accident caused by some small crevasses in nuclear reactor, choked flows after postulated breaks of hot and cold legs of pressurized water reactors and the boiling flow instability in parallel channels, the characteristics of pressure wave propagation were investigated experimentally for the air-water bubbly and slug two-phase flow in a vertical pipe. Pressure wave was generated from the small pressure disturbance by the up-and-down movement of piston in the test section. Air void fraction was up to 0.7 and superficial liquid velocity was up to 1.5 m/s as experimental conditions. The experimental results show that the pressure wave propagation velocity in bubbly flow decreases acutely with the increase of air void fraction from 0 to 0.05. In slug flow, it is constant when the air void fraction is less than 0.5 but increases gradually when the void fraction increases beyond 0.5. The attenuation coefficient of pressure wave increases with the increase of air void fraction in bubbly flow. The dependency of pressure wave propagation velocity on angle frequency ω in air-water flow shows the dispersion characteristic. The propagation velocity and attenuation coefficient increases gradually with the increase of angle frequency. However, the increase vanishes slowly as the angle frequency reaches 250 Hz in bubbly flow. The propagation of pressure wave in bubbly flow is independent of the superficial velocity of fluids in the range of experiment.     

Measurement System of Bubbly Flow Using Ultrasonic Velocity Profile Monitor and Video Data Processing Unit, (III)

The authors have developed a new measurement system which consisted of an Ultrasonic Velocity Profile Monitor (UVP) and a Video Data Processing Unit (VDP) in order to clarify the two-dimensional flow characteristics in bubbly flows and to offer a data base to validate numerical codes for two-dimensional two-phase flow. In the present paper, the proposed measurement system is applied to fully developed bubbly cocurrent flows in a vertical rectangular channel. At first, both bubble and water velocity profiles and void fraction profiles in the channel were investigated statistically. In addition, the two-phase multiplier profile of turbulence intensity, which was defined as a ratio of the standard deviation of velocity fluctuation in a bubbly flow to that in a water single phase flow, were examined. Next, these flow characteristics were compared with those in bubbly countercurrent flows reported in our previous paper. Finally, concerning the drift flux model, the distribution parameter and drift velocity were obtained directly from both bubble and water velocity profiles and void fraction profiles, and their results were compared with those in bubbly countercurrent flows.     

基于WMS的无旋和螺旋气液两相流流型及空泡份额实验研究

为探究气液两相流流型从无旋状态转变为螺旋状态前后的流型特征及空泡份额时空分布特性,基于高速摄影仪和自主开发的丝网传感器（WMS）测量技术,对内径为30 mm的水平管内起旋装置作用下空气-水两相流的相态时空演变特性进行了可视化实验研究。结果表明,在起旋器诱导的离心力作用下,流场内存在明显的气泡聚并行为和液滴沉积现象,其中,泡状流将转变为螺旋气柱流,塞状流转变为螺旋间歇流,弹状流转变为螺旋环状流,环状流转变为螺旋丝带流;相比于弹状流和环状流,泡状流和塞状流的截面平均空泡份额在起旋器出口波动幅值明显减弱,但离心力场并未明显改变各流型从无旋状态转变为螺旋状态前后的截面平均空泡份额。      

铅铋合金冷却反应堆内气泡提升泵提升自然循环能力的理论研究

液态金属冷却核反应堆采用气泡提升泵的概念设计来提升堆芯自然循环能力。液态金属和惰性气体两相流动特性显著影响自然循环能力和系统安全性。本工作对铅铋合金冷却反应堆中气泡提升泵提升自然循环能力进行数值模拟研究。基于漂移流模型,采用空泡份额预测模型和摩擦压降预测模型分析了气体质量流量、质量含气率、气泡直径、上升管道高度对气泡提升泵提升自然循环能力的影响。结果表明：泡状流区域中,对于给定的气体质量流量,随着充入气泡直径减小,自然循环能力呈增加趋势。在泡状流、弹状流、乳状流和环状流等流型中,随着气体质量流量、质量含气率增加,自然循环能力先增大后减小。随着上升管道高度增加,自然循环流量增大。可见,流动参数显著影响堆芯热工水力特性。现有工作有助于优化带有气泡提升泵的自然循环冷却系统设计。     

Measurement System of Bubbly Flow Using Ultrasonic Velocity Profile Monitor and Video Data Processing Unit, (II)

The authors have developed a measurement system which is composed of an ultrasonic velocity profile monitor and a video data processing unit in order to clarify its multi-dimensional flow characteristics in bubbly flows and to offer a data base to validate numerical codes for multi-dimensional two-phase flow. In this paper, the measurement system was applied for bubbly countercurrent flows in a vertical rectangular channel. At first, both bubble and water velocity profiles and void fraction profiles in the channel were investigated statistically. Next, turbulence intensity in a continuous liquid phase was defined as a standard deviation of velocity fluctuation, and the two-phase multiplier profile of turbulence intensity in the channel was clarified as a ratio of the standard deviation of flow fluctuation in a bubbly countercurrent flow to that in a water single phase flow. Finally, the distribution parameter and drift velocity used in the drift flux model for bubbly countercurrent flows were calculated from the obtained velocity profiles of both phases and void fraction profile, and were compared with the correlation proposed for bubbly countercurrent flows.     

Measurements of void fraction by an improved multi-channel conductance void meter

An improved multi-channel conductance void meter (CVM) was developed to measure a void fraction. Its measuring principle is based upon the differences in electrical conductance of a two-phase mixture due to the variation of void fraction around a sensor. The sensor is designed to be flush-mounted to the inner wall of the test section to avoid flow disturbances. The signal processor with three channels is specially designed so as to minimize inherent bias error due to the phase difference between channels. It is emphasized that the guard electrodes are electrically shielded in order not to affect the measurement of two-phase mixture conductance, but to ensure that the electrical fields are evenly distributed in the measuring volume. Void fraction is measured for bubbly and slug flow regimes in a vertical air–water flow and statistical signal processing techniques are applied to show that CVM has good dynamic resolution which is required to investigate the structural developments of bubbly flow and the propagation of void waves in a flow channel.     

螺旋直径对螺旋管泡状流截面分布特性的影响

研究了不同螺旋直径螺旋管中泡状流的相界面参数（空泡份额、相界面浓度、气泡尺寸等）的截面分布特性。通过图像法标定了电导探针的测试精度,并通过合理地处理双头电导探针,得到了螺旋管中泡状流的空泡份额、相界面浓度和气泡数量频率的定量分布云图。为进一步量化地描述相界面参数的分布特征,采用统计方法定义了截面平均参数、相界面离散系数和气泡平均聚集坐标来表征其特性。实验结果表明,随着管道旋转直径的增大,气泡截面平均空泡份额有所下降,分布范围缩小,平均聚集坐标向上方和外侧移动,气泡尺寸整体上有所下降。     

Nuclear magnetic resonance: A new tool for the validation of multiphase multidimensional CFD codes

Turbulent transport models and data in bubbly flows are briefly reviewed since they play an important role in the modeling of boiling flows in forced convection. Shortcomings of earlier measurements of the eddy diffusivity by NMR (Lemonnier and Leblond, 2007b) are analyzed and a new procedure is presented which is now consistent with the procedure of Gatenby and Gore (1994) developed for single-phase turbulent flow characterization. The newly estimated eddy diffusivity agrees now with that previously obtained by Serizawa et al. (1975b) with a thermal method and that of the model of Sato and Sadatomi (1981). This procedure also provides the liquid velocity fluctuation RMS and the Lagrangian correlation time of velocity fluctuations. In addition, the same NMR technique provides also the area-averaged liquid velocity and void fraction. Bubbly flow data up to transition to slug flow are provided which also agree with existing drift-flux models (Ishii and Hibiki, 2006). It is finally discussed how the NMR method can be extended to local measurements and may provide a fully non-intrusive diagnostic in two-phase flows and which is not limited to bubbly flow.     

Measurement System of Bubbly Flow Using Ultrasonic Velocity Profile Monitor and Video Data Processing Unit

The authors have been developing a measurement system for bubbly flow in order to clarify its multi-dimensional flow characteristics and to offer a data base to validate numerical codes for multi-dimensional two-phase flow. In this paper, the measurement system combining an ultrasonic velocity profile monitor with a video data processing unit is proposed, which can measure simultaneously velocity profiles in both gas and liquid phases, a void fraction profile for bubbly flow in a channel, and an average bubble diameter and void fraction. Furthermore, the proposed measurement system is applied to measure flow characteristics of a bubbly countercurrent flow in a vertical rectangular channel to verify its capability.     

Measurement and modeling of average void fraction, bubble size and interfacial area

The local void fraction, bubble size and interfacial area concentration for co-current air-water bubbly flow through a horizontal pipe of 50.3 mm internal diameter were investigated experimentally using the double-sensor resistivity probe method. The local and area-averaged void fractions and interfacial area concentrations were analyzed as a function of liquid and gas flow rates. These parameters were found to increase systematically with decreasing liquid flow and increasing gas flow. However, variations with the liquid flow were not as significant as with the gas flow. A consistent variation of the gas phase drift velocity and distribution parameter with the liquid flow rate was observed. It was demonstrated that presentation of the average void fraction in terms of flowing volumetric concentration was more appropriate for horizontal bubbly flow. Several bubble break-up mechanisms were discussed. It was concluded that average pressure fluctuations generated by the turbulent liquid fluctuations acting across a bubble diameter are the only mechanism which causes distortion of a bubble. Based on this force and the competing surface tension force, a theoretical model was developed for mean bubble size and interfacial area concentration. The theoretically predicted mean bubble size and interfacial area concentration were found to agree reasonably well with those measured by the double-sensor resistivity method.     

Vertically Downward Two-Phase Flow, (II)

Following Part (I) of the present paper, which presented the experimental results obtained on the void distribution and average void fraction shown by nearly fully-developed, vertically downward two-phase flow of air-water mixture, this Part (?) covers the flow regime transition criteria among the three basic flow regimes : bubbly, slug and annular flows. The annular flow further was divided into two subregions of falling film flow and annular drop flow. The general situation of the transition criteria is as follows : (1) bubbly-to-slug flow transition occurs when the local void fraction in the central region of the tube is 0.3; (2) slug-to-annular drop flow transition criterion is given as a case which equations giving average void fraction for the slug flow and the annular flow are simultaneously satisfied; (3) slug-to-falling film flow transition occurs when the pressure difference between the crest of large wave and the bottom overcomes the surface tension; (4) the occurrence of liquid droplets from wave crests gives the transition criterion between the falling film flow and the annular drop flow.

These criteria were correlated to predict each flow regime boundary respectively considering flow mechanisms or from experimental results. The correlations obtained were compared with published flow regime maps for atmospheric air-water flow and showed satisfactory agreement.     

Local measurement of bubbly flow in helically coiled tubes using double-sensor conductivity probe

ABSTRACT

The two-phase flow in helically coiled tubes (HCTs) is rather important in many industries, such as the heat exchange facility in nuclear power plant. In this work, a double-sensor conductivity probe was used to study the air/water bubbly flow in HCTs. The cross-sectional distribution profile of the interfacial parameters (void fraction, interfacial area concentration, bubble size, etc.) of air–water bubbly flow were systematically studied. Through carefully processing the raw data collected by the double-sensor conductivity probe, the distribution of the void fraction, interfacial area concentration, the bubbles number frequency over the cross-section are demonstrated, as well as the bubble velocities and sizes vertically in the dense region. Some statistical parameters of cross-sectional-averaged quantities, coefficients of variation, and bubble aggregation core coordinates are defined to quantitatively describe the distribution characteristics of interfacial parameters. The measured data are helpful for improving the understanding of two-phase flow characteristics in HCTs.     

Study on flow characteristics in gas-molten metal mixture pool

As part of basic research on the flow characteristics of a two-phase mixture pool under severe accident of fast breeder reactor (FBR), visualization and measurement of nitrogen gas-molten lead/bismuth two-phase flow in a rectangular pool were performed by using the neutron radiography technique. Measurements of drag coefficient of a single bubble and bubble shape regime showed that the relationship between the shape, size and the rising velocity of a single isolated nitrogen bubble in the molten lead/bismuth was not much different from that for an ordinary one. Appropriate correlation for drift velocity and drag coefficient between phases were recommended based on the drift flux correlation of measured pool void fraction. One- and two-dimensional analyses were performed by using a next generation computational code for safety analysis of severe accident of FBRs, SIMMER-III with various drag coefficient models. It was revealed that Kataoka–Ishii’s equation was suitable basically for estimation of drift velocity, namely, drag force between phases.