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Carbonate ramp reservoirs may show a much higher degree of complexity than the schematic and often layer‐cake type depositional models which are widely used in exploration and reservoir characterisation, especially in three dimensions. This complexity was investigated in an outcrop study of the Ladinian (Middle Triassic) Quaderkalk Formation (Upper Muschelkalk) from SW Germany. The formation was deposited on an epicontinental, gently inclined carbonate ramp in the regressive part of a third‐order depositional sequence and represents a sub‐seismic‐scale coquina‐dominated shoal reservoir analogue. In the study area, coquina carbonates make up a complex system of four stratigraphically separated shoal complexes. The present paper investigates the 1‐D to 3‐D facies distribution, reservoir architecture and sequence stratigraphic evolution of the largest shoal complex of the Quaderkalk Formation, the Oberer Hauptquader. The object of this outcrop analogue study was to improve the understanding of internal reservoir heterogeneities (such as connectivity and continuity) in similar carbonate shoal complexes in the subsurface. To that end, detailed analyses of 71 quarry outcrop and core samples were carried out, together with the study of more than 400 thin sections, the 2‐D analysis of three quarry wall panels and regional‐scale 2‐D correlations, and facies mapping. This investigation documents significant sedimentological heterogeneities at different scales within the studied shoal reservoir analogue. Instead of a continuous facies belt, a number of separate potential reservoirs form a shoal complex “mosaic”. Shoal development is controlled by sequence stratigraphic architecture, mainly by cycles which were responsible for shoal expansion during times of regression (forming potential reservoir‐volume) and shoal drowning during times of transgression (forming seals and potential stratigraphic traps). Within the individual shoal complexes, thickness and lithofacies types show gradational lateral changes. Correspondingly, lithofacies associations within the studied shoal analogue are not defined by sharp boundaries. Thus the present “shoals” do not in fact represent discrete “bodies”, as often depicted in reservoir models and as commonly used in reservoir simulation. In addition, shoal‐internal sedimentological heterogeneities (potential flow baffles in the subsurface) are strongly influenced by a combination of small‐scale cyclicity and event‐type deposition. This study therefore demonstrates the need for sedimentological studies of reservoir heterogeneities at various scales in order to decrease uncertainties and risks in exploration and production. 相似文献
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B. Al-Qayim 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》2010,33(4):387-403
Bioturbated chalky limestones of the Khasib Formation (Upper Turonian – Lower Coniacian) form potential reservoir rocks at oilfields and structures in central Iraq. Core and cuttings samples and wire-line logs from wells in the East Baghdad, Balad, Samarra and Tikrit fields (wells EB-77, EB-57, Ba-1, Ba-2, Sr-1, Sr-2, and Ti-1) were used to investigate microfacies types and porosity evolution. Facies modelling was applied to predict the relationship between facies distribution and reservoir characteristics to construct a predictive geologic model which will assist future exploration in central Iraq. Microfacies analysis and electrofacies identification and correlations indicate that the limestones of the Khasib Formation were deposited in a ramp setting. The ramp developed over the distal margin of the Upper Cretaceous proforeland basin, adjacent to the evolved forebulge. Inner ramp facies are characterized by carbonate bank bioclastic packstones intercalated with lagoonal green shales. Middle ramp facies dominate the Khasib Formation and consist of bioturbated, chalky, dolomitic and bioclastic limestones. Bioclasts include benthic and planktonic foraminifera. Intense Thalassinoides and less common Palaeophycus bioturbation has enhanced the porosity of this facies. Outer ramp deposits consist of alternating mid-ramp bioturbated bioclastic chalky limestones and argillaceous and marly limestones. The latter contain basinal bioclasts including planktonic foraminifera, oligosteginids, dwarf rotaliids, and sponge spicules. Sequence stratigraphic analyses of the Khasib Formation indicate that it represents a third-order depositional cycle. At the base is a type 1 sequence boundary which separates it from the underlying LST deposits of the Kifl Formation. Shaly and argillaceous limestones in the lower part of the Khasib Formation represent the early TST. These are overlain by a thick, deepening-upwards succession of outer ramp facies. The maximum flooding surface is represented by a thin and extensive horizon of Oligosteginal limestones with Palaeophycus bioturbation. HST deposits are represented by aggradational build-ups of bioturbated chalky dolomitic limestones, followed by progradational late HST shales and limestones. The boundary with the overlying Tanuma Formation is a type 2 sequence boundary. Bioclastic packstones and intensively bioturbated (Thalassinoides) bioclastic limestones of the mid-outer ramp are the primary source of fabric-selective porosity which is greatly enhanced by diagenetic overprints. These two units constitute the prime target for future exploration in central Iraq. 相似文献
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白垩系Mishrif组是伊拉克南部碳酸盐岩主力产层;属于典型的碳酸盐缓坡沉积;其中内缓坡高能滩相是优质储层最发育的部位。通过对伊拉克南部多个油田资料深入分析;发现Mishrif组中普遍存在有潮道沉积特征的优质储层;且多数潮道沉积在过去被当作另一种滩相沉积。笔者综合大量的岩心、铸体薄片、测井以及地震资料分析后;证实这部分储层为潟湖环境中潮道沉积;其分布广泛;是具有代表性的沉积亚相。潮道沉积岩石颗粒分选、磨圆较好;发育层理构造;粒级向上表现为正韵律或均质特征;对应为“钟形”或“箱形”测井响应特征以及弱波峰夹层地震响应特征;平面上呈北东-南西向条带状分布;整体上表现为由北东向南西迁移的特征。该研究说明碳酸盐岩地层中也发育成规模的潮道沉积;对缓坡背景下沉积模式研究是重要发现和补充。碳酸盐缓坡潮道的认识也为储层预测提供了新思路;进而为该类油藏开发方案设计与调整提供地质基础。 相似文献
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P. Farzadi 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》2006,29(2):159-173
Interpretation of recently acquired 3D seismic data from the adjacent Sirri C and D oilfields in the SE Persian Gulf indicates that a 3D interpretation of seismic facies is crucial to resolve the internal stratal geometries of the Aptian Dariyan Formation. This carbonate formation passes southward into the Shu'aiba Formation, a prolific reservoir rock of similar facies in the UAE. Lack of exposures and limited cored intervals have forced reliance on the seismic data for evidence of the depositional environment and the internal architecture of potential reservoir rocks. The progradational nature of the Dariyan Formation and the occurrence of carbonate build‐ups within it make this stratal geometry complex. The complex internal heterogeneity of the build‐ups and presence of seismic noise make mapping of the build‐ups in 3D space using conventional seismic interpretation tools difficult, despite the availability of high‐quality 3D seismic data covering the area. The high quality seismic and limited well data from this field is one of the few datasets of this kind presented in the literature. A procedure for the hierarchical multi‐attribute analysis of seismic facies using Paradigm's Seis Facies software is used in this study to provide a 3D interpretation of the stratal patterns. Principal component analysis reduces the noise and redundant data by representing the main data variances as a few vector components in a transformed coordinate system. Cluster analysis is performed using those components which have the greatest contribution to the maximum spread of the data variability. Six seismic attribute volumes are used in this study and the result is a single 3D classified volume. Important new information obtained from within the Dariyan Formation gives new insights into its stratigraphic distribution and internal variability. This method of processing seismic data is a step towards exploring for subtle stratigraphic traps in the study area, and may help to identify exploration targets. 相似文献
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伊拉克鲁迈拉油田Mishrif组碳酸盐岩储层特征及成因 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Mishrif组碳酸盐岩岩石类型主要有泥晶灰岩、生屑泥晶灰岩、泥晶生屑灰岩、生屑灰岩和白云质灰岩。储集空间为粒间(溶)孔、铸模孔、晶间孔、微孔、溶蚀缝和压溶缝。沉积环境属于碳酸盐缓坡,发育潟湖、滩后、生屑滩、生物礁、滩前和浅水陆棚6种沉积亚相。储层层间和层内非均质性严重。成岩作用主要有泥晶化作用、 准同生期胶结作用、重结晶作用、溶蚀作用、埋藏期胶结作用、压实压溶作用和白云石化作用。三级相对海平面变化影响下的相带迁移是造成层间非均质性的主要因素,五级和六级相对海平面变化影响下的差异溶蚀和差异胶结作用是控制层内非均质性的主要原因,微裂缝的存在改善了局部储层的物性。 相似文献
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宣龙坳陷中元古界长城系高于庄组地层主要为一套碳酸盐岩沉积,通过对该地区野外观察、测量,结合室内薄片资料和地球化学分析,认为该地区高于庄组沉积相为碳酸盐岩台地相,可进一步划分为碳酸盐岩潮坪和生物礁2种亚相及潮上带、潮间带、潮下带、障积-黏结礁4种微相。其中在高于庄组第一段至第八段发育着碳酸盐岩潮坪亚相,高于庄组晚期受滦县抬升运动影响,水体相对变浅,在第九、十段发育着生物礁亚相。对实测剖面49个常量元素、70个微量元素样品分析,按相带进行统计研究,认为研究区碳酸盐岩地球化学特征与原始沉积环境有着极为密切的关系,可作为沉积环境判别的有效标志。其中Sr、Sr/Ba及Sr/Ca值随水体的加深而增大,三者与沉积环境密切相关,用其变化可以来划分沉积相。元素V、Rb、Be值对环境变化敏感,潮上带—潮间带—潮下带具有随沉积水体加深而变大的趋势。 相似文献
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H. Rahimpour‐Bonab H. Mehrabi A. Navidtalab E. Izadi‐Mazidi 《Journal of Petroleum Geology》2012,35(3):213-236
Carbonate sediments within the Mid‐Cretaceous Sarvak Formation form an important reservoir at the Abteymour oilfield in the western Dezful Embayment, SW Iran. The poroperm characteristics of this reservoir were controlled by factors including deposition under tropical climatic conditions and early diagenesis, repeated phases of subaerial exposure due to local, regional and global‐scale tectonism, and diagenetic modification during burial. From microfacies analysis, the Sarvak Formation carbonates in the Abteymour field were interpreted in a previous study as having been deposited on a homoclinal ramp‐type platform. Three third‐order sequences were recognized in the middle Cenomanian to middle Turonian part of the formation. The reservoir quality of the carbonates was enhanced both by dissolution (comprising separate phases of eogenetic and telogenetic meteoric dissolution) and dolomitization (especially stylolite‐related dolomitization). In this paper, a rock/pore type approach was used in order to integrate petrophysical data with facies and diagenetic models within a sequence stratigraphic framework. Two different rock‐typing methods for the determination of flow units were considered. Hydraulic flow units (HFUs) were identified firstly using flow zone indicators and secondly using a stratigraphic modified Lorenz plot. The flow units resulting from these two methods are compared, and their close correspondence within the sequence stratigraphic framework is discussed. In addition, the previously‐used large‐scale reservoir zonation scheme for the Abteymour field is correlated with the defined flow units, and four new Integrated Reservoir Zones are introduced. By integrating geological information with petrophysical parameters (including porosity, permeability and saturation) within a sequence stratigraphic framework, field‐scale variations and controls on reservoir quality are described. 相似文献
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通过塔里木沙漠地区的岩性勘探实例介绍BGP(石油地球物理勘探局)在岩性勘探方面的成功经验。对于沙漠覆盖的塔里木盆地而言,从南到北高程差异达到600m,沙丘起伏大于100m,BGP通过沙丘近地表时差校正、沙丘鸣震干扰压制、沙丘散射干扰压制、大地吸收衰减定量分析与补偿等方法的研究和实际应用,较好地解决了上述沙漠地区的地震勘探问题。 相似文献
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塔中 I号断裂构造带是塔里木盆地中的一个重要油气聚集带 ,中奥陶统灰岩是其最主要的储集层。中奥陶统沉积时期 ,该带位于碳酸盐台地边缘 ,发育粒屑滩、生物礁和灰泥丘沉积。这一沉积相带决定了该带中奥陶统灰岩储层明显好于其周缘地区。岩心及薄片观测结果表明 ,该区灰岩储层的主要储集空间包括孔隙、裂缝和溶洞等 ,它们在不同部位构成不同的组合类型。岩石物性分析显示 ,灰岩储层的基质孔隙度较低 ,绝大部分属低孔、特低孔储层 ,渗透率分布较宽 ,但总体仍偏低。沉积相类型、构造作用和成岩作用是影响该区储层发育程度的主要因素 ,在它们的共同影响下 ,不同层位、不同井区间的储层差别也较大。 相似文献
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沾化凹陷东营组三段储集层特征 总被引:6,自引:3,他引:3
济阳坳陷沾化凹陷东营组岩性油藏勘探近年来获得了较大突破。对东营组三段砂岩储集层沉积演化特征、岩石特征及孔渗特征进行了综合分析,预测其储集层厚度和物性分布规律。沾化凹陷东营组三段为一套扇三角洲沉积体系,储集砂体主要发育在扇三角洲水下分流河道、滩坝、滑塌浊积体等沉积微相内。岩石薄片分析表明,储集层主要属于岩屑质石英砂岩、岩屑砂岩,储集空间以原生孔隙为主,孔隙连通性较好。储集层平均孔隙度为21.15%,平均渗透率为108.08mD,属于中孔中渗储集层。受沉积相的控制,砂岩体呈现凹陷边缘厚、中间薄的特点,岩石物性从凸起向凹陷内具有逐渐变好再变差的分布特征。扇三角洲前缘滑塌成因的湖底扇沉积砂体物性较好,且被周围的浅湖一半深湖相暗色烃源岩包围,是该区东营组最有利的储集砂体。图7参15 相似文献
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Appraisal of the volumes of fluid in a carbonate reservoir will typically require a reliable predictive model. This can be achieved by combining studies of well-exposed carbonate successions with 3D models in order to obtain reliable quantitative data. In this paper, we present a detailed outcrop study and a 3D porosity model of a well-exposed Oligocene carbonate ramp (Salento Peninsula, southern Italy) to investigate the nature of small-scale facies and porosity heterogeneities. Porosity and permeability in the ramp carbonates appear to be controlled by the original mineralogy of skeletal components and by depositional textures. The aims of the study were therefore to identify the factors controlling porosity development in an undeformed carbonate ramp; to model the scale-dependent heterogeneities characteristic of the facies associations; and finally to produce a 3D model of the porosity distribution. The upper Chattian Porto Badisco Calcarenite which crops out along the coast of the Salento Peninsula consists of six lithofacies ranging from inner ramp deposits to fine-grained outer ramp calcarenites. The lithofacies are: inner ramp small benthic foraminiferal wackestone-packstones associated with (i) sea grass meadows (SG) and (ii) coral mounds (CM) consisting of coral bioconstructions with a floatstone/packstone matrix; middle ramp (iii) large rotaliid packstones to wackestone-packstones (LR), (iv) rhodolith floatstone-rudstones (RF), and (v) large lepidocyclinid packstones (LL); and (vi) outer ramp fine-grained bioclastic calcarenites (FC). A total of 38 samples collected from six stratigraphic sections (A, B, D, J, E, LO), measured in the Porto Badisco ravine, were investigated to discriminate the types of porosity. Effective and total porosity was measured using a helium pycnometer. The 3D porosity modelling was performed using PETREL™ 2016 software (Schlumberger). Four main types of porosity were recognized in the carbonates: interparticle, intraparticle, vuggy and mouldic. Primary porosity (inter- and intraparticle) is limited to middle ramp lithofacies (LL and LR) and outer ramp lithofacies (FC), whereas secondary porosity (vuggy and mouldic) was present in both inner ramp lithofacies (CM and SG) and middle ramp red algal lithofacies (RF). In the Porto Badisco carbonates, stratigraphic complexity and the distribution of primary porosity are controlled by lateral and vertical variations in depositional facies. Significant secondary porosity was produced by the dissolution of aragonitic and high-magnesium calcite components, which are dominant in the sea-grass and coral mound facies of the inner ramp and in the rhodolith floatstone-rudstones of the middle ramp. 3D models were developed for both effective and total porosity distribution. The porosity models show a clear correlation with facies heterogeneities. However of the two models, the effective porosity model shows the best correlation with the 3D facies model, and shows a general increase in effective porosity basinwards in the middle ramp facies. 相似文献
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地震波形和振幅等地震相特征与油藏储层物性或流体特征具有一定的相关性,通过研究,确定储层物性特征(孔隙度、厚度等)与地震相属性特征(地震波形、振幅等)之间的相关关系,即储层厚度增大或储层孔隙度增大时,对应的地震反射波能量变弱,振幅值降低。以此相关性特征为依据,对阿曼Daleel油田碳酸盐岩岩性油藏的储层分布进行了预测研究,从三维地震资料沿储层顶面反射层提取对应储层段时窗的均方根振幅值,根据中、低振幅特征划出该油田有利储层的平面分布区域。该方法可以在国内外同类型油气田勘探开发领域推广和深化。 相似文献
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马承杰 《油气地质与采收率》2006,13(5):41-43
为了提高地震属性分析技术在储层预测中的有效性,提出了用于刻划地震波复杂程度的伪熵属性。通过对砂泥岩沉积模型的正演结果进行伪熵分析,证实伪熵随沉积结构复杂程度的增加而增大,表明伪熵属性具有指示沉积相带的作用,能够用于沉积相分布预测研究。将该技术应用于砂泥岩薄互层地区的砂岩储层预测,预测精度达到80%;应用于碳酸盐岩储层地区的裂缝型储层预测,其效果优于其他地震属性。 相似文献
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基于地震属性特征的河流相叠置砂岩储层预测方法 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
根据物源供给与可容纳空间比值,将研究区新近系曲流河相沉积复合砂体叠合模式分为堆叠型、侧叠型以及孤立型,其中堆叠型不甚发育。根据该划分模式,通过单井井震标定及联井小层对比各叠合模式的地震响应特征。通过提取均方根振幅、振幅变化率、平均振幅、有效带宽、弧长、峰值频率、能量半时间等7种属性,将模型试验确定的4类砂岩储层叠置模式,作为地震属性聚类分析的4类预测目标结果,得到NmⅡ-3小层均方根振幅与聚类分析平面图,结合测井资料验证,较准确地预测了砂岩储层叠合分布特征。 相似文献
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塔中地区碳酸盐岩储集相控建模技术及应用 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
针对塔中地区溶蚀孔洞型碳酸盐岩储层非均质性极强的特点,充分利用多种地震信息,高度综合地质、钻井、测井、地震等资料,将传统的“相控建模”思想引入碳酸盐岩储层建模当中,提出了溶蚀孔洞型碳酸盐岩储层建模新技术--“碳酸盐岩储集相控建模技术”。研究结果表明,该技术利用“碳酸盐岩储集相”和地震波阻抗反演数据体进行双重控制和约束,能有效增加模型的确定性,降低随机方法的多解性,显著提高储层建模的精度,是建立碳酸盐岩储层参数地质模型有效的建模方法。其建模结果与地质实际相符合,客观地反映了溶蚀孔洞型碳酸盐岩储层的严重非均质性,改善了碳酸盐岩储层三维地质随机建模方案,能为油藏精细描述、数值模拟、开发方案的制定提供合理的三维储层模型。 相似文献