不同品种草莓抗氧化能力的分析

为研究不同品种草莓酚类物质与抗氧化能力的相关性,以国内6种主栽草莓品种为原料,研究全果、果汁和果渣等不同部位中总酚、总黄酮含量及其抗氧化能力。结果表明:6种草莓不同部位中总酚、总黄酮含量以及抗氧化能力依次为果渣>全果>果汁,其中‘玫瑰香’总酚、总黄酮含量最高,抗氧化能力最强。草莓不同部位总酚、总黄酮含量与抗氧化能力呈显著相关,说明酚类物质是草莓抗氧化作用的主要物质基础。     

蓝莓不同部位活性成分及抗氧化能力比较分析

以蓝莓全果、蓝莓果皮和蓝莓果肉为原料,采用醇提法和水提法测定其绿原酸、原儿茶酸、槲皮素、香草酸、总黄酮和总酚的含量及其抗氧化能力。结果表明,蓝莓果实不同部位中活性成分和抗氧化能力具有显著差异(P<0.05);蓝莓果皮中总黄酮和总酚含量最高,显著高于其他提取物中总黄酮和总酚含量,分别为32.61 mg/g和26.95 mg/g;蓝莓果实各部位醇提取物中抗氧化能力显著高于水提取物,顺序为蓝莓果皮>蓝莓全果>蓝莓果肉;各部位主要有效成分包括绿原酸、原儿茶酸、槲皮素、香草酸,在蓝莓果皮中的含量显著高于果肉和蓝莓全果中(P<0.05),蓝莓果实中绿原酸和香草酸含量最高。     

6 种东北地区红树莓果渣提取物的抗氧化活性差异

以东北地区6 种红树莓果实加工后的果渣提取物为实验材料,研究其总酚、总黄酮、原花青素、花色苷含量和体外抗氧化活性的差异。结果表明：宝石红果渣提取物中总酚、总黄酮和原花青素含量最高,分别为14.18、3.71、15.28 mg/g;哈瑞太兹果渣提取物中花色苷含量最高,为0.68 mg/g;菲尔杜德和野生果果渣提取物的总还原能力与VC接近;除哈瑞太兹外,其他品种红树莓果渣提取物对（1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基和2,2’-二氮-双（3-乙基苯并噻唑-6-磺酸）二铵盐自由基（2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical,ABTS+·）的清除率均大于VC。相关性分析结果表明红树莓果渣提取物的总还原能力与总黄酮、原花青素含量的相关性较大;对DPPH自由基的清除率与原花青素、花色苷含量的相关性较大;而对ABTS＋·的清除率与总酚和总黄酮含量的相关性较大。在6 个红树莓品种中,菲尔杜德和野生果果渣提取物具有较强的抗氧化活性。     

蓝莓花、茎、叶酚类物质含量及抗氧化活性比较

比较蓝莓花、嫩茎、嫩叶及老叶总多酚、总黄酮、原花青素的含量,并研究其抗氧化性能差异。结果表明:嫩叶中总多酚含量最高,为43.77 mg GAE/g(以干质量计,下同),分别是花、嫩茎和老叶的3.45、1.42、1.12倍;老叶中总黄酮、原花青素含量最高,为68.01 mg RE/g、23.29 mg CAE/g,分别是花的2.57倍和4.61倍、嫩茎的1.79倍和1.23倍、嫩叶的1.03倍和1.98倍。抗氧化性能中,老叶的铁还原能力最大,其次是嫩茎和花,嫩叶较差;清除·OH的能力为嫩茎嫩叶花老叶;清除DPPH自由基能力和总抗氧化能力均为嫩茎嫩叶老叶花甲醇提取物,均高于对照品;蓝莓各部分提取物对DPPH自由基的清除能力最强,总抗氧化能力次之,清除·OH能力和铁还原能力较差。     

黑果腺肋花楸原花青素提取工艺优化及其抗氧化活性

采用单因素结合响应面法优化黑果腺肋花楸全果、果渣原花青素的提取工艺,并以DPPH自由基、ABTS+自由基、羟自由基清除率和总还原能力评估其抗氧化能力。结果表明,黑果腺肋花楸全果和果渣原花青素最佳提取工艺条件为液料比45∶1（mL/g）,乙醇体积分数50%,提取时间37 min,提取温度50℃,在此工艺条件下花楸全果和果渣原花青素得率分别为98.48、78.04 mg/g。体外抗氧化研究结果显示,黑果腺肋花楸全果、果渣原花青素具有良好的还原能力且对 ABTS+自由基（IC50779.51、315.95 μg/mL）、DPPH 自由基（IC50406.73、156.73 μg/mL）和羟自由基（IC501 319.02、393.66 μg/mL）均具有一定的清除能力,其中对DPPH自由基清除能力最优。综上,黑果腺肋花楸果渣中仍含有大量原花青素,且抗氧化能力优于全果原花青素,具有进一步开发的潜力和良好的再利用价值。     

浆果果渣对酸奶品质和抗氧化性的影响

将1.50%的红树莓、蓝莓、黑加仑三种浆果果渣分别加入到酸奶中,研究三种浆果果渣酸奶在贮藏过程(4℃、21 d)中成分、品质和抗氧化能力的变化。浆果果渣总膳食纤维含量分别为45.24%、50.43%、55.21%,总多酚含量分别为18.40 mg/g、18.70mg/g、30.00 mg/g,总黄酮含量分别为3.00 mg/g、2.00 mg/g、2.90 mg/g,花色苷的含量分别为14.30 mg/g、14.10 mg/g、10.50 mg/g,DPPH自由基清除能力(提取液浓度10.00mg/mL)分别为92.20%、84.10%、61.00%。在贮藏期内,浆果果渣酸奶的乳清析出率和持水力随贮藏时间的变化趋势与对照样品相同,滴定酸度大于88.78°T,p H在4.17～4.51。浆果果渣的加入显著增加了酸奶的总膳食纤维含量,影响酸奶的硬度、黏度、凝聚力、粘性指数,提高了酸奶的抗氧化性,在贮藏期内最高可以达到对照酸奶的3.93倍(DPPH自由基清除能力)、13.11倍(总还原力)、4.28倍(羟自由基清除率)。浆果果渣可以作为功能性原料用于酸奶制品。     

桑葚、蓝莓、黑加仑中多酚类物质的抗氧化活性

研究了桑葚、蓝莓和黑加仑3种小浆果的总酚、黄酮含量,并以DPPH·清除能力、·OH清除能力、总抗氧化能力及铁离子还原能力等4种体外体系对其抗氧化活性进行综合评价。结果表明:桑葚提取物总酚和黄酮含量最多,分别达到(88.78±3.751)mg/g和(19.89±1.261)mg/g,其抗氧化能力也最强,DPPH·清除能力[IC50(0.953±0.004)mg/m L]和铁离子还原能力均远高于其他2种小浆果;·OH清除能力[IC50(4.238±0.037)mg/m L]和总抗氧化能力也为最强。蓝莓除DPPH·清除能力不如黑加仑外,在其他3种体外体系中的表现均强于黑加仑。     

混合浆果汁抗氧化能力及果汁杀菌方法的比较

以6种不同浆果为原料,对其鲜果汁的理化特性、酚类成分、抗氧化能力及挥发性香气进行研究,筛选出适合复合的浆果汁,同时探讨超高压和巴氏杀菌对蓝莓复合果汁杀菌效果和品质的影响。各种果汁总多酚、总黄酮和花青素含量分别为(150.02±1.47)～(486.90±1.64)mg GAE/100 mL、(43.85±1.17)～(157.45±1.76)mg RE/100 mL和(20.98±0.72)～(107.54±0.98)mg CGE/100 mL。DPPH自由基清除力为(0.66±0.01)～(2.06±0.01)mg/mL,ABTS阳离子自由基清除力为(0.88±0.02)～(4.24±0.01)mg/mL,铁还原抗氧化能力为(1.25±0.05)～(6.12±0.07)mg/mL。蓝莓汁与黑果腺肋花楸或蓝靛果汁混合后,感官评分和抗氧化能力随果汁浓度的增加有相似的变化,在90℃/1 min处理和400 MPa/0.5%壳聚糖处理均未检测到好氧细菌。研究表明,蓝靛果汁与其他5种浆果汁相比,酚类化合物的含量最高,抗氧化能力最强。     

不同品种杨梅果渣营养成分及抗氧化特性研究

本文对4个杨梅品种果渣进行理化特性和抗氧化活性比较和分析。结果表明:硬丝果渣具有较高的持水力、膨胀力和膳食纤维,总酚、清除DPPH和ABTS+自由基能力最高;乌梅的总糖、还原糖、糖酸比、花青素含量最高,铁离子还原能力最强;台梅中总酸、灰分、柠檬酸含量最高;东魁的持油力、溶解度、苹果酸、奎宁酸含量最高。4种杨梅的总酚含量范围为:21.12~36.82 mg GAE/g DW,其中,硬丝果渣总酚含量最高;花青素含量范围为0.77~1.93 mg/g DW,乌梅果渣总花青素含量最高。     

5 个费约果品种果实多酚类物质含量及其抗氧化能力比较

以5 个新西兰主栽费约果品种为试材,比较不同费约果品种果实多酚类物质含量和抗氧化能力的差异。结果表明：费约果果实富含多酚类物质,特别是原花青素,且具有较强的抗氧化能力。不同基因型和果实不同部分（果皮、果肉和果浆）总酚、总黄酮、原花青素含量和抗氧化能力均有显著差异。在5 个品种中,“Anatoki”具有最高的总酚、总黄酮、原花青素含量和铁离子还原能力,且费约果果实的果皮积累总酚、总黄酮和原花青素最多,其次是果肉,果浆含量最少。     

Phytochemical properties and antioxidant capacities of commercial raspberry varieties

The antioxidant capacities of 15 commercial raspberry varieties grown in North China were evaluated and their anthocyanin profiles determined by LC–ESI-MS. Total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total anthocyanin content (TAC) and antioxidant capacities (AOC) of the 15 raspberries were measured, respectively and the results showed that the TPC, TFC and TAC contents of raspberries correlated well with their antioxidant capacities. Raspberries with higher contents of phytochemicals showed higher antioxidant capacity. The results indicated that the 15 raspberry varieties may be divided into three groups according to their anthocyanin component analysis. The first group was made up of Triple Crown, Shawnee, and Navaho varieties with identical anthocyanin profiles and dark red color. The second group included Canby, Bristol and Mac black varieties, which possessed higher TAC/TPC ratio and contribute more to antioxidant capacity and the rest of the varieties were in the third group with lower antioxidant capacities. The higher phytochemical contents and antioxidant activities of raspberry varieties in the second group indicated that their consumption would be more beneficial to health.     

Phenolic Profiles,Antioxidant Activities,and Neuroprotective Properties of Mulberry (Morus atropurpurea Roxb.) Fruit Extracts from Different Ripening Stages

The present work investigated the phenolic profiles (including nonanthocyanin and anthocyanin phenolics), antioxidant activities, and neuroprotective potential of mulberry fruit (MF) (Morus atropurpurea Roxb.) grown in China at different ripening stages. High‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry method (HPLC‐MS/MS) was used to identify and quantify the phenolic compounds. The antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total monomeric anthocyanin content (TAC) were determined using spectrophotometric methods. The neuroprotective effects of MFs at different ripening stages were investigated using Aβ_25‐35‐treated PC12 cells as the cellular model of Alzheimer's disease. Of the 19 phenolic compounds characterized from the MF extracts, the contents of rutin and anthocyanins increased and that of chlorogenic acid decreased significantly with maturity. At the fully ripened stage, MF extracts showed the highest amounts of TPC (11.23 mg gallic acid equivalents/g fresh weight), TFC (15.1 mg rutin equivalents/g fresh weight), and TAC (1177 mg cyanidin 3‐O‐glucoside equivalents/100 g fresh weight). Meanwhile, antioxidant activity of MF extracts at this stage was highest according to ABTS (an IC50 value of 4.11 μg/mL) and DPPH (an IC50 value of 10.08 μg/mL) assays. Cellular assays revealed increased cell viability in cells treated with the ripe MF extracts; compared with the control groups, the ripening fruits also increased the antioxidant enzyme levels in PC12 cells. Together, these results suggest that the antioxidant activities and neuroprotective properties of ripening MFs are related to the contents and types of phenolic compounds that are present in the fruits.     

米糠提取物超声辅助提取工艺及抗氧化活性

以乙醇为提取溶剂,采用响应面法对米糠提取物的超声辅助最佳提取工艺进行探讨。米糠提取物的总酚含量及抗氧化活性分别采用Folin-Ciocalteu 法和 Trolox 等价抗氧化能力(TEAC)方法测定。结果表明：总抗氧化活性随着总酚含量的增加而增大,但其活性高低并不完全取决于总酚物质。米糠提取物最佳提取工艺条件为乙醇体积分数90%(V/V),提取温度55℃,提取时间97min。在此条件下,米糠提取物的总酚含量为(2.76 ± 0.17)mg GAE/g米糠(n=3),总抗氧化活性为(2.99 ± 0.24)μmol TEAC/g 米糠(n=3)。     

Spray-Drying of Antioxidant-Rich Blueberry Waste Extracts; Interplay Between Waste Pretreatments and Spray-Drying Process

This study aimed to establish an efficient route for converting blueberry waste material (BWM) into antioxidant-rich powders. Extracts were produced from BWM by an aqueous method using water acidified with citric acid, in the absence or presence of Pectinex Ultra SP-L and Cellubrix. All BWM extracts contained antioxidants including phenolic acids, anthocyanins, and flavonoids (total phenolic content (TPC) 3655–4369 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) and total anthocyanin content (TAC) 219–296 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalents (CyGE) per 100 g dry extract). Extractions at 50 °C yielded higher TPC and TAC but lower vitamin C and pectin contents than extractions at 20 °C. Spray-drying BWM extracts produced at 50 °C (no enzymatic treatments) and an encapsulant (alginate or inulin) at an inlet temperature 150 °C and feed temperature 50 °C yielded powders with desired dark purplish blue color, water activity (0.25–0.33), flowability, reconstitution time (23–46 s in water or milk), TPC (25–30 mg GAE/g), TAC (17–20 mg CyGE/g), storage stability, and Bifidobacterium-boosting properties. Enzymatic pretreatments of BWM did not confer any advantages in preserving antioxidants in powder products, suggesting that some intrinsic BWM components (e.g., pectins) may play an important role in the encapsulating process. The use of alginate as the encapsulant/drying aid afforded higher powder yields, superior protection of antioxidants, better stability over a prolonged storage or elevated temperature storage, greater retention of TPC/TAC under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, and greater Bifidobacterium-boosting effects, compared to powders prepared using inulin. Thus, simple aqueous extraction methods and spray-drying technology hold enormous promise for producing antioxidant-rich powders from blueberry processing by-products or waste.     

Comparison of anthocyanins and phenolics in organically and conventionally grown blueberries in selected cultivars

Consumption of berries has become popular among health-conscious consumers due to the high levels of valuable antioxidants, such as anthocyanins, and phenolic compounds in berries. Four Rabbiteye blueberry cultivars (i.e., Powderblue, Climax, Tifblue, and Woodward) grown organically and conventionally were compared regarding their chemical profiles and antioxidant capacity in terms of total phenolic content (TPC), total anthocyanin content (TAC) and ORAC activity. Regardless of the high TPC, TAC and ORAC in both organically and conventionally grown blueberries, not all the organic berries showed significantly higher TPC, TAC and ORAC than the conventional berries. The chemical profiles (i.e., the free phenolic compounds and anthocyanins) were determined with aid of HPLC-MS, by which 13 individual anthocyanins and seven free phenolics were identified. This study demonstrated the subtle differences of bioactive phytochemicals between the organically and conventionally grown berries.     

沙蒿籽总黄酮和总多酚及其抗氧化活性

本文测定了沙蒿籽的四种不同极性溶剂提取物中总黄酮和总多酚的含量、化学成分及其体外抗氧化活性。结果显示:沙蒿籽总黄酮和总多酚的提取含量与溶剂的极性相关,甲醇提取物的总黄酮(33.30±0.11)mg/g和总多酚(80.1±0.16)mg/g含量最高,其次是丙酮和乙酸乙酯提取物,氯仿提取物含量较低。相对应的是,甲醇提取物的DPPH和ABTS自由基清除能力最强,其IC50分别是19.09、26.30μg/m L,其铁离子还原能力也明显高于其它三种提取物。通过HPLC法检出槲皮素和儿茶素两种黄酮,均在甲醇提取物中含量最高,分别为5.15、28.24 mg/g。这表明,甲醇更适宜于沙蒿籽中总多酚和总黄酮的提取,这为沙蒿籽作为抗氧剂的开发利用提供了理论依据。      

Phenolic Profiles and Antioxidant Capacities of Chinese Unifloral Honeys from Different Botanical and Geographical Sources

Honey has been acknowledged worldwide as a good source of natural antioxidants. Chemical properties of total phenolics and flavonoids of 33 Chinese unifloral honeys from nine different floral sources were investigated. Antioxidant activities including 1, 1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH·) scavenging, superoxide anion radical (O₂ ^?·) scavenging, hydroxyl radical (·OH)-scavenging activities, and reducing powers were evaluated. The results indicated that total phenolic content (TPC) ranged from 10.43 to 149.6 mg of PCE/100 g, while total flavonoid content (TFC) ranged from 9.41 to 102.1 mg QE/100 g. Positive correlations between radical-scavenging activities and, respectively, TPC values and TFC values were found. Remarkable variations in antioxidant properties, TPC, and TFC values were demonstrated in hydrophilic extracts of honeys from different botanic and/or geographic sources. The current findings will provide useful information for evaluating the food quality of Chinese honey and for educating consumers to choose specific honey lines for their specific health-promoting effects.     

老山芹全株及其不同部位酚类物质含量及抗氧化能力分析

比较老山芹及其不同部位（嫩叶、茎）甲醇提取物总多酚、总黄酮含量,测定5 种抗氧化指标（铁还原能力、超氧阴离子自由基清除能力、羟自由基清除能力、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基清除能力、2,2’-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)（2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid),ABTS）阳离子自由基清除能力）,研究其体外抗氧化活性间的差异。结果表明：老山芹嫩叶总多酚含量为30.51 mg/g,分别为全株植物与嫩茎的1.25、1.78 倍;老山芹嫩叶总黄酮含量为28.92 mg/g,分别为全株植物与嫩茎的1.34、4.00 倍。在抗氧化能力测定实验中,铁还原能力、超氧阴离子自由基清除能力、羟自由基清除能力排序均为嫩叶＞全株植物＞嫩茎＞对照组（VC）;ABTS阳离子自由基清除能力排序为嫩叶＞全株植物＞对照组（Trolox）＞嫩茎;DPPH自由基清除能力排序为嫩叶＞嫩茎＞对照组（VC）＞全株植物。老山芹及不同部位甲醇提取物对超氧阴离子自由基、羟自由基清除能力较强,对DPPH自由基、ABTS阳离子自由基清除能力次之,铁还原能力较弱。     

Analysis of Phenolic Composition of Noble Muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia) by HPLC‐MS and the Relationship to Its Antioxidant Capacity

Abstract: Phenolic compounds and anthocyanins in muscadines have attracted much attention due to their diverse biological activities. With bioassays of antioxidant activities in terms of total phenolic content (TPC), total anthocyanin content (TAC), total procyanidin content (TPA), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of different parts of the Noble muscadine, the butanol (BuOH) extract of the muscadine skin showed the highest TPC (317.91 ± 1.83 mg GAE/100 g FW), which might be ascribed to its high TAC of 227.06 ± 1.29 mg/100 g fresh weight (FW). The ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract of the muscadine seed contained the highest TPA (55.30 ± 0.63 mg CE/100 g FW). Correlation analyses demonstrated a significant linear relationship of TPC and TAC compared to their ORAC and FRAP values within the range of R² from 0.9283 to 0.9936, which suggested that phenolics and anthocyanins in the extracts contributed significantly to their antioxidant potential. Nineteen individual phenolics and 5 anthocyanins were identified by HPLC‐MS, which indicated different chemical profiles of anthocyanins and other phenolics in the muscadine extracts. Practical Application: The paper has provided rich information of bioactive phytochemical profiles in different solvent extracts and their correlation with the antioxidant activity in the muscadine that is a very special regional fruit in U.S. Its high content of phenolic compounds demonstrates that muscadine could be beneficial to human health.