北山地下水中Am的形态分布计算

Am在水溶液中的形态分布复杂,直接测量困难,使用相关软件依据热力学常数推算核素的形态分布简单可行.EQ3NR是地球化学程序EQ3/6的组成部分之一,主要用于计算核素的存在形态和矿物的饱和指数.使用该程序计算了北山地下水中Am存在形态的分布.计算结果表明,地下水中Am主要以AmCO+3形态存在,其含量可达60%以上;pH<6时,pH值对Am形态分布影响较小,pH＞6时,其形态分布随着pH的增加急剧变化;大气、低氧2种条件对Am存在形态变化影响不明显.由于计算软件数据库的限制,可能使得计算结果产生偏差,今后要进一步更新数据库,完善数据.     

Pu(Ⅳ)在模拟处置条件下的溶解度

研究了模拟处置条件下Pu(Ⅳ)的溶解行为,测定了Pu(Ⅳ)在北山地下水和去离子水中的溶解度。采用过饱和法,使用低氧手套箱模拟地下无氧环境,利用超过滤实现固液分离,应用低本底液闪谱仪测量液相中钚的放射性活度。结果表明:溶解-沉淀平衡后,无论是在去离子水还是北山地下水中,钚的主要存在价态为+4。Pu(Ⅳ)在北山地下水和去离子水中的溶解度分别为(2.8±0.9)×10-8 mol/L和(1.6±0.8)×10-9 mol/L。通过计算确定了Pu(Ⅳ)在去离子水和北山地下水中的溶解度控制固相为Pu(OH)4(am)。在去离子水体系中,Pu(Ⅳ)的主要存在形态为Pu(OH)4(aq);北山地下水体系中,Pu(Ⅳ)的主要存在形态为Pu(OH)4(aq)和Pu(OH)2(CO3)2-2。     

北山地下水氧化还原电势及其对可变价核素迁移的影响

氧化还原电势(Eh)是影响高放废物处置库长期安全性能的重要参数之一。然而,直接测定地下水的Eh值面临较多不确定性因素。北山花岗岩中存在一定量的含铁矿物,由此可能控制地下水中铁的含量。本工作基于北山三号井400m深处的地下水,水中铁质量浓度为0.033mg/L及钻孔岩芯中Fe~(2+)/Fe_(tot)的比值为96.86%条件下,提出了一个推测北山地下水氧化还原电势的可能方法,计算得到北山三号井地下水的Eh=83.2mV。该值与利用针铁矿的沉淀饱和指数估算得到的101.8 mV相接近,但需进一步开展现场的Eh测量工作来验证及比对。依据此Eh,利用PHREEQC程序及OECD/NEA发布的最新热力学数据,并加入MUO_2(CO_3)_3~(2-)和M_2UO_2(CO_3)_3~0(M=Ca、Mg、Sr)的稳定常数,计算了可变价核素U、~(99)Tc、~(79)Se和Np在北山地下水中的形态分布和溶解度。结果表明,U和Tc的溶解度相对较高(约10~(-5)~10~(-4) mol/L),Se的溶解度相对较低(约10~(-8) mol/L),Np的溶解度则极低(约10~(-18) mol/L);此外,溶解态的U、Tc和Se主要以阴离子形式存在,具有较强的迁移性。另一方面,北山花岗岩富含二价铁离子,因此需进一步开展其对可变价核素还原沉淀作用的实验研究,以综合评价处置场的安全性能。     

Tc(Ⅳ)在地下水中的溶解度测定

本工作在低氧条件下,以SnCl2为还原剂,测定了Tc(Ⅳ)在我国高放废物地质处置预选场场址——甘肃北山3号井地下水中的溶解度,同时对溶解平衡后Tc的存在价态及可能的存在形态进行了探讨。实验结果表明:在实验条件范围内,溶液的pH值及Eh值对Tc的形态影响很大,即随着溶液pH值增大,Tc     

Am在两种不同地下水中的种态分布及溶解度分析

利用自主编写的地球化学计算软件CHEMSPEC分析了Am在北山地下水和我国西南某地下水中的种态分布,并计算了Am在这两种地下水中的溶解度,考察了pH、Eh、不同离子以及硅的存在等对种态分布的影响。结果表明,Am在这两种地下水中均以正三价存在,随pH值的不同Am的种态会发生较大的变化,在偏酸性条件下,主要以AmSO+4、Am(SO4)-2及Am3+的形式存在,在中性至弱碱性条件下,以AmCO+3的形式存在,强碱性条件下,则基本转化为Am(OH)3;当北山地下水中有Si存在时,在pH=6.5~9.7范围内,Am的主要种态为AmSiO(OH)2+3;不同离子的浓度变化对Am的种态分布会产生一定影响,其影响顺序为HCO-3F-SO2-4Cl-。pH和HCO-3对Am溶解度的影响较大,随着地下水pH的升高,Am的溶解度逐渐减小。Am在两种地下水中的溶解度分别为2.01×10-7 mol/L(北山地下水pH=7.56、Eh=164mV)、1.60×10-7 mol/L(西南地下水pH=7.50、Eh=0mV)。     

TBP-煤油从硝酸介质中萃取Tc(Ⅶ)的动力学研究

用自行设计的小型恒界面萃取实验装置研究了TcO4-/HNO3/TBP-煤油、TcO4-/HNO3-Zr/TBP-煤油、TcO-4/HNO3-U/TBP-煤油以及TcO4-/HNO3-Zr-U/TBP-煤油等萃取体系中锝的萃取动力学行为,关联出相应的动力学方程,计算出了表观速率常数;并根据实验结果对Tc(Ⅶ)萃取动力学相关规律进行了探讨。在所研究的体系中,Tc(Ⅶ)的萃取速率均随温度升高而降低;根据实验结果计算得出Tc(Ⅶ)萃取过程的表观活化能均呈负值。     

不同温度下Np（Ⅳ）在北山地下水中的溶解度

采用过饱和法研究了低氧条件下、30℃和60℃时Np(Ⅳ)在去离子水和甘肃北山地下水中的溶解度。结果表明,30℃时Np(Ⅳ)在去离子水和北山地下水中的溶解度分别为(3.4±1.0)×10-9mol/L和(1.0±0.3)×10-8mol/L;60℃时Np(Ⅳ)在去离子水和北山地下水中的溶解度分别为(1.9±0.6)×10-8mol/L和(3.7±0.5)×10-8mol/L;Np(Ⅳ)的溶解度随着温度升高而增加。同时利用SIT理论计算了实验条件下的热力学常数,确定了去离子水和北山地下水中的溶解度控制固相为Np(OH)4(am);去离子水体系中Np(Ⅳ)主要以Np(OH)4(aq)的形式存在,在北山地下水体系中Np(Ⅳ)主要以Np(OH)4(aq)和Np(CO3)2(OH)22-的形式存在。     

碱性条件下Sn(Ⅱ)还原TcO-4的动力学研究

为了解在碱性介质中Sn(Ⅱ)还原TcO4^-的动力学性质,用萃取法和液闪计数法研究了TcO4^-,Sn(Ⅱ),OH浓度和温度对Sn(Ⅱ)还原TcO4^-反应速率的影响。结果表明,TcO4^-被Sn(Ⅱ)还原为Tc(Ⅳ),Sn(Ⅱ)与TcO4^-发生氧化还原反应的计量式可表示为：3Sn(Ⅱ) 2Tc(Ⅶ)-3Sn(Ⅳ) 2Tc(Ⅳ)。在碱性介质中,Sn(Ⅱ)还原TcO4^-的化学反应速率方程为：-dc(TcO4^-)／dt=kc(TcO4)c^-0.478(OH^-)c^0.629(Sn(Ⅱ)),反应的活化能Ea=29．08kJ／mol。     

北山地下水中Am的形态分布计算

Am在水溶液中的形态分布复杂，直接测量非常困难，而用热力学参数推算各形态分布简单可行，因此，本工作采用EQ3NR程序计算了北山地下水体系中Am存在形态的分布状况，以便更好了解Am在地质环境中的吸附及迁移行为。EQ3NR程序是美国劳伦斯国家实验室为Yucca山高放废物处置工程开发的地球化学程序EQ3／6的静态模式部分，主要用来计算物种存在形式和矿物饱和指数。     

99Tc在膨润土中的吸附和迁移行为

在模拟处置库条件下,采用北山地下水,用批式实验法研究了99Tc在内蒙古高庙子膨润土中的吸附行为,探讨了温度、pH值,添加剂黄铁矿(FeS2)、磁铁矿(Fe3O4)、方铅矿(PbS)、稀土赤铁矿(Fe2O3),以及CO2-3、SO2-4、Fe2+、Fe3+等对吸附行为的影响.研究结果表明,高庙子膨润土对99Tc具有一定的...     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

有效探测面积大于1000 cm2的正比计数器测量系统性能测试

为对自制的活性面积高达1 000 cm²的大面积源进行表面发射率定值,同时作为现有2πα、2πβ表面发射率标准装置能力的扩充,研制了一套内置式大面积2π多丝正比计数器测量系统,并利用活性区直径为8 mm的²⁴¹Am点源及活性区面积为10 cm×15 cm的大面积²⁴¹Am和⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源对其进行计量学性能测试。结果表明：计数器内计数响应均匀性优于±0.4%,有效探测面积达1 400 cm²;所得²⁴¹Am源高压坪曲线的坪长为1 400 V,坪斜为0.27%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.87%;⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源高压坪曲线的坪长为300 V,坪斜为0.75%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.80%;10次测量重复性好于0.4%,8 h内短期稳定性好于0.3%,1 a内长期稳定性好于0.8%。     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

Gamma radiation levels in the ambient environment of the QNPP Base

Monitoring results of gamma dose rate level in 1992～2004 in the ambient environment of the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plants(QNPP)Base,the northeast of Zhejiang Province,are reported in this paper.It is shown that the gamma dose rate of five monitoring sites of 2.5 km to QNPP Base is 84～113 nGy/h,with an average of 96 nGy/h in the 13 years.The average value is close to the background level of 93 nGy/h prior to operation of the QNPP Base,and is lower than the monitoring result of 101 nGy/h at the reference site in Hangzhou City.Within 50 km from the QNPP Base,the cumulative dose rate of the thermoluminescent dosimeter(TLD)is 90 nGy/h,which is lower than the back- ground level of 111 nGy/h.