十九、二十世纪之交的上海公共租界城市 公园功能变迁研究

在中、英、美、澳、法等国第一手档案资料的基础上,旨在走出"植入"中国"西方公园"的框架,从租界社会出发探讨我国近代社会背景下公园功能的生发演变,增进对我国近代园林史及公园现代化的理解。通过历时性的对比分析,指出在租界建设初期,公共租界内的公园主要作美化环境的休闲绿地来使用。随着19、20世纪之交数年间上海租界社会和人口结构的变化以及国际港口海洋贸易网络的形成,这些公园开始展示出"公共健康""体育运动"及"儿童活动"等方面的功能,并最终成为复合的城市景观。     

“西风东渐”的在地实践：汉口租界园林钩沉

汉口在19世纪中叶第二次鸦片战争后被辟为通商口岸,各国租界相继设立,租界园林应运而生,在引入各宗主国园林营造风格的同时,为在留外人提供了亟须的生活与娱乐空间,也是彰显殖民政治霸权的窗口。但有限的土地资源、水患频仍的自然条件,使汉口租界园林规模与发展远不及上海、天津等沿海通商口岸城市,也相应形成了鲜明的“在地性”：各国租界园林以建筑附属园林为主,甚至催生了屋顶花园的园林类型,但也限制了宗主国园林营造风格的充分植入;“公园”这一在其他城市租界早已普及的园林形式,在有效控制水患、进而获得更多可资利用的建设用地之后,才在20世纪20年代经由日本人之手有所建置。此外,各国租界出于营商便利沿长江串联排布,并随之形成了近代汉口特有的外滩“绿带”风景线。汉口租界园林奠定了近代以租界为轴心的绿地系统雏形,促进了华界屋顶花园、营商经营性园林的建设,对汉口的近代化发展具有重要的历史意义。     

上海民国时期租界园林的发展及特征浅析

城市公园文化作为西方先进文化的一部分,透过租界园林这样一个媒介,对上海乃至中国近代园林发展产生了重大的影响。本文在大量文献资料的基础上,梳理了上海租界园林社会背景及其发展阶段和特征,对中国现代城市公园的发展起到一定的指导意义。     

近代四邑地区的公园发展与建设研究

一、近代四邑地区公园建设与发展的背景1、公园在近代中国的发展公园是近代中国的新型公共空间,目前公认最早的公园为1868年8月8日开放的上海外滩公园。这个公园位于英美租界,由西人设计建造并经营,是借由帝国列强的租界建设传入国内的"公家花园"(publicpark)。此后,上海租界区的公园数量逐渐增多。但租界公园只对租界的外国居留者开放,强调殖民者的优越地位并严重歧视中国人,"华人与狗不得入内"的标     

论无锡近代园林的历史地位

目前关于中国近现代园林史的研究大多集中在上海、天津等通商口岸城市的租界园林,对于非商埠城市民族资本家自建园林的关注度不足,但这恰恰是无锡近代园林最大的历史价值。无锡作为近代新兴的民族工商业重镇,其近代园林形成了独特的中西合璧造园风格、民主自由的园林文化,以及区域统筹的风景区建设思想。无锡近代园林在中国近代园林史中占据着举足轻重的地位,鲜明地反映了中国近代园林的发展轨迹,成为中国近代自建公园的先驱和近代风景旅游休闲度假的发端。对无锡近代园林的历史地位做出初步探讨,力求引起学术界对无锡近代园林的重视和讨论。     

“上海园林赏析”之六——上海公园赏析

上海一地,开埠甚早,上世纪中叶就有租界了。随着西方文化的东渐。上海的园林也为之一变。中国古代的诸文化内容,是由于古代社会的需要;到了近代,其形态之改变,也是由于近代社会的需要。其中园林的变化或可以说是一个代表了。上海作为近代城市,与原先的传统     

中国近代公园营造中的中西文化交流

结合中西方文化碰撞、磨合、交融的过程,对近代中国先后出现的租界公园、开放私园和大众公园进行考察,并以典型的园林个案为代表,探讨了各个历史发展阶段人们对于中西文化不同程度的认识与体验,认为任何成功的设计作品都需要对异质文化精神的充分理解。而相对于租界公园中本土文化的缺失,或开放私园中表现出来的文化迷失,近代时期所形成的＂中西合璧＂风格,在本质上体现了文化交流过程中对本土文化的宣扬。     

城市绿地手法刍谈

随着时代的发展,城市绿化正步入一个新的阶段。在古代,城市的绿化主要靠园林,包括皇家宫苑、私家园林及寺庙园林等。由于古代社会的解体和西方文化的东渐,其园林形式便走向近代,即公园,上海近代最典型的公园有复兴公园、虹口公园及公家花园等等。这种公园形式一直延续到上世纪末,可见其生命力,但从上世纪末开始,随着社会的变革和城市的发展,这种划定范     

上海近代园林的现代化演进特征与机制研究(1840～1949)

近代上海是中国现代化起步最早、程度最高的城市和中国现代园林的早期策源地。基于档案资料的搜集和分析归纳,对上海近代园林形成全面认识,阐述其非线性、不均衡的发展历程;从租界园林的引领、民国华界园林的超越等角度,分析其外生后发的现代化演进特征;从动力机制层面,探寻其技术、制度、观念的革新与相互推进的演进机制和影响。以期对上海乃至中国近现代园林的研究起到一定借鉴作用。     

遗产视角下的近代公园数字化研究及其意义——以上海为例

城市快速发展背景下中国近代公园面临着不断的改造和更新,如何认知当代园林遗产并处理好遗产与保护利用之间的关系是其持续发展的核心议题。从遗产保护视角出发,引入数字化技术重新观照近代公园的演变历程和保护更新。以上海近代公园为例,运用数字技术对园林风格和思想流变进行解析,借助GIS探究公园与城市的多层次动态关系,指出数字化技术有利于近代公园价值认知与判断,对于近代公园的遗产价值评价和活态保护具有重要意义。     

浅析高速公路工程招投标中的最低评标价法

结合目前高速公路施工项目招投标活动的实际情况,阐述了最低评标价法的概念,归纳了其优点及存在问题,对完善最低评标价法提出几点策略,以期促进招标投标市场更加规范有序。     

Place-Making in Megaprojects in Melbourne

This article analyses state-led place-making practices in Melbourne. The two levels of government that influence planning in Melbourne make much of the city as ‘culturally vibrant’ and ‘creative’, and have incorporated creative city-inspired place-making principles into many layers of the planning system. An examination of the development of two mixed-use megaprojects in central Melbourne reveals however that ideals of culturally engaging public places, and indeed of creative landscapes for middle-class consumption, wither in the face of more basic imperatives for economic development. In these case studies the ‘creative city’, no matter how the idea is interpreted, has little traction either as a set of inclusive place-making principles or as a gentrification strategy. The article concludes that the creative city-inspired place-making objectives in the planning system at both state and local levels are ambiguous in their overall intents and completely unsupported by statutory controls. Such place-making objectives as are realised are the compromised results of the interplay of uncoordinated decisions, delivered at the pleasure of the developer.     

Pathogens in septage in Vietnam

Septage is widely acknowledged as a major source of infectious pathogens while disposal of septage, and the operation and maintenance of septic tanks, is not regulated in many developing countries. Twenty untreated septage and septage sludge samples were taken from Can Tho City, Vietnam to examine their pathogen content, and indicator micro-organisms. Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. were detected in all samples, regardless of sludge storage time. Phages were detected in 80% of samples. Salmonella spp. were detected in 70% of the untreated septage and 60% of septage sludge samples. Concentrations of phages and bacteria tested in septage sludge after many years of tank storage were much higher than the expected levels. Helminth ova were present in 95% of untreated septage samples with an average of 450 ova l^− 1, and were detected in all septage sludge samples with an average of 16,000 ova l^− 1. Twelve varieties of helminth ova were identified. More helminth ova varieties in higher concentrations were found in septage than those reported from stool samples. The varieties' frequency ranged from 10% to 50% and Ascaris lumbricoides predominated. Results show that pathogens and indicator micro-organisms, especially helminth ova, accumulate in sludge. Thus helminth ova should be considered when septage sludge is treated and used for agriculture. Proper health protection measures must be applied for people handling septage.     

新时期广东城市化的新特点

新时期广东城市化出现以下特点:知识源导向、城市由单体向群体化发展、产业集群推动、政府主导自上而下的集约化发展、城镇化向城市化转变、由重“数量”发展向重“质量”发展的转变。     

在市场中实践在实践中学习在学习中进步--工程公司市场化进程的回顾与展望

近两年来，工程公司在提高市场竞争意识、推动市场化进程中做了大量工作，其中坚持走出去的方针是我们自我加压、推行加快市场化步伐的一个重要战略步骤。     

新形势下高校强化基建财务管理的探讨

在市场条件下高校基建财务人员在加强日常财务管理的同时,必须树立起高度的工作责任心,抓好事前监督、事中监督、事后监督三个环节,全面理解、贯彻执行《高等学校财务制度》,管好用好各项基本建设资金,提高基建财务管理水平,更好地完成高校各项基建任务,以有限的投资,最快的建设速度,获得最大的投资效益。     

浅谈我国工程项目建设成本控制存在的问题

结合目前我国施工企业工程项目成本管理现状,对工程项目成本管理过程中存在的问题进行了较详细的分析,并提出了一些解决问题的办法,以做好项目成本控制工作,进而增强企业经济实力。     

Experiences in radon-safe building in Finland

A study was made of radon-safe buildings in 300 Finnish low-rise residential buildings using data obtained from a questionnaire study. The study also aims at finding the main defects in design and implementation and how the guidance given on radon-safe buildings in slab-on-grade houses has been followed. According to the guidelines, the prevention of the flow of radon-bearing air from the soil into the house is recommended to be carried out through installation of aluminised bitumen felt and use of elastic sealants. Second, as a precaution perforated piping should be installed in the subsoil of the floor slab. The median indoor radon concentration in the houses was 155 Bq/m3. This is 32% lower than the median of the estimated reference values. The action level of 200 Bq/m3 was still exceeded in 40% of the houses. In most houses with slab-on-grade the prevention was based only on the installation of a sub-slab depressurisation system. Sealing was performed in a low number of houses. In 80% of houses with a sub-slab piping connected to an operating fan, radon concentration was below the action level of 200 Bq/m3. In houses with piping but no fan, the corresponding fraction was only 45%. Sub-slab piping without a fan had no remarkable effect on radon concentration. In houses with crawl-space and edge-thickened slabs, radon concentrations were low. The choice of foundation system thus significantly affects the indoor radon concentration. The importance of complete and careful sealing work should be stressed in advice and guides concerning radon prevention.     

2008年日本火灾情况

<正>1火灾总数在2008年(1～12月),日本发生的火灾总数为52 394起,与2007年相比减少了2 188起(4.0%)。这相当于平均1天大约发生143起火灾,每10min发生一起火灾。火灾类别(见表1)。     

Variation in property taxation in Tulsa

Conclusions It may be reasonably concluded from this study that the range of variation in these ratios of assessed to actual value are of a reasonable size for the great majority of cases. The frequency distribution of these sample ratios was not normal, however, as was assumed a process of this type would produce. On the other hand, the failure of the regression analysis to identify any significant variables which would explain these variations would tend to re-enforce the assumption that the fluctuations were indeed of a random nature.To sum it up in one paragraph, aside from a few extreme cases, the assessing process appears to give estimates which are more consistent than would be expected under the assumption that any errors would be of a random nature, but the regression analysis was unable to isolate any particular socioeconomic characteristics which would explain the variation which was present.Financial support for this research project was furnished by the University of Tulsa.