物理气相沉积制备锂离子电池正极薄膜研究进展

薄膜锂离子电池是锂离子电池发展的最新领域,正极材料的薄膜化是薄膜锂离子电池的重要部分.综述了近年来国内外物理气相沉积在薄膜锂离子电池正极薄膜方面的研究新进展,着重介绍了射频磁控溅射、脉冲激光沉积、电子束沉积等制备技术的工作原理、特点及发展,并对这些制备技术在锂离子电池正极薄膜制备中的应用进行了分析、比较和评价.     

锂离子电池钒系电极材料的研究进展

锂离子电池电极材料对锂离子电池性能提升起着关键作用.钒的价态较多,构成的钒系电极材料具有层状、尖晶石型、反尖晶石型等多种结构.该系列材料通常具有较高的理论比容量,且合成方式多样,性价比高,因此钒系化合物在锂离子电池电极材料的应用上受到了广泛关注,但目前尚缺少对钒系电极材料的系统性总结.本文综述了以钒的氧化物、无锂型金属离子钒酸盐、含锂型钒酸盐及钒磷酸根聚阴离子材料为主要体系的锂离子电池钒系电极材料,并对各体系的结构及电化学性能进行了总结,针对合成锂离子电池钒系电极材料的主要方法(如固相合成法、溶胶-凝胶法、水热法、碳热还原法、液相沉淀法等)进行概述及分析,还对通过纳米化、特殊形貌控制、复合改性等其他改性方式优化的钒系电极材料的性能进行了介绍,最后对钒系锂离子电池电极材料的研究方向和发展前景进行展望,希望对促进该类材料的研究与产业化应用能有所助益.     

高能锂离子电池的研究进展

近年来,锂离子电池因其优异的性能,发展十分迅速,锂离子电池的优异性能与电极材料的制备工艺及选择等密切相关,本文系统介绍了锂离子电池的工作原理,正负极材料及电解质的研究进展,并对锂离子电池研究中出现的问题提解决的途径。     

生物模板法合成锂离子电池电极材料研究进展

锂离子电池是一类极具潜力的新型二次化学储能器件,被广泛应用于便携式电子设备、电动交通工具和智能电网等领域。高性能电极材料的设计和合成是获得高能量密度、长循环寿命、高安全性锂离子电池的关键。文章针对锂离子电池电极材料存在制备工艺复杂、结构难以控制、活性物质利用率低、循环稳定性和倍率性能差等问题,从生物资源高效利用角度出发,结合生物材料尺寸均匀、形态多变、结构精密、环境友好等优点,综述了生物模板法合成锂离子电池电极材料的研究进展,并对该领域的发展方向进行了展望。     

溶胶-凝胶法在锂离子电池正极材料制备中的应用与发展

分别介绍了锂钴氧化物、锂镍氧化物、锂锰氧化物、多元复合层状氧化物及磷酸铁锂的溶胶-凝胶法合成。探讨了采用不同元素掺杂来提高比容量和循环稳定性的改性方法。提出了目前溶胶-凝胶法在锂离子电池正极材料制备中存在的问题,并展望了它未来的发展趋势。     

锂离子电池正极材料研究进展以及水热法制备LiCoO2超细粉体

综述了近年来锂离子电池正极材料的研究情况.介绍了几种主要的锂离子二次电池正极材料,包括锂钴氧化物、锂镍氧化物、锂锰氧化物的结构、制备、电化学性能及改性方法等.并通过水热法合成获得均匀无杂相的、α-NaFeO2层状结构的HT-LiCoO2超细粉末.     

层状结构正极材料的改性与研究

层状锂锰氧化物作为锂离子电池的正极材料，具有无毒、低成本、能量密度高等优点。综述了近年来锂离子电池层状正极材料的研究进展，主要讨论了层状锂锰氧化物掺杂改性对其结构和电化学性能的影响，以及多元复合材料LiMnxCoyNi1-x-yO2的结构特性、制备方法、各金属元素含量的变化对其电性能的影响。     

锂离子电池正极材料的研究进展

综述了近年来发展起来的一些锂离子电池正极材料 ,主要包括嵌锂的层状LixMO2 结构和尖晶石型LixM2 O4 结构的过渡金属氧化物 (M =Co、Ni、Mn、Cr等 )。重点介绍了锂钴氧化物、锂镍氧化物、锂锰氧化物的性能、制备、结构以及改性方法等 ,并对纳米电极材料和其它正极材料的发展情况作了简介     

全固态薄膜锂离子电池正极材料研究进展

全固态薄膜锂离子电池是锂离子电池的最新研究领域,正极材料的薄膜化成为锂离子电池的重要组成部分和研究热点.主要综述了LiCoO2、LiNiO2、LiMn2O4、v2O5、金属磷酸盐化合物等薄膜正极材料近几年来在材料改性、制备工艺等方面的研究状况,并展望了其发展趋势.     

层状结构正极材料的改性与研究

层状锂锰氧化物作为锂离子电池的正极材料,具有无毒、低成本、能量密度高等优点.综述了近年来锂离子电池层状正极材料的研究进展,主要讨论了层状锂锰氧化物掺杂改性对其结构和电化学性能的影响,以及多元复合材料LiMnxCoyNi1-x-yO2的结构特性、制备方法、各金属元素含量的变化对其电性能的影响.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...