湿法磷酸生产中磷矿分解的影响因素研究

通过模拟湿法磷酸生产过程中磷矿分解时的工艺条件,研究反应时间、反应温度、液相SO_3浓度及回磷酸量与矿浆量比(酸矿体积比)及液固比对磷矿分解率的影响。结果表明:反应时间和液相SO_3浓度对磷矿的分解率影响较大,而在一定范围内,酸矿体积比、液固质量比和反应温度变化对磷矿的分解率基本无影响;在反应时间为5 min、液相ρ(SO_3)为0.040 g/m L时,磷矿分解率达到最大值96.2%。     

磷矿湿法制备磷酸及其提纯工艺研究

本研究利用磷矿粉和硫酸为原料采用湿法制备磷酸,并对制备的粗磷酸进行提纯,系统地考察了硫酸浓度、反应温度、反应时间和搅拌强度4个工艺因素对磷酸产率的影响,得到了利用磷矿制备磷酸的工艺条件:硫酸浓度为2mol/L,反应温度为60℃,反应时间为1.5h,搅拌强度为3档。在此工艺条件下,磷酸的产率为49.3%,磷酸的纯度达到了78.5%。     

织金磷矿制磷酸工艺探讨

织金磷矿多为低品位磷矿,利用织金磷矿经选矿后进行了湿法磷酸工艺条件试验。确定了优惠的工艺条件为:液相中ρ(SO3)30~40 mg/mL、磷酸w(P2O5)26%~27%、反应时间4 h、反应温度85~90℃、料浆液固质量比(2.0~2.5)∶1,可达到萃取率96%~97%、洗涤率99%、过滤强度1 000 kg/(m2·h)。     

磷酸分解磷矿的工艺研究

采用冀辽内三省交界处精选磷铁矿为主要原料,研究了湿法磷酸预分解磷矿的反应条件。在正交试验的基础上,通过单因素试验进一步确定了湿法磷酸预分解磷矿最优反应条件,即反应温度80℃,液固比3∶1,反应时间90min,搅拌速度320 r/min。在该条件下,所得预分解磷酸中CaO/P2O5的比值为0.17(湿法磷酸中CaO/P2O5的比值为0.07),可节约硫酸11%,节约石灰35%。     

磷酸分解磷矿化学反应过程研究

为提高用中低品位磷矿制得湿法磷酸的浓度 ,实验用ω(P2 O5)≈ 2 0 %、较洁净的磷酸 ,与云南上蒜磷矿进行分解反应。在实验条件下 ,研究了分解产物Ca(H2 PO4 ) 2 在磷矿颗粒表面形成固体膜的特性 ,以及磷矿粒度、反应时间、反应温度和磷酸初始浓度对磷矿分解率的影响。用扫描电镜观察了磷矿颗粒表面形成的固体膜的形貌特征 ;用粒径不变的缩芯模型来描述磷酸分解磷矿的过程 ;用所测实验数据回归得到了磷酸分解磷矿的经验模型     

磷酸高效分解磷矿实验研究

为改进湿法磷酸生产工艺,提高副产石膏的品质,减少湿法磷酸固体副产物磷石膏堆存产生的经济和环保压力,进行了磷酸分解磷矿制磷酸的实验研究。采用贵州某磷矿为主要原料,研究了湿法磷酸预分解磷矿的反应条件。通过单因素实验确定了湿法磷酸分解磷矿最优反应条件：反应温度为75 ℃,磷酸与磷矿的质量比（液固比）为9,反应时间为3 h,磷酸质量分数为30%（以五氧化二磷计）。在此条件下,磷矿的分解率为98.62%。     

磷矿浆化学浸提法脱镁工艺研究

磷矿中的镁会对湿法磷酸生产产生危害,研究了磷矿浆化学浸提法脱镁工艺。结果表明,最佳工艺条件:脱镁剂稀硫酸w(H2SO4)为9%,稀硫酸用量为理论用量的70%,反应温度为50℃,反应时间为2 h,反应结束后过滤料浆并洗涤滤渣。最佳工艺条件下,磷矿浆Mg O脱除率为67.39%,P2O5损失率为2.72%,m(Mg O)/m(P2O5)为2.38%,满足湿法磷酸生产要求。     

工业磷酸分解磷矿影响因素及副产物性质研究

为改进湿法磷酸生产工艺,提高副产磷石膏的品质,减少湿法磷酸固体副产物堆存产生的经济和环境压力,进行了工业磷酸分解磷矿制磷酸的实验,同时对固体副产物的性质进行了分析。工业磷酸分解磷矿制磷酸的工艺分为两步：第一步,工业磷酸与磷矿反应,得到磷酸二氢钙溶液和酸不溶渣;第二步,浓硫酸与磷酸二氢钙溶液反应,得到磷酸溶液和高纯石膏。采用单因素实验考察了酸比（工业磷酸用量与理论磷酸用量的物质的量的比值）、磷矿粒度、反应温度和反应时间对磷矿中磷浸出率的影响。得到磷矿酸解适宜工艺条件：酸比为6.8,磨矿细度为小于0.074 mm粒级占60%,反应温度为50 ℃,反应时间为2.5 h。在此条件下,磷矿中磷的浸出率可达87.69%。磷矿酸解制磷酸产生的固体副产物中石膏占35.32%（质量分数）、酸不溶渣占64.68%（质量分数）。制备的高纯石膏的纯度为95.80%,工业利用价值较高,有利于提高湿法磷酸固体副产物的利用率。     

正交法钾长石与磷矿共酸浸提钾工艺研究

结合重钙生产工艺,选取钾长石与磷矿、磷酸在水热反应釜中反应,利用正交实验研究了磷酸用量、磷酸浓度、反应温度、反应时间和原料配比对钾长石中钾溶出率和磷矿中磷溶出率的影响。实验较适宜的工艺条件为:原料配比(钾长石与磷矿粉的质量比)0.8 1,反应温度150℃,磷酸用量4 mL,反应时间2.5 h,磷酸浓度46%P2O5,在此条件下钾溶出率为48.93%,磷溶出率为90.12%。通过对磷矿中氟离子的去向进行研究,并采用XRD对水浸取渣进行物相分析,实验结果表明氟离子被固定在固相产物中。     

硫酸连续分解高镁磷尾矿的实验研究

模拟工业硫酸分解磷矿制磷酸装置分解高镁磷尾矿以回收其中的P2O5及MgO,详细考察了硫酸过量系数、搅拌转速、液固比、反应温度和反应时间对P2O5及MgO转化率的影响,在最佳工艺条件下P2O5的转化率为95.52%,MgO的转化率为98.56%;随着液相表观sO3质量浓度的增加,磷石膏的过滤强度增大,适宜的液相表观SO3质量浓度为0.155～0.16g/mL,此时磷石膏的过滤强度为1765.6kg/m2·h.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。