INCONGRUENCIES BETWEEN CONTENT AND TEMPORAL MEASURES OF PATIENTS' RESPONSES TO CONFRONTATION WITH PERSONALITY DESCRIPTIONS.

IT WAS HYPOTHESIZED THAT WHEN PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS WERE CONFRONTED WITH AN INTERVIEWER'S STATEMENTS PURPORTEDLY DESCRIBING THEIR PERSONALITIES (1) THEY WOULD NOT CORRECTLY DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN ACCURATE AND INACCURATE STATEMENTS ABOUT THEMSELVES, (2) STATEMENTS ATTRIBUTING SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE BEHAVIOR TO THEM WOULD BE RATED AS BEING MORE ACCURATE THAN LOW SOCIAL DESIRABILITY STATEMENTS, AND (3) DIFFERENCES IN THE ACCURACY AND SOCIAL DESIRABILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INTERVIEWER'S STATEMENTS WOULD DIFFERENTIALLY INFLUENCE TEMPORAL MEASURES OF THE SS' VERBAL BEHAVIOR. SS' RATINGS OF THE INTERVIEWER'S STATEMENTS, WHICH WERE EXPERIMENTALLY VARIED IN ACCURACY AND SOCIAL DESIRABILITY, AND TEMPORAL MEASURES OF THE SS' DESCRIPTIONS OF THEIR REACTIONS TO THE STATEMENTS PROVIDED DEPENDENT MEASURES. ACCURACY RATINGS SUGGESTED THAT THE SS DID NOT DISCRIMINATE ON THE DIMENSION OF ACCURACY BUT, IN CONTRADICTION TO THIS FINDING, DIFFERENTIAL PATTERNS OF TEMPORAL RESPONSE INDICATED THAT THEY HAD DISCRIMINATED. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

REPORTS OF EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE BY SENSITIZERS AND REPRESSORS DURING AN INTERVIEW TRANSACTION.

IT WAS HYPOTHESIZED THAT SENSITIZERS WILL REPORT NEGATIVE EMOTION MORE FREQUENTLY THAN REPRESSORS AND REPRESSORS MORE POSITIVE MATERIAL THAN SENSITIZERS. 10 SENSITIZERS AND 10 REPRESSORS WERE SELECTED ON THE BASIS OF THEIR EXTREME HIGH AND LOW REPRESSION-SENSITIZATION SCORES; EACH S INDICATED EMOTIONALITY BY PRESSING AN AUDITORY SIGNAL APPARATUS WHILE AN INTERVIEW WAS IN PROGRESS. THE VERBAL RESPONSE SURROUNDING THE SIGNAL WAS CODED, AND IT WAS FOUND THAT SENSITIZERS ENDORSED SIGNIFICANTLY MORE NEGATIVE AFFECT THAN THE REPRESSORS. THE REPRESSOR INDICATED SIGNIFICANTLY MORE POSITIVE MATERIAL THAN THE SENSITIZER, SUPPORTING THE HYPOTHESIZED RELATIONSHIPS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

OUTER-DIRECTEDNESS IN THE DISCRIMINATION LEARNING OF NORMAL AND MENTALLY RETARDED CHILDREN.

HIGH- AND LOW-DISTRACTIBLE RETARDATES OF MIXED ETIOLOGY AND NORMALS OF A COMPARABLE MA LEARNED A 3-CHOICE SIZE DISCRIMINATION WITH AND WITHOUT AN ADDITIONAL CUE. FOR 1/2 OF THE SS IN THE CUE CONDITIONS THE CUE ALWAYS INDICATED THE CORRECT STIMULUS, AND FOR THE OTHER 1/2 THE CUE INDICATED AN INCORRECT STIMULUS. FOR 1/2 OF THE SS IN EACH OF THE CUE CONDITIONS THE CUE WAS E'S FINGER, FOR THE OTHER 1/2 THE CUE WAS A LIGHT. THE HYPOTHESIS THAT RETARDATES ARE MORE OUTER-DIRECTED IN PROBLEM SOLVING THAN NORMALS GENERATED THE PREDICTION THAT THE LEARNING OF THE RETARDATES WOULD BE MORE ENHANCED IN THE POSITIVE CONDITION AND MORE DEBILITATED IN THE NEGATIVE CONDITIONS. CONFIRMATION OF THIS HYPOTHESIS WAS FOUND IN THE NEGATIVE CONDITIONS. NO DIFFERENCES ASSOCIATED WITH TYPE OF CUE OR LEVEL OF DISTRACTIBILITY WERE FOUND. FAMILIAL RETARDATES WERE FOUND TO BE LESS OUTER-DIRECTED IN THEIR PROBLEM SOLVING THAN WERE NONFAMILIAL RETARDATES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

STIMULUS TRACE IN THE MENTALLY RETARDED: DEFECT OR DEVELOPMENTAL LAG?

TO DETERMINE WHETHER THE CENTRAL ORGANISMIC VARIABLE OF STIMULUS TRACE THEORY, I.E., NEURAL INTEGRITY (NI), WAS MORE CLOSELY RELATED TO MA OR IQ, COMPARISONS WERE MADE BETWEEN DIGIT SPAN PERFORMANCE OF OUTPATIENT CHILDREN WHO WERE MATCHED ON EITHER MA OR CA BUT WHO DIFFERED IN IQ GROUPS MATCHED DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND BETWEEN NORMAL, BORDERLINE, AND RETARDED IQ. ON CA, BUT NOT BETWEEN THOSE MATCHED ON MA. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT N1 WAS RELATED TO MA BUT NOT TO IQ AND THAT AS A CONSEQUENCE STIMULUS TRACE THEORY WAS BEST REGARDED AS A DEVELOPMENTAL RATHER THAN A DEFECT APPROACH TO MENTAL RETARDATION. THE DIFFERENTIAL IMPLICATIONS AND RESEARCH STRATEGIES OF DEVELOPMENTAL AND DEFECT APPROACHES ARE DISCUSSED AS IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FINDING OF NO DIFFERENCES IN VARIABILITY OF DIGIT SPAN PERFORMANCE BETWEEN NORMAL AND RETARDED CHILDREN. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

BIRTH ORDER, ANXIETY, AND VERBALIZATIONS IN GROUP PSYCHOTHERAPY.

AN INITIAL STUDY AND A REPLICATION WERE CONDUCTED TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BIRTH ORDER AND ANXIETY AS THEY RELATED TO SPEECH IN GROUP THERAPY. 48 PATIENTS UNDERGOING GROUP THERAPY AT A STATE MENTAL HOSPITAL SERVED AS SS, WITH 24 IN THE INITIAL STUDY AND 24 IN THE REPLICATION. IN BOTH STUDIES, 1/2 THE SS WERE 1ST BORN, AND 1/2 WERE LATER BORN. SPEECH WAS RECORDED FOR 5 CONSECUTIVE THERAPY MEETINGS IN 6 GROUPS, FOR A TOTAL OF 30 GROUP THERAPY MEETINGS INVESTIGATED. 3 ANXIETY MEASURES AND THE MINIMAL SOCIAL BEHAVIOR SCALE WERE ALSO ADMINISTERED. RESULTS SUPPORTED ALL HYPOTHESES IN THAT: (1) 1ST-BORN AND HIGH-ANXIOUS SS SPOKE MORE FREQUENTLY THAN LATER-BORN OR LOW-ANXIOUS SS, (2) 1ST-BORN PATIENTS ASKED MORE QUESTIONS DURING THERAPY THAN LATER-BORN PATIENTS, AND (3) 1ST BORNS SPOKE MORE THAN LATER BORNS WHEN HIGHLY ANXIOUS. VERBALIZATIONS OF HOSPITALIZED MENTAL PATIENTS ARE RELATED TO THEIR BIRTH ORDER AND ANXIETY LEVEL, WHICH HAS IMPLICATIONS FOR PSYCHOTHERAPY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH. (17 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

TOLERATION FOR PSYCHIATRIC REHABILITATION AS A FUNCTION OF COPING STYLE.

INVESTIGATED WHETHER CONTINUATION OF A PATIENT IN A COMPREHENSIVE PROGRAM OF COMMUNITY-BASED PSYCHIATRIC REHABILITATION WAS RELATED TO HIS OVERALL STYLE OF COPING BEHAVIOR. EARLY IN THE SERVICE PROGRAM, 86 EX-MENTAL-PATIENTS WERE INDEPENDENTLY RATED B8 5-7 PROFESSIONALS ON A 7-CATEGORY SCALE: FEARFUL, DEPENDENT, IMPULSIVE, SOCIALLY NAIVE, WITHDRAWN, SELF-DEPRECATORY, HOSTILE. AT THE CLOSE OF THE PROGRAM, THEY WERE CLASSIFIED INTO 3 GROUPS: 30 SS WHO COMPLETED THEIR ASSIGNED REHABILITATION PROGRAM, 30 SS WHO DROPPED OUT BEFORE COMPLETION, AND 23 SS WHO WERE ADMINISTRATIVELY TERMINATED. RESULTS INDICATE THAT THE COPING SCALE WAS A RELIABLE ASSESSMENT DEVICE. COMPLETERS WERE JUDGED AS SIGNIFICANTLY LESS IMPULSIVE AND SOCIALLY NAIVE AND SIGNIFICANTLY MORE SELF-DEPRECATORY THAN THE OTHER 2 GROUPS COMBINED; THOSE TERMINATED DIFFERED FROM DROPOUTS ONLY IN THAT THE FORMER WERE SIGNIFICANTLY MORE SOCIALLY NAIVE. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

THE POSSIBILITY OF INFLUENCING THE OTHER'S BEHAVIOUR AND CO-OPERATION: CHICKEN VERSUS PRISONER'S DILEMMA.

232 MALE SS PARTICIPATED IN 4 EXPERIMENTS, 3 OF WHICH USED A CHICKEN MATRIX, WHILE THE 4TH USED A PRISONER'S DILEMMA MATRIX. ALL SS WERE UNKNOWINGLY PLAYING AGAINST A PREARRANGED PROGRAM, WHICH MADE 50 COMPETITIVE CHOICES, FOLLOWED BY 20 COOPERATIVE ONES. AN ATTEMPT WAS MADE TO VARY THE MOTIVES WHICH SS COULD SATISFY IN THE GAME SITUATION BY CREATING DIFFERENT CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THE ALLEGED OTHER PLAYER WAS OPERATING. IN THE FREE CONDITION, S WAS LED TO BELIEVE THAT THE OTHER PLAYER WAS FREE TO CHANGE HIS STRATEGY AND INFORMED ABOUT THE OUTCOMES. IN THE COMM CONDITION, HE WAS TOLD THAT ALTHOUGH THE OTHER WAS COMMITTED TO A PREVIOUSLY CHOSEN STRATEGY, HE WAS INFORMED ABOUT THE OUTCOMES. IN THE ABS CONDITION, HE WAS TOLD THAT THE OTHER HAD WRITTEN OUT HIS STRATEGY, WAS NOW ABSENT, AND WOULD NOT BE INFORMED ABOUT THE OUTCOMES. IN THE MACHINE CONDITION, THE S WAS TOLD THAT HE WAS PLAYING AGAINST AN IMPERSONAL MACHINE WITH A FIXED PROGRAM. THESE DIFFERENCES PRODUCED DIFFERENT DEGREES OF COOPERATION DURING THE COMPETITIVE TREATMENT WITH THE CHICKEN MATRIX, BUT NOT WITH THE PRISONER'S DILEMMA. WITH BOTH, THE FREE CONDITION PRODUCED MORE COOPERATION THAN THE OTHERS DURING THE COOPERATIVE TREATMENT WHICH FOLLOWED THE PROGRAM. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

VERBAL ASSOCIATIVE STABILITY AND COMMONALITY AS A FUNCTION OF STRESS IN SCHIZOPHRENICS, NEUROTICS, AND NORMALS.

4 ASSOCIATIONS TO EACH OF 16 STIMULUS WORDS, 8 JUDGED TO BE ANXIETY WORDS AND 8 NEUTRAL WORDS, WERE OBTAINED UNDER RELAXED AND TIME-PRESSURE CONDITIONS FROM EACH OF 40 SCHIZOPHRENICS, 32 NEUROTICS, AND 27 NORMALS ON 2 SUCCESSIVE DAYS. SCHIZOPHRENICS AND NEUROTICS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY LESS STABLE THAN NORMALS IN THEIR ASSOCIATIONS, AND SCHIZOPHRENICS WERE SIGNIFICANTLY LESS STABLE THAN NEUROTICS IN THEIR RESPONSES TO ANXIETY WORDS. TIME PRESSURE MADE SCHIZOPHRENICS EVEN LESS STABLE AND NEUROTICS MORE STABLE. THE ASSOCIATIONS OF SCHIZOPHRENICS WERE MORE UNCOMMON THAN THOSE OF NEUROTICS OR NORMALS. ALL GROUPS GAVE MORE UNCOMMON RESPONSES WHEN RESPONDING TO ANXIETY WORDS AS COMPARED TO CONTROL WORDS. THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT A PARTIAL DISORGANIZATION OF VERBAL HABITS IS AN ASPECT OF SCHIZOPHRENIC THOUGHT DISTURBANCE, AND THE RESULTS ARE CONSISTENT WITH A RESPONSE-STRENGTH CEILING INTERPRETATION OF THIS DISORGANIZATION. (19 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

STIMULUS COMPLEXITY AS A DETERMINANT OF APPROACH BEHAVIOUR AND INSPECTION TIME IN THE HOODED RAT.

FOLLOWING THE THEORY OF DEMBER AND EARL, IT WAS PREDICTED THAT HOODED RATS WOULD BE MORE RESPONSIVE (IN TERMS OF APPROACH BEHAVIOR AND INSPECTION TIME) TO MODERATELY COMPLEX STIMULI THAN TO EITHER SIMPLE OR COMPLEX ONES. IN ORDER TO TEST THESE PREDICTIONS, SS WERE PLACED IN A DARK COMPARTMENT AND PERMITTED TO INSERT THEIR HEADS THROUGH A SMALL HOLE INTO AN ADJACENT COMPARTMENT ILLUMINATED THROUGH A TRANSLUCENT PANEL. 9 PANELS, PAINTED IN CHECKERBOARD PATTERNS, CONTAINED 2, 4, 9, 16, 25, 64, 100, 196, OR 256 ELEMENTS. EACH S WAS RUN FOR A SINGLE PERIOD OF 8 MIN.; 15 SS WERE USED ON EACH OF THE 9 STIMULUS PANELS. IT WAS FOUND THAT NUMBER OF APPROACHES TO THE PANELS DID NOT VARY SIGNIFICANTLY WITH STIMULUS COMPLEXITY, BUT THAT INSPECTION TIME PER APPROACH DID FOLLOW AN INVERTED U PATTERN. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (19 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

DEATH IDEATION IN SUICIDAL PATIENTS.

IN A 3 * 2 * 2 FACTORIAL DESIGN WITH REPEATED MEASURES ON THE LAST FACTOR, A SUICIDE ATTEMPT, SUICIDE IDEATION, AND NONSUICIDAL CONTROL GROUP OF NEUROPSYCHIATRIC SS, DIVIDED INTO PSYCHOTIC AND NEUROTIC SUBGROUPS OF 15 SS EACH, VIEWED UNPLEASANT SLIDES AND DEATH SLIDES. MEASURES OF VIEWING TIME, RATED TENSION, AND RATED LIKING WERE OBTAINED. PARTIAL CONFIRMATION WAS OBTAINED FOR THE HYPOTHESIS THAT PSYCHOTIC SS WOULD SHOW LESS THREAT TO DEATH SLIDES THAN THE NEUROTICS. THE HYPOTHESIS THAT SUICIDAL SS WOULD SHOW MORE AVOIDANCE, TENSION, AND DISLIKE FOR THE DEATH SLIDES THAN THE CONTROLS WAS NOT SUPPORTED. THE HYPOTHESIS THAT THE SUICIDE ATTEMPT GROUP WOULD SHOW LESS AVOIDANCE, TENSION, AND DISLIKE THAN THE SUICIDE IDEATION GROUP WAS NOT SUPPORTED. THE HYPOTHESIZED ROLES OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTANCE FROM DEATH, COGNITIVE STYLE, AND THE STIMULUS PROPERTIES OF DEATH ARE DISCUSSED. (27 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

DEFENSIVENESS AND NEED FOR APPROVAL.

NEED FOR APPROVAL (N APP) AND EXPECTANCY (EXP) OF APPROVAL VS. DISAPPROVAL WERE MANIPULATED UNDER HIGH- AND LOW-CONSEQUENCES (CON) CONDITIONS (IN A 3 * 2 * 2 ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE DESIGN) TO DETERMINE THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO DEFENSIVENESS (DEF). THE 3 N APP LEVELS WERE OBTAINED BY TRICHOTOMIZING SCORES ON THE MARLOWE-CROWNE SOCIAL DESIRABILITY SCALE; EXP WAS MANIPULATED BY PROVIDING SS WITH EITHER POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE VERBAL REINFORCEMENT DURING AN INTERVIEW; CON CONSISTED OF E POSING AS A THREATENING AUTHORITY FIGURE TO 30 SS AND AS A STUDENT TO THE REMAINING 30. 3 SEPARATE DEPENDENT-VARIABLE MEASURES WERE USED: THE K SCALE, GOUGH'S DEF SCALE, AND THE ROTTER INCOMPLETE SENTENCES BLANK. IT WAS PREDICTED THAT DEF WOULD INCREASE AS A FUNCTION OF N APP, EXP OF DISAPPROVAL, AND HIGH CON. HOWEVER, SS BECAME MORE DEFENSIVE ONLY UNDER THE HIGH CON CONDITION (P     

DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOR IN AN INTERPERSONAL SITUATION.

SS WERE EXPOSED TO A TAPE-RECORDED VERBAL ATTACK FROM A FICTITIOUS S IN THE LAST OF A SERIES OF DISCUSSION ROUNDS. A 2ND FICTITIOUS S WAS NONATTACKING. PREVIOUSLY, SS HAD BEEN EITHER (1) ASSIGNED TO WORK WITH THE ATTACKER ON A POSTDISCUSSION PROBLEM-SOLVING TASK, (2) ASSIGNED TO WORK WITH THE NONATTACKER, OR (3) GIVEN THEIR CHOICE OF PARTNER. THE 1ST GROUP SHOWED THE LEAST DROP IN EVALUATIVE RATINGS OF THE ATTACKER. THIS FINDING SUPPORTS A FUNCTIONAL DEFENSE HYPOTHESIS WHICH PREDICTS THAT SS WITHOUT AN AVAILABLE ADAPTIVE RESPONSE WILL PERCEIVE AN ATTACKER MORE FAVORABLY THAN WILL SS WHO HAVE AN ADAPTIVE RESPONSE. NO EVIDENCE WAS FOUND THAT SS CLASSIFIED AS REPRESSORS AND SENSITIZERS CONSISTENTLY DIFFERED IN THEIR RATINGS. (18 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

OBJECTIONS TO MMPI ITEMS.

THIS STUDY WAS CONCERNED WITH OBJECTIONS MADE BY COLLEGE STUDENTS TO MMPI QUESTIONS IN 2 EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS. IN THE "GENERAL" CONDITION, 68 SS WERE ASKED TO TAKE THE MMPI BUT TO OMIT ALL ITEMS THAT THEY WOULD CONSIDER OBJECTIONABLE UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES. IN THE "SELECTION" CONDITION, 69 SS WERE INSTRUCTED TO OMIT QUESTIONS THEY WOULD FIND OBJECTIONABLE IN A JOB-SELECTION SITUATION. THE ANALYSIS OF RESULTS WAS CONCERNED WITH INDIVIDUAL REACTIONS, WITH DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE 2 CONDITIONS, WITH DETERMINING WHICH TYPES OF ITEM CONTENT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH A HIGH OR LOW PERCENTAGE OF OBJECTIONS, AND WITH THE IMPLICATIONS OF REMOVING ITEMS WITH HIGH OBJECTION RATES. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

TASK PERFORMANCE OF REPRESSORS AND SENSITIZERS UNDER EGO-ORIENTED VERSUS TASK-ORIENTED INSTRUCTIONS.

SS WERE 40 REPRESSORS AND 40 SENSITIZERS. REPRESSORS SOLVED FEWER ANAGRAMS WHEN GIVEN EGO-ORIENTED INSTRUCTIONS THAN WHEN GIVEN TASK-ORIENTED INSTRUCTIONS. IN VIEW OF THE FINDINGS THAT SENSITIZERS ARE MORE EFFECTUAL PEOPLE UNDER EGO-ORIENTED CONDITIONS, IT WAS SUGGESTED THAT IT MAY BE NECESSARY TO REVISE THE CONCEPTION THAT REPRESSORS ARE BETTER ADJUSTED THAN SENSITIZERS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS OF A THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY MILIEU.

INVESTIGATED THE REACTIONS OF 30 PATIENTS AND 10 STAFF MEMBERS IN A REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE OF DAILY SETTINGS IN A PSYCHIATRIC INPATIENT WARD IN ORDER TO ASSESS THE RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF VARIANCE ACCOUNTED FOR BY SETTINGS, INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES, MODES OF RESPONSE, AND THEIR INTERACTIONS. RESULTS INDICATE THAT, FOR PATIENTS, INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES ACCOUNTED FOR MORE VARIANCE THAN SETTING DIFFERENCES; FOR STAFF, INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES GENERALLY ACCOUNTED FOR LESS VARIANCE THAN SETTING DIFFERENCES. MOST IMPORTANTLY, THE INDIVIDUALS * SETTINGS INTERACTIONS GENERALLY ACCOUNTED FOR APPROXIMATELY 20% OF THE TOTAL VARIANCE. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT INDIVIDUALS, SETTINGS, MODES OF RESPONSE, AND THEIR INTERACTIONS EACH CONTRIBUTE PRACTICALLY IMPORTANT PROPORTIONS OF TOTAL VARIANCE, AND THAT EACH OF THESE SOURCES OF VARIATION MUST BE SAMPLED IN ATTEMPTS TO MEASURE AND PREDICT INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR. (19 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

THEMATIC EXPRESSION OF SEXUAL CONFLICT UNDER VARYING STIMULUS CONDITIONS.

USING AN APPROACH-AVOIDANCE MODEL, THE SEX APPROACH RESPONSES OF HIGH-SEX-CONFLICT (HSC) AND LOW-SEX-CONFLICT (LSC) SS, AS ASSESSED BY A SELF-REPORT INDEX, WERE EVALUATED USING LOW-RELEVANCE (AMBIGUOUS) AND HIGH-RELEVANCE (STRUCTURED) THEMATIC STIMULI. 48 SS WERE EQUALLY DIVIDED INTO THE FOLLOWING 4 GROUPS: HSC, MALE E; HSC, FEMALE E; LSC, MALE E; LSC, FEMALE E. 2 INDEXES OF SEX APPROACH WERE DERIVED FROM SS' VERBAL RESPONSES, 1 BASED ON CONTENT, THE OTHER ON AFFECT. AS PREDICTED, THE STRUCTURED STIMULI ELICITED SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER APPROACH RESPONSES FROM THE LSC SS THAN FROM THE HSC SS, WHEREAS THERE WERE NO DIFFERENCES IN RESPONSES TO THE AMBIGUOUS STIMULI. SEX OF E WAS NOT FOUND TO INFLUENCE RESPONSES. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT AVOIDANCE REACTIONS TO STRUCTURED STIMULI ARE MORE USEFUL THAN APPROACH RESPONSES TO AMBIGUOUS STIMULI IN DETECTING CONFLICT. (21 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

THE EFFECT OF EMBRYONIC X-IRRADIATION ON THE APPROACH AND FOLLOWING RESPONSE IN NEWLY HATCHED CHICKS.

CHICKEN EMBRYOS WERE TREATED WITH DOSES OF 200 OR 400 R OF X-IRRADIATION AT EITHER DAY 2 OR DAY 9 OF EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. THE HATCHED SS WERE 1ST EXPOSED TO AN IMPRINTING STIMULUS AT EITHER 10 OR 100 HR. AFTER HATCHING, AND THEIR APPROACH BEHAVIOR WAS COMPARED TO THAT OF UNTREATED CONTROLS. THERE WERE SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE EARLY AND LATE IMPRINTING GROUPS. X-IRRADIATION LOWERED IMPRINTING SCORES BUT ONLY FOR THOSE SS TREATED ON DAY 9 OF INCUBATION AND GIVEN EARLY IMPRINTING EXPERIENCE. THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT RADIOSENSITIVE CNS STRUCTURES IMPORTANT TO IMPRINTING ARE BEING FORMED IN THE EMBRYO ON ABOUT DAY 9 AND THAT THESE CONSTITUTE A FACTOR RELATED TO THE OFFSET OF THE SENSITIVE PERIOD. (FRENCH SUMMARY) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

INTERACTION PATTERNS IN CHILDREN WITH PHENYLKETONURIA.

TO ELUCIDATE THE ROLE OF EMOTIONAL FACTORS IN PHENYLKETONURIA (PKU), 4 S GROUPS COMPRISED OF PKU, RETARDED AND/OR BRAIN DAMAGED, PSYCHOTIC, AND NORMAL CHILDREN WERE COMPARED ON A MEASURE OF INTERACTION BEHAVIOR. ON TOTAL INTERACTION SCORES, THE PKU GROUP WAS FOUND TO PERFORM SIGNIFICANTLY MORE POORLY THAN THE NORMALS, BUT SIGNIFICANTLY BETTER THAN THE PSYCHOTICS. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE PKU GROUP AND RETARDED AND/OR BRAIN-DAMAGED GROUP TENDED TOWARD SIGNIFICANCE, ALTHOUGH ON SEPARATE COMPARISONS FOR THE 3 SOCIAL STIMULUS CONDITIONS THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THESE 2 GROUPS WERE NOT SIGNIFICANT. THE PKU GROUP WAS FOUND TO BE THE MOST HETEROGENEOUS, AND THE CLUSTERING OF SCORES SUGGESTED THAT PHENYLKETONURIA IS BEHAVIORALLY NOT A UNITARY DISORDER. CORRELATIONS OF INTELLIGENCE CRITERIA AND INTERACTION SCORES FOR THE PKU GROUP FURTHER INDICATED THAT THE INTERACTION MEASURE MAY TAP FUNCTIONS NOT ASSESSED BY STANDARDIZED IQ TESTS. (18 REF.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

PREFIX EFFECTS IN IMMEDIATE MEMORY.

REPORTS ON THE EFFECT OF A REDUNDANT PREFIX UPON RECALL FOR SERIES OF LETTERS AND DIGITS. IT WAS FOUND THAT EXCLUSION OF THE PREFIX ELEMENT FROM THE MEMORY SERIES LED TO BETTER RECALL THAN REPETITION OF THE PREFIX SOMEWHERE IN THE SERIES. HOWEVER, IT MADE NO DIFFERENCE WHETHER THE PREFIX AND MEMORY SERIES WERE FROM THE SAME VOCABULARY. REDUNDANT PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES WERE COMPARED AND FOUND TO HAVE DIFFERENT EFFECTS DEPENDENT UPON THEIR OCCURENCE IN PRESENTATION OR RECALL ONLY. THE USE OF A PREFIX IN RECALL WAS SHOWN TO REDUCE RECALL ONLY SLIGHTLY LESS THAN LENGTHENING THE SERIES BY 1 NONREDUNDANT ELEMENT. WHILE THESE FINDINGS PERMITTED REJECTION OF 2 INTERPRETATIONS OF THE PREFIX EFFECT, THEY DID NOT SUPPORT SATISFACTORY ALTERNATIVE. (FRENCH ABSTRACT) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

INBREEDING AND OUTBREEDING.

"THE RETENTION AND MIGRATION OF DOCTORAL GRADUATES AS TEACHING STAFF MEMBERS OF THEIR GRADUATING UNIVERSITIES WERE TABULATED FOR A SAMPLE OF THE 61 UNIVERSITIES APPROVED FOR CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY DOCTORAL PROGRAMS . . . . INBREEDING WAS FOUND TO BE SLIGHTLY RELATED TO THE NUMBER OF DOCTORATES AWARDED (.44, .55), AND TO THE SIZE OF THE STAFF (.37)." MORE INBRED DEPARTMENTS TENDED TO PRODUCE GRADUATES WHO HOLD MORE THAN THEIR SHARE OF APA OFFICES (.40). ALSO, "INBREEDING WAS NEGATIVELY RELATED TO THE RECENCY OF THE DOCTORAL PROGRAM (-.41), INDICATING THAT THE MORE RECENTLY DEVELOPED DOCTORAL PROGRAMS HAD MORE INBREEDING. . . . OUTBREEDING WAS FOUND TO BE RELATED TO THE PRESTIGE OF THE DEPARTMENT'S FACULTY AND GRADUATES. THE REPUTATION AND CONTACTS OF A DEPARTMENT WOULD SEEM TO BE IMPORTANT FACTORS IN PLACING A GRADUATE IN A UNIVERSITY TEACHING POSITION." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)